对高考英语作文评分标准中“复杂结构”的解读.doc

对高考英语作文评分标准中“复杂结构”的解读 一、解读的背景 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲英语科说明对高考英语写作的评分标准明确了各档次要求，其最高档次（2125分）的要求是：“完全完成了试题规定的任务；覆盖所有内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致。” 高考英语满分150分，作文25分，占近25%。因此，近年来为提升考生作文档次，师生都做出了很大努力，特别在高三阶段，教师们提供了范文背诵、过渡词总结、写作模板等促进手段。虽有一定的效果，但每年考生的作文分数仍难以令人满意，最终取得第五档分数（2125分）的考生仍屈指可数。于是，部分师生将结构复杂化看成是提高得分的要诀所在。一位高三学生曾拿来自主练习的2012年江苏省高考英语作文让笔者批改。试题如下： 生活中冲突时有发生。假设你班同学苏华和李江打篮球时发生争执，导致关系紧张。请你结合此事，并根据以下提示，用英语写一篇短文，向学校英文报“Happy Teens”专栏投稿。简要描述事情的经过 打篮球、碰撞、争执，等等 分析发生冲突的原因 1遇事不冷静 2 谈谈避免冲突的做法 （请考生根据自己的经历或感想，提出至少两种做法） 该学生的习作如下： Conflicts with others are common in everyday life. Su Hua and Li Jiang quarreled with each other immediately they struggled for the ball, which led to their relationships becoming nervous. As far as I am concerned, it was their attitudes to the basketball game, which is merely the way to relax, rather than the basketball itself that made the problem serious. Whats more, so calm were they not faced with the problem. Here are some solutions to avoiding the conflicts personally. Angry as you are, think twice before you say something may hurt others. Furthermore, you cant be too modest. Usually it is not until the conflict happen, resulting in the relationship being worse, that people regret very much. Only if you follow my advice can you avoid conflicts. 可以看出该生很用心地写了这篇作文，但笔者阅读该生的习作后感觉行文很复杂：习作中用了大量近年来英语高考作文评分标准中提出的较复杂结构句，文中有复合句、倒装句、省略句、强调句等，但让人感到句子冗长难懂，惊叹结构复杂却体会不到作者欲表达之意。当问其为何使用这么多的复杂句子时，学生坦言：自己的课外老师要求每句话都要用复杂句子来表达才能得高分。笔者不禁自问：究竟什么是复杂结构？写作是不是结构越复杂就越好呢？ 二、“复杂结构”的体验 考试说明中并没有对复杂结构给出解释，与要点完整、语言无误、行文连贯、表达清楚等评分标准相比，师生就产生了不同的理解。部分师生认为长句、复合句、倒装句等就是复杂句，从而刻意创造复合句、倒装句等，结果行文反而晦涩难懂，有过分炫耀词句技巧之嫌。 但如何帮助学生真正理解复杂结构，并从整篇作文的角度来定位好的句子呢？我们很难给复杂结构下个确切的定义，但可从以下几个方面探讨对“复杂结构”的理解。 1. 简单句也可能成为好句子 1）恰当的形容词、副词表达意见，情感流露的载体。例如： It turned into a quarrel. It turned into a horrible/terrible/fierce quarrel. 虽然只是添加了一个形容词，但quarrel 的程度、作者的态度和场景的再现更好地表现了出来。又如： They began to quarrel. They began to quarrel with each other blindly/furiously. 2）同位语精巧完善欲达之意。例如： Li Jiang, who is Su Huas classmate, is also to blame. Li Jiang, Su Huas classmate, is also to blame. 定语从句固然带来了复杂结构，但简洁明了是行文的基本要求，该惜墨处勿泼墨。又如： The boy went back home and was full of fear. The boy went back home, full of fear. 形容词短语full of fear作状语的表达既简洁明了，又生动形象。（3）评注性状语娓娓道来，突出了写作的交际性。例如： It was Sus fault but Li was also to blame. To be honest/To be frank, it was Sus fault but Li was also to blame. 评注性状语是插入语的一种，它与状语很接近，但它并不修饰谓语或其他词，而是对整个句子进行解释或说明，表明说话人的看法或态度，给读者以娓娓道来之感。又如： To be short, it is everyones responsibility to keep the world clean. 4）非谓语结构简洁生动之美。例如： Sandy struck the USA and caused great damage to the infrastructure. Sandy struck the USA, causing great damage to the infrastructure. 非谓语结构是丰富句子的有效结构，书面性强，表达更为生动。又如： After I finished my homework, I often relaxed myself by playing computer games. Having finished my homework, I often relaxed myself by playing computer games. 5）被动语态地道之美。例如： Some people say this kind of milk contains different levels of nutrients. This kind of milk is said to contain different levels of nutrients. It is said that this kind of milk contains different levels of nutrients. 受母语负迁移的影响，学生在表达动作发出者不明确时常用主动语态表达，有中式英语之嫌；而使用被动结构却能给句子带来地道英语之美。又如： People believe that mutual understanding contributes to a permanent friendship. It is generally believed that mutual understanding contributes to a permanent friendship.2. 复杂自有其道 （1）复合句长短之变，节奏之美。例如： Su Hua and Li Jiang played basketball on the playground. They both jumped up to catch the flying ball. Su Hua and Li Jiang were playing basketball on the playground when they both jumped up to catch the flying ball. 复合句使用了定语从句、状语从句，明确了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，逻辑性强。再有，长短句结构交替使用后，语句内部抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了，从而使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。 2）倒装句强化情感，让句子结构趋于平衡。例如： Su said many mean words to Li and shouted at the top of his voice as well. Not only did Su say many mean words to Li but also shouted at the top of his voice. 倒装句常带来承上启下、平衡结构、强化情感之效。又如： A man, who is in all black, is standing with a gun in hand in front of her. Standing in front of her is a man, who is in all black, with a gun in hand. 3）强调句为了突出句子中的某一部分常使用强调句，以便能引起他人的注意，更明确地表达自己的意愿和情感。例如： He didnt come back until the clock struck twelve. It was not until the clock struck twelve that he came back. 4）省略句干练，无冗长之嫌。例如： While they were catching the flying ball, they bumped into each other. While catching the flying ball, they bumped into each other. （5）虚拟语气极尽感激、遗憾或悔恨之情。例如： No one put himself in the others place. They found no fun in the game. If one of them had put himself in the others place, they could have found more fun in the game. 另外，虚拟语气还可以表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等含意。书面表达题中常用“假如你是，你会如何？”来考查考生的个人认识或解决问题的能力。 前文提到的那位高三学生是一名英语基础很好的学生，向其呈现了以上探讨后，心领神会，修改习作如下： Conflicts with others are common in everyday life. These conflicts can turn out to be serious problems if we dont deal with them properly. Last week, Su Hua and Li Jiang were playing basketball on the playground when they both jumped up to catch the flying ball. Unfortunately, they bumped into each other. Su began to say mean words and Li shouted back in response. A terrible quarrel occurred all of a sudden. How to avoid these quarrels effectively? First, we should often stand in others shoes when faced with conflicts. Second, stay as cool as a cucumber. Think twice and you may find that things are not so bad as you thought first. Whats more, we should be good sports. Competitive sports involve unavoidable bumps or even injuries, which should be taken into consideration when you participate in a game. 三、“复杂结构”的再思量 在高三上学期基本语法学完之后，许多老师会让学生在写作中尝试运用各种复合句或特殊结构。 一位授课教师在写作技能环节总结的四句口诀：肯定不如双否好；陈述不如倒装巧；单句不如复句妙；从句不如短句傲。但该作者也鲜明地指出此举容易造成学生刻意或生搬硬套地运用这些复杂句的可能。 那么