生理学重要名词解释英文版.doc

Internal environment:内环境 refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid.Homeostasis稳态: refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and all kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on.positive feedback正反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which amplifies that changenegative feedback负反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that changefacilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散: Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion via ion channel经通道易化扩散: All kinds of charged ions under the channel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradient and potential gradient Primary active transport原发性主动转运: making direct use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membrane Secondary active transport次级主动转运: The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against their concentration gradientsresting potential静息电位: A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cellaction potential动作电位: Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potentialExcitation-contraction coupling兴奋收缩耦联: the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filament contraction and relaxation.Hematocrit血细胞比容: The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blooderythrocyte sedimentation rate红细胞沉降率: The distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in one hourHemostasis止血: Small damaged blood vessels stop bleeding after a few minutes automatically Blood coagulation血凝固: blood change from sol to illiquid gel stateBlood group血型: The type of specific antigen on the surface of blood cellseffective refractory period:premature systole期前收缩: if ventricle is stimulated after ventricular muscle effective refractory period, before The next sinoatrial node excitement arrive, it will produce a contraction in pensatory pause代偿间歇: A longer ventricular diastolic after premature systole.Atrioventricular delay房室延搁: Excitement slowly spread in atrioventricular junction and take longer time.Cardiac cycle心动周期: A cycle of heart contraction and relaxation Stroke volume每搏输出量: One side of the ventricular injection volume of blood by a heart throbEjection fraction射血分数: The percentage stroke volume account for ventricular end-diastolic volumeCardiac output心输出量: The blood volume inject by one side of the ventricular per minuteCardiac index心指数: calculate cardiac output by unitsurface areasystolic pressure收缩压: The highest blood pressure at mid ventricular systolic .diastolic pressure舒张压: The lowest blood pressure at ventricular end-diastolic.pulse pressure脉压: Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressurecentral venous pressure中心静脉压: The blood pressure in right atrium and chest cavity vena cava Microcirculation: Blood circulation between arteriole and micro veinEffective filtration pressure有效滤过压 :the pressure difference between filtration and reabsorptionRespiration: The process of gas exchange between the body and its environmentvital capacity肺活量: After inhalation complete, the largest gas exhaled from the lungsforced vital capacity用力肺活量: After inhalation complete, exhale the largest gas from the lungs as fast as possibleforced expiratory volume用力呼气量: After inhalation complete, the gas exhaled from the lungs in a certain timeAlveolar Ventilation肺泡通气量: amount of inhaled the fresh air in the alveoli per minute.Pulmonary stretch reflex牵张反射:The reflection of inspiratory inhibit or inhale excited caused by pulmonary inflation and pulmonary deflation.Digestion消化: break down of food into small molecular components small enough to absorb.Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.Absorption吸收: the small molecules that formed by digestion across the digestion tract mucosa go into blood and lymph.Small wave小波: the spontaneous rhythmic, subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying electrical activity of the bowel.胃液主要成分1.HCl ,parietal cell ,acid sterilization. Activation of pepsinogen, promotion of secretin secretion. Assisted effect of Fe and Ca absorption.2.Pepsinogen胃蛋白酶, chief cell, active in stomach, initially by H ions and then by active pepsin, autocatalytic activation. Pepsin an endopeptidase, which attacks peptide bonds in the interior of large protein molecules.3.Mucus粘液, neck cell and goblet cell, lubrication of the mucosal surface. Protection of the tissue from mechanical damage by food rinsic factor内因子, parietal cell. The intrinsic factor binds to vit B12 and facilitated its absorption.Stimulate gastric secretion刺激胃液分泌 ACH gastrin histamine/ somatostatinDigestion phase gastric secretion消化期胃液分泌 Cephalic gastric intestinal phaseRegulation inhibitory gastric juice secretion胃液分泌抑制性调节1.HCl:inhibite G cell release gastrin;stimulate D cell release somatostatin;in the gastric antrum,inhibition of G cells,release of SST;in the duodenum ,release of secretin,bulbogastrone.2,fat:initiating release of enterogastrone.3,hepertonic solution:entero-gastric reflex. Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张:stimulation of receptor reflex muscle relax in the fundus and stomach body when chew and swallow.Pancreatic juice composition effect胰液成分作用:pancreatic amylase,pancreatic lipase, trypsin,chymotrypsin,HCO3 bicarbonate balance the HCl in duodenum. Protect intestinal mucosa TPS and chymolase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase.Enterohepatic circulation of bile salt.Bile salts were emptied into the small intestine with hepatic bile, about 95% is absorbed into the blood in the terminal ileum, and then synthesizing bile again after the hepatic vein to the liver, then empty into intestine.Physiological functions of bile胆汁生理作用1.Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts.2.Help in the absorption of: fatly acid, lmonoglycerides, cholesterol, other lipidsPeristalsis蠕动: the rhythmic waves of muscular relaxation and contraction are called peristalsis.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张: stimulation of food on pharynx and esophagus produce relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and stomach.Gastric emptying胃排空: the process that the gastric contents are delivered to the duodenum.Thermal equivalent of food热价: calories liberated by 1g food oxidized in body. (kJ/g)Thermal equivalent of oxygen氧热价: heat production by consuming one liter of oxygen to oxidize a specific type of blood. (kJ/L)Respiratory quotient(RQ)呼吸商: in the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 used。Basal metabolic rate基础代谢率: the minimum energy expenditure foe the body to exist.Conditions条件: 1.awake.2 repose 3. No nervous 4.1214 hours after a meal, keep 2025uropoiesis尿生成1. Filtration 过滤：a filtration is the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the lumen of Bowmans capsule to form filtrate2.Reabsorption 重吸收：b:solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by transport processes, such as active transport and cotransport. C： water is reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by osmosis.3.Secretion 分泌d: solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron inti the filtrate.Renal blood flow肾血循环Renal blood flow to regulate itself肾血流量自身调节1.Large blood supply. 2. The blood distribute uneven: 94%cortex 56%outer medulla no more than 1% in inner medulla. 3. Twice formed capillary network. Autoregulation自我调节: the renal blood flow keep relatively constant keep the BP80180mmHg and without out renal nerve control.Glomerular filtration rate肾小球过滤GFR: the quantity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate formed each minute in all nephrons of the both kidneys.Filtration fraction(FF)过滤分数: FF=GFR/renal blood flowEffect factors影响因素: glomerular capillary pressure, colloid osmotic pressure of plasma, Bowmans capsule pressure, renal blood flow,肾糖阈（renal threshold for glucose） ，葡萄糖如何重吸收（reabsorption）Renal threshold for glucose: critical value of plasma glucose concentration when the kidney begins to excrete glucose 180mg/dL. Reabsorption of glucose: totally in the proximal tubule, mainly the early portions. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter.1. osmotic diuresis渗透性利尿，2.球管平衡1.Caused by renal tubular fluids solute concentration increases which increases the urine is called osmotic diuresis.To cure diabetes and manaitol.2.GT balance: the ratio of reabsorption rate and GFR is relatively constant.Ensure solute and water from urine wont have dramatically changes because of the increase or decrease the GFR.Humoral regulation of urine formation尿生成的体液调节 Mechanism of ADH antidiuretics: increase water permeability of collecting duct. / insertion of aquaporin in apical membrane.Synthesis in supraoptic and paraventrianlar nuclei of hypothalamus.：Release from posterior pituitary.Increasing water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct.Insertion of aquaponics in apical membrane： Secreted by the glomerulus of the adrenal cortex. To increase the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tube and collecting duct, coupled to secretion K+. to increase number of Na+ channels, activity of Na+ pump.严重腹泻（diarrhea）时，大量喝清水。Drink a lot of clear water.Plasma crystal osmatic pressure decreases, blood volume increases, stimulus to the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular mudei is decreased. The secretion of antidiuretic hormone is decreased. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct reabsorbs less water. The urine volume increases.20% hypertonic glucoseThe blood sugar concentration increased which exceed the renal glucose threshold. After the filtration of glomerular, renal tubular cant reabsorb completely which makes the solute concentration of renal tubular increases, against the reabsorption of water. The urine volume increases.清除率（clearance ）Defined as the volume of plasma required to supply the amount of a substance X to be excreted in the urine per unite time.激素（hormone）允许作用，一般特性（character）Permissive （允许）action: a hormone, which has no effect by itself but is necessary for the full expression of the effects of another hormone, is said to have a permission action.Features: specific, action as a message, high efficiency, interaction of hormones.growth hormone生长激素Promote tissue growth / metabolic effortsTH生理作用1.Effect on growth 2. Effect on energy and material metabolism3 .exciting effects on the CNS. 4. Effect on the cardiorusoular system. 5. Effect on other endocrine glands and sexual function.TH分泌调节机制Secretion regulation mechanismHypothalamus-adenohypophysis-thyroid axisAutoregulation / neuro regulation糖皮质激素glucocorticoid生理作用分泌调节，特点Effect on: 1. Carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism 2. Water-electrolyte metabolism 3. Blood cell 4. Circulatory systemRegulation: Hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-adrenal aertex axis. Negative feedback effects on cortisol.Clinical significance: negative feedback-dont stop using cortisol suddenlyInsulin胰岛素Insulin: 1.promote anabolism 2