大学英语写作：遣词、造句、谋篇.doc

大学英语写作：遣词、造句、谋篇一、遣词1. 选词要具体goodkind, friendly, generous, just, warmhearted, selfless, brave, honest, skillful, competent, qualified, colorful, interesting, informative, instructive, beautiful, delicious, nourishing, fresh, wholesome, effective, efficient.watercurrent, flood, wave, spring, fountain, cropswheat, rice, maize, barley, beans, cottonmovewalk, march, run, jump (into the flood), climb, fly seegaze, peep, glance, stare, spot, sight, scan, witness, eye, observe, peer, gapesportsrace, game, soccer, basket-ball, swimming, boxing, gymnastics, calisthenicslaughsmile, grin, beam, giggle, snigger, chuckle, （以上各组词的第一个词义比较宽泛笼统，而破折号后面的词语比较具体。）2. 谨防ChinglishYou must work hard to learn / study more knowledge at college.(acquire / obtain / enlarge / accumulate / have a good command of)He has a lot of vocabulary.(He has a large vocabulary.)You had better take the nearest way.(You had better to take the shortest way.)Cf. the newest news(the latest news)When he was at school, he won first reward for good behavior. ( reward: prize)The Chinese people often respect cigarettes when they meet. (respect: offer)In my childhood, when I did something wrong, my mother never hit me. (hit: beat)When the teacher was giving lectures, I simply wanted to sleep. (sleep: doze off / Cf. When the teacher was giving lectures, I could not help dozing off.)He remained alive after experiencing the car accident. (cf. He survived the car accident.)Since the boy is growing up quickly, this suit now becomes too small for the boy. (cf. The boy has outgrown this suit.)He is as strong as an ox. (ox: horse。)Im determined to raise the level of English knowledge. (cf. Im determined to improve my English.)The knowledge sea is broad and deep.(The sea of knowledge is broad and deep.)Science serves for the people.(Science serves the people.)We suspect that he is a good man.(We doubt whether he is a good man.)Gradually the sound of footsteps disappeared.(Gradually the sound of footsteps died away.)the broad masses = the masses(the masses are necessarily “broad”, and there no “narrow” masses.)perhaps / maybe / possiblyPerhaps it will take a decade to accomplish this.It may take a decade to accomplish this.to accelerate the pace of economic reform(to accelerate economic reform: to accelerate = to increase the pace of) When making revolution in Wuhan in the past, they were still young.Throughout this period there was a severe shortage in the supply of a great variety of goods.3. 避免重复 The Italicized words in the following expressions should be deleted:yellow in colorround in shapeat 9: 45 pm that nighsweet in tasteexpensive in costillegal under the lawvisible to the eyeThere have been good harvest in agriculture.(cf. There have been good harvest.no harvest in industry!)Living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continue to rise.(cf. Living standards in both urban and rural areas continue to rise.the notion of living standards applies only to people.)The development of our economy in the future will, to a large extent, depend on how well the opening-up and reforming policy is carried out.(The future tense of the verb “will depend on” is sufficient to express futurity.) These principles apply to all cases of relations between China and all other countries.(These principles apply to relations between China and all other countries.)We should adopt a series of measures to ensure that most students will pass CET Band-4.(Here the plural form of “measures” covers the sense of “a series.”)promoting the cause of peaceful reunification(promoting peaceful reunification)reforms in the sphere of the economy(reforms in economy)to ensure a relationship of close cooperation between(to ensure close cooperation between )We must make an improvement in our work.(cf. We must improve our work.) An improvement in our work must be made. (Cf. Our work must be improved.)Solutions to these problems can be found only through(cf. These problems can be solved only through)to make an investigation of = to investigateto make a careful study of = to study carefullyto make a decision to = to decide toto make a proposal that = to propose thatto make efforts to = to try / attempt toto make an analysis of = to analyzeto have a dislike for = to disliketo have trust in = to trustto have an influence on = to influenceto have adequate knowledge of = to know enough aboutto have the need for = to needto have respect for = to respectto achieve success in = to succeedto give guidance to = to guideto carry out the struggle against = to struggle againstto conduct reform of = to reformto accomplish the modernization of = to modernizeto realize the transformation of = to transformto bring about an improvement in = to improveto place stress on = to stressto exercise control over = to controlto register an increase = to increaseto benefit the people by means of an effective control of the Yellow River = to benefit the people by controlling the Yellow River(Control is not control unless it is effective.)to successfully accomplish the tasksthe actual situation = the situation(a situation is always “actual”, cf the actual fact = the fact)In the following expressions, the words in the brackets should be used:because of the fact that(because)at this point in time(now)in curious manner(curiously)in the near future(soon)in many instances(often)have the ability to sing(can sing)during the same time that(while)on account of the fact that(because)make contact by personal visit(visit)was of the opinion that(believed)bring all this to a conclusion(conclude)promptly on time(on time)二、造句(1) 逗点的误用 The floods stranded the victims in their homes, the PLA men came to rescue them.Corrections:1) The floods stranded the victims in their homes, so (and) the PLA men came to rescue them. (and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet)2) The floods stranded the victims in their homes. The PLA men came to rescue them.3) The PLA men came to rescue the victims; the floods stranded them in their homes.4) With “therefore”The floods stranded the victims; therefore, the PLA men came to rescue them.5) With “;”The PLA men came to rescue the victims; the floods stranded them in their homes.6) With “:”The PLA men came to rescue the victims: the floods stranded them in their homes.(例5）和例6）都是第二个分句对第一个分句进行解释，这时要注意两个分句之间的逻辑关系，切不可本末倒置，请参考例4）两个分句的安排顺序。)7) Because the floods stranded the victims, the PLA men came to rescue them.8) Other ways:The PLA men came to rescue the victims, for the floods stranded them in their homes.The floods stranding the victims, the PLA men came to rescue them.The victims stranded in their homes by the floods, the PLA men came to rescue them.(The victims stranded in their homes by the floods 也是独立主格结构，此处stranded 为过去分词，而本句前面的例句中 stranding 为现在分词，请注意两句中 “flood” 和 “strand” 之间不同的逻辑上的主谓关系。)注1：在句子末尾或句子中间用逗号隔开的插入语，譬如 I think, I suppose, I believe 等，用来表示说话人的口气。此外，还有反意疑问句，都不属于使用逗号连接的独立分句的范畴。例如：He is an honest man, I believe.She rides a bike, doesnt she?注2：在英文作品中有时也可见到单独使用逗号连接独立分句的情况，但这类句子往往是意思相关、结构平行、短小简单的句子。例如：The war is over, the fight is not.He ran sprints, he ran hurdles, he ran distance races. （2） Chinglish On the one hand it didnt suit her and on the other hand it was too expensive. As a result, she didnt buy it.Cf. For one thing it didnt suit her and for another it was too expensive. As a result, she didnt buy it。(中国学生往往在学过 on the one handon the other (hand) 可表示“一方面另一方面”后，便不分青红皂白凡遇到汉语的 “一方面另一方面” 概念时一律用 “on the one handon the other” 。其实，英语的 “on the one handon the other” 仅表对立，而汉语的“一方面另一方面”既可表对立，又可表增补。根据原句意思， “didnt suit her” 和 “too expensive” 之间呈增补关系，所以只能用 “for one thingfor another” 等表示增补的过的词语。)（3） 悬垂修饰语To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.（Cf. To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.）Being in no great hurry, our preference was taking the long, scenic route.(Cf. Being in no great hurry, we preferred to take the long, scenic route.）（4） 句子成分的平行与一致She likes to fish, to swim and skiing.(Cf. She likes fishing, swimming, and skiing.)Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good or better than an actual performance.(Use as good as, and make “as good as” and “better than” parallel.)cf. There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon.（5） 句子的完整性Bikes are so popular in China. （Cf. Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.)There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.（Cf. There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.）Many great men have risen from poverty. Lincoln and Edison, for example.（Cf. Many great men have risen from povertyLincoln and Edison, for example.）They enjoy reading a few types of novels. Such as science fiction.（Cf. They enjoy reading a few types of novels, such as science fiction.）（6） 尽量多用主动语态Use active voice instead of passive voice:Thus, great sympathy and concern were shown and children from the poverty-stricken areas were helped.(Cf.Thus the society showed great sympathy and concern and helped children from the poverty-stricken areas.)（7）代词的指代要明确In todays society, we cant do without friends. So you have to try to make as many friends as possible.（Change “we” into “you”, or change “you” into “we”.)He worked hard at college for another three years and his masters degree was received. （Cf. He worked hard at college for another three years and received his masters degree.）（8） 简洁 We find the situation that exists at the moment intolerable. (Cf. We find the existing situation intolerable.)3、 谋篇1.Michael Hoey提出英语语篇思维有以下三种模式：(1)一般特殊型 (Generalization-Particular Pattern) 先整体概括，再提供具体事例或细节。这种思维模式使用非常广泛，除常用于论说文体中外，还常出现于文学作品中。1)先概括后举例，例如：Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch “ringers,” students who take tests for other students.2)先勾画整体轮廓后提供细节，例如：Everyone agrees that water pollution is a serious problem today. Oceans, lakes, and rivers all over the world are becoming polluted with garbage and dangerous chemicals. Factories contribute to the problem because they rely on the rivers for disposing of wastes. Oil and other chemicals can kill fish and people make water bad for drinking. Polluted water is a hazard to everyone. Since people are dependent on water, they should be involved in finding a solution to this problem.一般特殊型思维模式在英语语篇中占主导地位。这种思维模式不但广泛用于自然科学和社会科学的论说文中，而且也常用于记叙和描写文体里。在下面将要讨论的两种语篇修辞模式里，也常含有一般特殊型因素。(2)问题解决型 (Problem-Solution Pattern)这种语篇修辞模式的特征是首先说明情况，然后出现问题，接着作出反应，解决问题（问题也可能没有或没有完全解决），最后给予适当的评价。为了便于理解，这里以汉语向读者提供一则浅显的例子，它简要地勾画出问题解决型思维模式语篇结构的轮廓：我在站岗，（情况）看见敌人来了，（问题）我开枪射击，（反应）打退了敌人的进攻。（结果或评价）问题解决型多用于叙事性文体中，但在科技性说明文体中也时有出现。下面科普英文段落也属问题解决型：(1) (a) Helicopters are very convenient for dropping freight by parachute, (b) but this system has its problems. (2) Somehow the landing impact has to be cushioned to give a soft landing. (3) The movement to be absorbed depends on the weight and the speed at which the charge falls. (4) Unfortunately most normal spring systems bounce the load as it lands, sometimes turning it over. (5) (a) To avoid this, Bertin, developer of the aerotrain, has come up with an air-cushion system (b) which assures a safe and soft landing.(1) (a)（情况）(1) (b)(4)（问题）(5) (a)（反应）(5) (b)（评价）其实，虽然上面段落的整体布局属问题解决型，但其内也包含局部一般特殊型修辞模式。段中第一句中的 (b) 与 (2)(4) 各句之间就存在整体轮廓与特殊细节之关系。(3)匹配比较型 (Matching Pattern)匹配比较型思维模式常与一般特殊型一起组成复杂的思维模式，用于对比段落或短文中。对比包括两种类型，或立足两种事物之间的相似之处对之进行比较，或立足二者之间不同之处对之进行对照从而突出中心。请看下面对比讨论型段落：Despite their astonishing differences in size, our solar system is quite similar to an atom structurally. First, at the center of our solar system is the sun. And at the center of an atom is the nucleus. Next, nine planets, including Mars, Venus, Jupiter and our earth travel around the sun. Similarly, there are also electrons whirling around the nucleus of the atom. Finally, there exists vast space between the celestial bodies in our solar system. An atom, too, consists mainly of emptiness. Although the solar system is extremely enormous while an atom is too small to see with the human eye, they are comparable in structure.段落从三个方面分别对太阳系和原子的结构进行了比较，属典型的“匹配比较型”。以上三种模式中，起主导作用的当属一般特殊型。这是一种直线型 (linearity) 思维模式，其起源可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德以及古希腊劝说性演讲修辞艺术（胡曙中，1993: 91）。为强化劝说之目的，演讲自然需开门见山，直截了当。这种思维模式在写作上的突出表现就是类似我们常见的主题句段落结构。一般特殊型也常与匹配比较型，甚至与问题解决型结合起来组成复杂的思维模式。下面科技文体段落总体虽属问题解决型，但其内却存在一般特殊型因素：(1) (a) Helicopters are very convenient for dropping freight by parachute, (b) but this system has its problems. (2) Somehow the landing impact has to be cushioned to give a soft landing. (3) The movement to be absorbed depends on the weight and the speed at which the charge falls. (4) Unfortunately most normal spring systems bounce the load as it lands, sometimes turning it over. (5) (a) To avoid this, Bertin, developer of the aerotrain, has come up with an air-cushion system (b) which assures a safe and soft landing. (1) (a)（情况）(1) (b)(4)（问题）(5) (a)（反应）(5) (b)（评价） （王墨希、李津，1993: 59-60）段中第一句中的 (b) 与 (2)(4) 各句之间属整体轮廓与特殊细节之关系。但是，这一普遍应用的英语语篇思维模式，即一般特殊型，恰恰是中国学生最不擅长的。东方人的思维模式属螺旋型，他们写作时往往不是从主题入手展开讨论，却总爱围绕着主题外围转。中国学生的语篇思维模式占主导地位的是问题解决型。用这种思维模式指导叙事时倒不存在交际障碍。关键是他们写论说文时也重规叠矩，往往“在开始说明情况时，思维深层已经隐伏着问题，但又不愿意明确议论主题，而只是先用思维内容推理暗示，然后由暗到明，逐步用表层语言信号，如necessary, must, want, have to, if, difficult, if not等，来提示问题存在，最后针对问题提出解决办法。”（王墨希、李津，1993: 62）其结果是写出的东西“重点不突出”，“缺乏连贯性”（胡曙中，1993: 159）。2. 东、西方语篇思维模式的差异(1)英语线性语篇修辞模式西方思维模式呈线性。受其影响，英语语段发展呈典型的直线型，这也是取得语段连贯的最重要的手段。直线型修辞结构的特点是先把要表达的思想概括成段落的主题句或全文的立论句，然后分点对其加以说明或论证。某一点一旦被论述完毕，就不应该再回过头来重复讨论。语段展开的过程中，每个句子、每个段落都自然连贯，从而给人一种流动感。(2)汉语螺旋型语篇修辞模式汉语属典型的东方“螺旋型” 思维模式。所以，汉语语篇修辞模式也呈螺旋型，其特点是，以反复而又发展的螺旋型形式对某一中心思想加以展开。难怪汉语中有“文章之妙，无过曲折”之说。受其母语影响，中国学生在进行英语写作时，往往按汉语的修辞模式组织英语的语段。他们很少能写出在英语语篇修辞模式中占主导地位的“一般特殊型”语段，如主题句段落等。他们写出的英语语段结构基本属于“问题解决型”。用这种模式写记叙文倒还顺手，但他们写说明文和议论文也采用这种模式。他们开始说明情况时，思维深处已经隐伏着问题，但又不明确议论主题，而只是先用思维内容推理暗示，然后由暗到明逐步提示问题的存在，最后针对问题指出解决办法。以段落为例，他们笔下的段落内不但次主题较多，而且主题句多在段落的中间或结尾处。请看下面段落：We live in a world in which science and technology is developing very quickly. The development of science needs scientists from all over the world to exchange their work more and more frequently. However, the scientists usually come from different countries and speak different languages. If there isnt a common language that can be understood by everybody, they wont understand each other. Whats more, we wish to know what others are doing and what experiences and knowledge we should learn to improve our work, so we must master the foreign language. However, there are countless languages in the world, and we cant learn all of them. Fortunately, there is one kind of language that is commonly used all over the world, English. Most of the scientists of the important academic journals are in English, and all the international academic meetings use English. If we master English, we can go to any corner of the world to communicate with the people without knowing their mother tongue. So English is important to scientists.段中前四句说明了情况，提出了一个问题。但问题尚未解决，又立即用 “Whats more” 引出了另一套情况和问题。接着，又用 “However” 提出第三个问题。直到段落快要结束时，才引入 “English” 这一主题。所以，语段给人的感觉是结构紊乱，重点不突出，连贯性差。这实际上是中国学生英文写作的通病。下面是按照英语语篇思维模式对该段落的重写稿：English is important to scientists because English, as the vehicle of information, is the most widely used language in the scientific world. According to statistics, most of the scientific academic journals are in English. Most of the world important academic meetings use English as the working language. And most of the scientists of the world can speak, read, and write English. So, when it comes for scientists from all over the world to exchange their work and experiences, the only bridge to mend the language gap is English. As far as China is concerned, if our scientists want to know what the outside scientific world is doing and what they should learn from it, the best vehicle of information to decide on is without doubt English. Therefore, English plays a very important role in the academic life of scientists.短文重写稿以主题句开头，接下来通过三个发展句提供的细节阐明英语在科学界应用的广泛性。然后在此基础上论述在世界各国科学家相互交流中所使用的语言正是英语。最后，以中国为例，指出中国科学家意欲了解世界并向世界学习，英语应是他们信息载体的首选。3.从我国主要英语考试中写作题目的命题特征看汉语思维模式在我国测试中对英文写作的影响(1)四级：2011年6月：A. 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚B. 网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题C. 我的建议2010年6月：A. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写B. 出现这种现象的原因是.C. 为了改变这种情况，我认为.2005年12月：A. 名校校园正成为旅游热点B. 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同C. 我认为.(2)考研：2011年Write an essay of 160-200 words on the following drawing. In your essay. You shouldA. describe the drawing briefly,B. explain its intended meaning, andC. give you comments.2005年Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.2003年Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you shouldA. describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, andB. point out its implications in our life.90年