大学英语语法 第三讲 代词

第三讲代 词 一、分类代词可分为人称代词( I, them, you ) , 形容词性物主代词(my, your ) , 名词性物主代词(mine, hers) , 不定代词( anything , some) , 指示代词( this , that ) , 疑问代词( who, whatever ) , 反身代词(myself, itself) , 相互代词( each other )和关系代词( as, who, which)等。二、功能1 . 人称代词1)当一个句子中有两个或两个以上人称代词时, 语法功能相同的代词形式应该一致Jim and I saw the man passing by . (同为主格) Between you and me, he got a lot of money from somewhere . (同为宾格)私下跟你说吧(别告诉他人) , 不知他从哪里弄到一大笔钱呢。2)人称代词可以指代动物The dog waved his tail when he saw his master . You may take a horse to the water , but you can.t make him drink . She ( the cat ) has adapted herself to a life on the island . 3)人称代词可以拟人(地球、月亮、党派、国家、车辆等) , 以表示喜爱或亲昵等We thank the earth for her bounty . 我们感谢大地的慷慨。The moon shines her rays on all . 万物都沉浸在融融的月色里。Death lays his icy hand on kings . 在死亡面前, 帝王亦如平民。4)人称代词有时可以用作名词在某些情况下, 人称代词可用形容词或限定词作定语, 可有-s 复数形式, 这种特征的人称代词称作名词化的人称代词。人称代词I 作名词可表示“自我, 极端自私的人”等义; he 和she 表示男性和女性或动物的雄性和雌性。we 和you 有时亦可作名词用。Is the new baby a he or she ? There are more shes than hes in the class . It.s hard to deal with the Is . 极端自私的人很难对付。It.s reported that poor wretched he had committed suicide . It was the other you doing such silly things . He was IT . 他很自负。( it 大写或用斜体, 可表示“自负的人, 讨厌的人”等意) The person she loves is the other him . 她爱的是另一个他。There.s no use arguing with the angry you . That me you saw is in fact somebody else . 你所看到的那个我事实上是某个别人。In theory, that.s like using one of your skin cells to clone a new you . 在理论上, 那就像使用你的皮上细胞来克隆一个新的你本人。比较: He is really“ it”. 他真蠢。(或: 他是个重要人物。) She is really“ it”. 她很性感。( sexy) 5)如果几个人称代词并列, 应注意其排列次序新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书62 第三讲代词 (1)第二人称+ 第一人称。例如: you and I you and us (2)第三人称+ 第一人称。例如: my friends and I Henry and me (3)第二人称+ 第三人称。例如: you or they you or them (4)第二人称+ 第三人称+ 第一人称。例如: you, him and me you, Jim and I (5)第一人称+ 不定代词。例如: We and ten others went on the trip . I and anyone else will enjoy the music . (6)第一人称+ 带后置定语的并列成分。例如: I and the old man living next door we and the students of the college (7)第一人称+ 第二或第三人称(在承担责任, 承认错误, 检讨工作时)。例如: I and she are to blame . We and the children spoiled the plan . (8)父母、妻子、丈夫+ 第一人称+ 子女。例如: My husband and I and our twin sons , Tom and Scott , will be going . My mother and I and Tom once sat there in the park . 6)人称代词应与其所代替的那个词在人称和数方面保持一致Meat and f ish are more expensive than they used to be . I don.t like the book because it is too dull . 那本书太乏味了, 我不喜欢。7)用主格还是用宾格(1)在系动词后, 在such as , the same thing as, other than, rather than, between, think of . . ., being 后及独立主格中, 一般用主格或宾格皆可, 口语中更多用宾格。例如: It is she (或her ) . The winners are they (或them) . It seems to be he (或him) . They thought of the law-breaker being he (或him) . Failure is not for such as I (或me ) . (但People such as he will have a bright future . 用作主语) He broke the window rather than she (或her ) . Nobody , other than he (或him) went that way . Between you and me (或I ) , he is a liar . Note: 现代英语中, 下面两句, 用主格或宾格均可: Let you and us (或we) do it . This is not the kind of work for him (或he ) or me (或I) to do . (2)在think . . .to be, imagine . . .to be, suppose . . .to be, look . . .up . . .as 等后, 多用宾格。例如: They imagined the new manager to be me . People supposed the best player to be her . She looked upon me as him .大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 63 二、功能He thought the painters to be them . (3)下面从句中的代词受定语从句的影响, 用宾格。例如: It is her that I lent the book to . It was them that he invited to the par ty . (4)有时用主格或宾格含义不同。例如: She talked with Jim, not me . ( = She did not talk with me . ) She talked with Jim, not I . ( = I did not talk with Jim . ) He scolded everybody there and even her . ( He also scolded her . ) He scolded everybody there and even she . (She also scolded everybody there . ) Jack treated the girl as kindly as me . ( as Jack treated me) Jack treated the girl as kindly as I . ( as I treated the girl) (5)注意下面几句中宾格或主格的用法: Let us go, you and me . (习惯说法, you 和me 为宾格, 作us 的同位语) Let.s you and me wait here . (同上) Do you know John, him of the team ? ( him 是John 的同位语) They thought the players to be us boys . (用us , 为宾语players 的补足语) The players were thought to be we boys . (用we, 为主语the players 的补足语) 8) at one.s best 不同于at best 英语中有些词组, 仅因形容词性物主代词一字之差, 意义往往大不相同。比较: at one.s best 出色, 处于最佳状态(表语) at best 至多, 充其量(状语) for one.s good 为了某人的益处for good 永远地put one.s heart into 专注于. put hear t into sb . 鼓舞某人for one.s life 拼命地for life 终生lose one.s heart to 爱上lose heart 灰心ahead of one.s time (思想等)超越时代ahead of time 提前The king went to his rest early . 那个国王死得早。( = died) The king went to rest early . 那个国王睡得早。( = went to bed) Under no circumstances will he lose heart . 在任何情况下他都不会灰心。The girl lost her heart to a foreign youth . 这位女孩爱上了一位外国青年。9) for the life of me 的含义双重所有格由“名词+ of + 名词性物主代词(名词所有格)”表示, 如a friend of mine (my father.s f riend) , 而不说a friend of me。但是有时候, 如果这种结构中的名词前有定冠词the 或其他限定词, 则要用“ the + 名词+ of + 宾格人称代词”结构。这种结构常表示某种感情色彩。例如: I will not f or the li f e of me do it . 我无论如何也不会做那件事。He did it just for the fun o f it . I don.t like the look o f him . 我不喜欢他那个样子。新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书64 第三讲代词 The failure will be the death of her . 这次失败对她来说将是致命的。He will break the neck o f you . 他会打断你的颈骨。(威胁) The business may be the ruin o f her . ( = ruin her ) I can.t for the soul of me do it . ( = I can never ) I have never seen the like of him . ( = a man like him) I have never seen the like of it . ( = anything so strange) I hate the sight of her . ( = hate to see her) . 再如: the likes of her 像她那样的人(指多人)。. 但能用于这种结构的情况是不多的, 如不可说for the sake of me 或for the good of her。比较: They stood at the back of him . 他们站在他身后边。( = behind him) They stood at his back . 他们支持他。( = supported him) 2 . it 的用法1)指代事物、动物、婴儿或未知的人Aluminium looks heavy but actually it is very light . Poor girl !What is it crying for ? Look at the baby . Isn.t it lovely ? What a clever girl it is ! (用于感叹句表示亲密) What a mean man it is ! (用于感叹句表示鄙视) A:Who is that ? B: I t.s only me . What is the sound ? It.s the wind shaking the door . Who is it speaking ? (电话用语, 不能说Who are you speaking ?) . 考察下面一句: A: Someone is at the door . B: ? A . What is it B . Who is it C . Who is he D .Which one is it (B项正确) 2)指天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等It is very cold today . It is five o.clock . It is twenty miles to the zoo . It is very quiet here . It.s spring ( summer ) now . 3)作先行代词, 代替不定式, 作形式主语或形式宾语以 it 作形式主语或形式宾语的动词有: feel , consider , find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, deem, count , regard 等。在这种结构中, 被替代的成分要置于句尾。例如: It is of great help to master a foreign language . It took me a week to rewrite the paper . I consider it advisable to tell her be f orehand . I find it quite necessary to make some changes . 4)作先行代词, 代替动名词it 代替动名词, 主要用于下面的结构中。注意, 这种结构中不宜用不定式。大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 65 二、功能It is no good ( no use, useless , senseless, dangerous , enjoyable, worthwhile) + 动名词It is a waste ( a nuisance, hard work) + 动名词It is worthwhile making another try . It.s dangerous sleeping out in the woods at night . It is hard work persuading him into doing it . I think it wrong doing it this way . I find it a waste spending so much money drinking and eating . It is wonderful , swimming in summer . 5)作先行代词, 代替名词性从句该结构中的名词性从句可用that , what , when 等引导。例如: It is obvious that metals in common use are very important in our li f e . It happened that she was not at home when I called . He wants to make it clear whether you still love him or not . We have made it clear that she has nothing to do with the case . Has it been found out who is the murderer ? It is not known what caused the accident . It is a mystery when they got married . Note: 在下面一句中, it 代替名词。I t was shocking, that accident . 那个事件使人十分震惊。(强调结构) . 考察下面两句: They believe that A their B duty to look after the morals of those C who live in D pover ty . (A 项有问题) A solar day is the length of time the Ear th to revolve once around the sun . A . takes B . takes it C . it takes D . he takes (C项正确) 6)用于独立句中it 还常同be 动词和with 连用, 构成独立的句子, 为习惯用法。例如: It is all gone with her . 她一切都完了。It is all over with it . 一切都过去了。It is well with him . 他一切都很好。It is always so with boys . 男孩子就是这样。It fared well with us . 我们生活得很好。How is it with your wife ?你太太好吗? 7)用于强调句中无指代关系, 也无实义, 去掉“it is . . .that . . .”三个词后, 剩余的词仍能单独组成一个完整的句子。例如: It is from the sun that we get light and heat . (强调句型) 正是从太阳那里我们得到了光和热。We get light and heat from the sun . (非强调句型)我们从太阳那里得到光和热。8)可以指复数名词Who is making so much noise ? It must be the children . 9)可以用来替代整个句子或句中谓语部分所表示的意思Though no one knew it, it would be the last time he would be present at the bank .新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书66 第三讲代词 He helped me a lot during my college years . I shall never forget it . Mrs . Anderson is already past fifty, but she doesn.t look it . He hates children, and it is st range . John is an idiot , and he looks it . They are strong and should be it . ( = strong) . 考察下面一句: A:When can we come to visit you ? B:Any time you feel . A . one B . like it C . so D . for it(B项正确) 10) it 组成的惯用语it 同动词结合可以组成惯用词组, 这种用法的it 无明确指代关系, 也无明确语义。常见的有: That.s it . 那正是我想知道的。( = something I want to know) That must be it . 准是那么回事。That is about it . 差不多是这样。( = nearly the case) The man is so badly injured that I.m afraid he has had it . (没希望了, 不行了) Go it (加油) !We.ll back you up . You.ll catch it(受责备) if your father finds you doing that . It says in the Bible that . . . 圣经上说. Win or lose, we.ll stick it out . (坚持到底) Where does it hurt ? Hang it all . We can.t leave now . 见鬼! 我们现在不能离开。We had a nice time of it . 我们玩得很好。There is nothing for it but to stand . 没有别的办法, 只能忍耐一下。Take it easy . 别着急, 慢慢来。The ruler lorded it over (欺压) the people . . 再如: go it alone 独自干, make it 做到(起到, 办成) , rough it 生活困顿(艰难地生活) , hit it 猜对(说中) , beat it 走开(滚开) , cheese it 停止, come it 达到.目的(成功地做.) , come/ go it strong 做得过分(过分夸大) , fight it out 一决雌雄(干到底) , call it a day 今天就干到这里(到此为止) , foot/ walk it 步行, brave it out 拼着干到底, hop it 快溜, just for the hell of it 只是为了好玩, as luck would have it 碰巧(不凑巧, 倒霉) , face it out 把.坚持到底(挺到底) , cab it 乘车, take it out of somebody 拿.出气, bus it 坐公共汽车去, tram it 坐电车去, taxi it 坐出租车去, boat it 坐船去, train it 坐火车去, tube it 坐地铁去, king it 做帝王(统治) , pig it 过困苦生活, queen it 当女王(统治) , leg it 逃走, dog it 摆阔气, hoof it 逃走, hotel it 住旅馆, inn it 住旅馆, cool it 平静下来, go it blind 瞎干, trip it 长途旅行, get it 挨骂, be hard put to it 处于困境, have a hard time of it , have the best of it , have the worst of it , make a jolly life of it , make a revenge of it , Damn it !Deuce take it !Dash it ! brazen it out , chance it , duke it , boss it , battle it , hike it , run it。11) it that 可以引导宾语从句take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on, count on, rely on 等后的宾语从句要求用it that 引导。例如: I take it that(猜想, 认为) he.s not interested in the book .大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 67 二、功能She hid it that(隐瞒) she was married . He saw to it that (确保) the work was finished on time . He insisted on it that we set off before noon . You may depend upon it that we.ll never deser t you . 12) for it 的含义for it 可以表示“应付的手段或方法, 因此, 受罚”等。例如: There is nothing for it but to wait . (办法) It is none the better for it . (因此) She will be in for it . (倒霉) He had to run for it . 他必得快跑。(以躲避大雨等) He made a bolt f or it . 他赶快逃走了。13) have it that 的含义have it that 结构意为“.说”。例如: Legend has it that there is a dragon in the lake . 据传说, 这个湖里有一条龙。Rumour has it that he has escaped into the forest . 据谣传, 他逃到森林里去了。The newspaper has it that (声称) the president will resign . Note: take it that . . .不可同have it that . . .混淆, 参阅上文。14) think it one.s duty to do sth . 结构think , find, prove, show, deem, believe, consider , count , feel , imagine, make, regard, suppose, take 等动词后有不定式作宾语, 且又有补足语时, 必须用形式宾语it 代替不定式。若补足语为动名词或从句, 亦要用it 作形式宾语。参阅上文。例如: I think it my duty to help her . ( = It is thought my duty . . .) I found it very easy to learn the rules . ( = It was found very easy . . .) Note: 下面两个句子中的it 不可少。We shall leave it to him to settle the matter . ( = It is left to him to . . .) I owe it to you that I have survived the disaster . ( = It is owed to you that . . .) 15)Who is it 和Who is that Who is it ? 问的不是具体的人, it 泛指任何人。Who is that ? 问的是明确具体的人, that 指具体“某人”。听到有人在敲门, 你要说的是:Who is it ? 看见有人在阅览室里读报, 你要问的是:Who is that ? 3 . 物主代词1)物主代词有形容词性和名词性两种前者只用作定语, 修饰名词, 但不能替代名词。后者用来代替名词词组, 即: 形容词性物主代词+ 名词, 可用作主语、宾语或表语, 可替代名词。例如: That is my book . That book is mine . Theirs is a very large university . The cher ry tree gives its share of colour to the garden , and the lilac tree gives its . ( = its share of colour ) What of yours will you give her ? I will give her everything of mine . These are pens of ours . (比our pens 强调) 2) her or his paper 还是his or her paper新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书68 第三讲代词 如果两个不同性别的形容词性物主代词共同修饰一个名词, 男性代词需放在女性代词之前。例如: Which do you prefer , his or her paper ? . 考察下面一句: Whom do you know better, ? A . his friend or her B . her or his C . his or her f riend D . her or his friend(C 项正确) 3)名词性物主代词与of 连用, 可构成双重所有格其结构为: a( an, no, each, which , that . . .) + 名词+ of + 名词性物主代词。要注意的是, 名词前不可用冠词the。例如: This is no fault of hers . I don.t know what business of yours it is . A friend of mine came to see me yesterday . 4)动名词前一般使用形容词性物主代词(参阅第十二讲) We are surprised at his not passing the exam . Would you mind my opening the window ? . 考察下面一句: I won.t bor row Jim.s bike because I don.t like . A . the bike of his B . his that bike C . that bike of his D . the bike of him (C 项正确) 5)of one.s own 的含义这种结构意为“.自己的”, 其前面的名词常同时被no, some, any, a ( n) , this, that , these, those, several , another , which 等修饰。例如: The moon has no light of its own . 月亮本身无光。She said she had nothing o f her own . 她说她一无所有。He always has views o f his own . 他总是有自己的见解。Bob wanted to have a room of his own . . 注意下面的结构: They t reated the girl as if she were their own although they have their own children . The failure is o f his own making . 失败是他自己造成的。Note: own 可以表示“甚至”。例如: She can.t write her own name . 她连自己的名字都不会写。He never cares about his own health . 他甚至不关心自己的健康。6) touch sb . on the head 还是touch sb . on one.s head 在下面这种结构中, 表示身体部位的名词前用the, 而不用形容词性物主代词: 及物动词+ 宾语系动词+ 表语被动语态+ 介词+ the + 名词(身体部位) The general touched him on the head kindly . 将军轻轻地拍了拍他的头。The stone hit the child in the left eye . 石头正打中孩子的左眼。On seeing him, the girl became red in the face . He was wounded not in the arm but in the leg . Note: 单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用时, 如果前面有each, every 修饰, 动词用单数,大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 69 二、功能代词用his。例如: Every boy and ( every) girl has handed in his exercise-book . 7)非物主意义的物主代词(1)my 用于感叹句时, 表示“欢迎、惊奇、痛苦”等义, 没有“我的”这种意思。例如: Oh , my boy ! 好家伙! My God ! 天啊! My Goodness ! 天哪! (2) His , Your, Her 可同Excellency, Majesty, Honour 连用, 表示尊称, 无物主意义。例如: Your Majesty . 陛下。(直接称呼用Your ) His Excellency the Mayor was invited to speak at the meeting . 市长先生被邀请在会上讲话。(间接提及时用His 或Her) His Highness will consider the matter . ( = The Prince) Her Maj esty will approve it . ( = The queen) Note: 下面作主语的名词短语相当于you: Your Maj esty ( 或Your Excellency, Your Worship, Your Highness, Your Reverence) is so kind . 8)物主代词所表示的四种关系(1) He took off his coat . 他脱下外衣。(所属关系= the coat owned by him) The book has lost its cover . 这本书的封面掉了。(所属关系= the cover as a part of it) (2) They are waiting for her arrival . 他们在等着她的到来。(主谓关系= she arrives) He lived in this room until his death . 他到死都住在这个房间里。(主谓关系= he died) (3) The building was set fire to just after its completion . 这幢楼刚完工就被人放火烧了。(动宾关系= It was completed) Her appointment is something unexpected . 她的任命是没料到的事。(动宾关系= She was appointed) (4) His love is unselfish . 他的爱(或别人对他的爱)是无私的。(主被动双重关系= He loves others . 或He is loved by others . ) His treatment is just . 他的对待是公道的。(主被动双重关系= He t reats others . 或He is treated by others . ) 4 . 指示代词1)指代前面提到过的事物, 常用that 或those, 起“承上”的作用He had a bad cold . That.s why he was absent . 他患了重感冒, 所以没有到场。He stabs you in the back and then professes to be your friend . What do you think of that ? To be or not to be, that is a question . 是活还是不活, 这是个问题。Will your father lend her the car ? That he won.t . He will scold them . That he will . She has taken it . That she has . He is my friend, that he is . ( = my friend , 相当于so) He is selfish . I find him that . They say John is cruel, but I know he cannot be that . 2)指代将要提及的事物, 常用this 或these, 起“启下”的作用新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书70 第三讲代词 This is what we shall discuss tomorrow . It all boils down to this: he is a snob . 归根到底一句话, 他是个势利眼。What do you think of this ? He pretends to know what he doesn.t know . Liquor, coffee and cigars: these are my friends . 比较: This is the news of the past week . 现在播送过去一周的新闻。That is the end of the news . 新闻播送完了。(结束语) This is how you unlock the box . 你要这样打开箱子。(接着做示范) That is how you unlock the box . 你要那样打开箱子。(示范结束后) Note: this 和these 常指自己要说的话, that 和those 常指别人说过的话。例如: Listen to this story, please . 请听我讲这个故事。I.ve heard that story before . 我以前听过那个故事。3) this 和that 同时指出现过的两件事时, this 指“后者”, that 指“前者” Vir tue and vice are for you to choose; this brings you misery and that brings you happiness . 善与恶供你选择, 后者给你带来灾难, 前者给你带来幸福。4) this 指朝着说话人方向过来的人或物, that 指离开说话人而去的人或物This is the train he rides in . 他乘坐的火车开过来了。That was the train he rides in . 他乘坐的火车开走了。5) this 和these 指的是在地点、时间等方面较近的事物, that 和those 指的是地点、时间等方面较远的事物, 有时也表示对比These are very happy days . Those were the years when I was young and strong . A:Which book do you want to buy, this or that ? 你想买哪一本书, 这本还是那本? B: This book is cheaper, but that one is more useful . 这本