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澳洲工会再吁对中国采取反倾销措施本文转载自【澳洲房产网】! 原文地址：/intro/china-aus/4515.html澳洲工会（Australian Workers Union）再次呼吁联邦政府，阻止中国公司倾销补贴商品到本地市场，以保护本地的工作及制造商。 工会的全国秘书长Paul Howes周三在悉尼的外国记者协会（Foreign Correspondents Association）上表示，政府应该跟随美国和加拿大，采取反倾销举措保护自己的市场，防止滥用世界贸易组织（WTO）的自由贸易规则。 联邦政府上个月表示，将会在5月的预算中公布，阻止从中国及其他国家不断向澳洲输入廉价产品的举措。 不过，澳洲工会发起了“别向澳洲倾销”（Dont Dump on Australia）活动，呼吁政府加快采取行动。 Howes说：“澳洲的政党领导人落后于美国、加拿大、欧洲和俄罗斯的领导人，这些地方已经把钻WTO规则空子的问题放在政治议程上，政客们已经开始行动。这些国家已经采取新措施保护WTO自由贸易规则，但澳洲却只有很少甚至没有任何作为。” 澳洲工会指出，由于向澳洲进口的产品的售价低于正常本地市场的价格或生产成本，有数千个制造业、农业、林业和渔业职位受到威胁。 很多情况下，这种价格差异是由于政府为出口商提供直接或间接的补贴，因此，这些出口商对于本地生产商来说，享有廉价的优势。“财力雄厚的中国是其中一个最为滥用WTO规则的国家。除非澳洲政府与其他政府联合一起，实行保持市场有竞争力的自由贸易协议，否则全球自由贸易将会完全消失。” 澳洲工会和建筑、林业、矿业及能源业工会（CFMEU）正邀请商界领导人和政客，于下个月在悉尼商议这个问题。 Howes指出，这个问题其中一个主要的因素是，澳洲视中国以市场为基础的经济体，尽管其政府会干预市场。 他说：“如果没有取得任何进展，我们会重新考虑认可中国的市场经济地位。”本文转载自【澳洲房产网】! 原文地址：/intro/china-aus/4515.html1概述双边贸易和投资 According to the China Customs statistics, the volume of bilateral trade between China and 据中国海关统计，中国之间的贸易和体积双边 Australia in year 2009 reached US$ 60.08 billion, a 0.7% year-on-year increase, among which, 澳大利亚2009年达到美国六百万八点零万美元，0.7的按年升幅，其中 Chinas export to Australia grew to US$ 20.65 billion, down 7.2% . 中国出口到澳大利亚增长到美国二百六点五 亿美元，同比下降7.2。 Chinas import from Australia 中国的进口从澳大利亚 reached US$ 39.44 billion, up 5.4%. 达美三百九十四亿四千万美元，同比增长5.4。 China ran a deficit of US$ 18.79 billion in trade with 中国跑了美国贸易赤字十八点七九美元亿元与 Australia. 澳大利亚。 In 2009, China mainly exported to Australia the following products: electrical 2009年，中国主要出口到澳大利亚的下列产品：电 equipments, machinery equipments, furniture and bedding, knitted or crocheted garments and 设备，机械设备，家具和床上用品，针织或钩针织成衣及 clothing accessories, non-knitted or non-crocheted garments and clothing accessories, steel and 服装配件，非针织或非钩编服装及衣着附件，钢材， iron and the products thereof, toys, sports equipments, plastic and its products, vehicles, and the 钢铁及其制品，玩具，运动器材，塑胶及其制品，汽车，以及 textile products. 纺织产品。 Major imported products of China from Australia included mineral ores, slag and 中国主要进口产品包括来自澳大利亚矿石，矿渣和 calx, mineral fuel, copper and its product, inorganic chemicals, rare metals, furs, yarn and its 矿灰，矿物燃料，铜及其制品，无机化工，稀有金属，毛皮，纱线和其 machine made fabric, nickel and its products, aluminum and its products, zinc and its products. 机器制成的织物，镍及其制品，铝及其制品，锌及其制品。 According to the statistics offered by China Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), the aggregate 根据总体来说，中国提供的统计商务部（商务部） turnover of engineering contracts completed by Chinese companies in Australia stood at US$ 1.12 澳大利亚公司在中国的营业额完成承包工程站在美国1.12美元 billion, and the volume of completed labor service contracts reached US$ 21.16 million. 亿美元，合同额完成劳务额达二千一百十六点零万美元。 Page 2 第2页 Foreign Market Access Report 2010 外商投资环境报告2010 2 2 According to MOFCOM, Chinas direct investment in non-financial sectors in Australia, approved 据商务部统计，中国的金融部门在非直接投资在澳大利亚批准 by or registered with MOFCOM in 2009, totaled US$ 1.97 billion. 或 由商务部注册，在2009年，总额达19.7亿美元。 Australia invested in 312澳大利亚投资312 projects in China in 2009, with an actual utilization of US$ 0.39 billion. 中国计划在2009年，一美元，实际利用三九美元。 2 An Overview of Australias Trade and Investment Regime 2概述了澳大利亚的贸易投资管理体制 2.1 Trade Administration Regime and Its Development 2.1贸易管理制度及其发展 2.1.1Tariff Regime 2.1.1Tariff制度 Tariff Administration 关税管理 The Australian Customs Service is responsible for the formulation and implementation of tariff 澳大利亚海关总署关税是负责制定和实施 policies. 政策。 The main statutes for Australia customs include Customs Act, Customs Tariff Act 1995 , 澳大利亚海关的主要法规包括： 海关法，1995年海关关税法 ， Consumer Tariff Act , Consumer Tariff Act, Excise Tariff Act , and New Tax System (Goods and 消费关税法 ， 消费关税法，海关关税法 ， 新税制（商品和 Services Tax) Act, and other related decrees and regulations. 服务税）法，以及其他相关法令和法规。 The existing customs taxation law in现行海关税收法律 Australia was revised in 2006, and took effect from January 1, 2007. 澳大利亚在2006年进行了修订，并把2007年1月1日起生效。 The law stipulates the tariff 该法规定了关税 classification, the preferential tariff policies, applied tariff rates and applied nations, and 分类，优惠的关税政策，适用关税税率，适用于国家， introduces the application of the importing tariff regulation. 介绍了条例的适用进口关税。 Australia import tariff rates are listed in Customs Tariff Act 1995 , and subject to amendments by 澳大利亚进口关税税率列在 1995年海关关税法 ，并经修正案 Australia federal government upon specific situations. 澳大利亚联邦政府根据具体情况。 Australian import tariff rates include 包括澳大利亚进口关税税率 general tariff rates and preferential tariff rates. 普通税率和优惠税率。 The preferential tariff rates are applied to island 优惠关税税率适用于岛 countries of the South Pacific Forum, the least-developed countries, East Timor and developing 国家南太平洋论坛，最不发达国家，东帝汶和发展 countries and regions. 国家和地区。 China enjoys the preferential tariff rate as a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家享有优惠关税率。 Besides, 此外， according to the bilateral or multilateral trade agreements, most commodities produced in New 根据双边或多边贸易协定，大部分商品生产的新 Zealand and Papua New Guinea are exempt from duties；certain commodities made in Canada are 新西兰和巴布亚新几内亚是职责豁免，在加拿大取得了一定的商品 granted with preferential tariff rates；the products made in Singapore are exempt from duties； 给予优惠关税税率;在新加坡生产的产品可免关税; 99% of manufactured and agricultural goods originated in USA are given duty-free treatment. 美国99的农业产品和生产起源于给予免税待遇。 For 对于 the goods made in Thailand, 90% of them are given duty-free treatment. 泰国制造的货物，90的人给予的免税待遇。 General tariff rates are 一般关税税率 applied to all the other countries and regions. 适用于所有其他国家和地区。 Since 1996, Australia has adopted the system of 自1996年以来，澳大利亚已通过了系统 tariff concession. 关税减让。 Under this system, tariff concession is only given to certain imported goods, 根据这一制度，关税优惠只给某些进口商品， which are not produced in Australia and pose no competitive threat to the domestic industry nor 这是澳大利亚不生产和不构成竞争威胁，也对国内产业 exerting adverse effect on the industry. 发挥行业的不利影响。 In addition, the Australian Customs also grants duty-free 此外，澳大利亚海关也给予免税 treatment to those goods which keep in line with the standards of importing handicrafts, but the 处理这些货物与进口保持一致手工艺品标准，但 imported goods must be identified by Australian Customs officers as “handicrafts”. 必须确定进口货物由澳大利亚海关人员为“工艺品”。 The 该 Page 3 第3页 Foreign Market Access Report 2010 外商投资环境报告2010 3 三 identification procedure includes: the production processes of raw materials (whole or significant 鉴定程序包括：生产过程全部或重要原材料（ part of the material are hand-made), the product manufacturing process (made by hand; by 材料部分是手工制作），产品生产工艺（手工制作的;由 hand-held tools; by manually operated tools), as well as having the similar artistic or decorative 手持工具;通过手动操作的工具），以及具有类似的艺术或装饰 characteristics of handicrafts of the producing country. 特色工艺品的国家生产。 With regard to export, no duties are levied except on coal and uranium. 关于出口，不征收关税，除了煤炭和铀。 In order to support exports, 为了支持出口， Australian Government adopts tax rebate policy to re-exportation of imported products through 澳大利亚政府采用进口产品税退税政策，再通过出口 the customs office. 海关办公室。 According to this policy, manufacturer can require the withdrawal of the 根据这一政策，制造商可以要求撤回的 import tariff if the imported goods are re-exported without being used, or re-exported after being 如果进口关税的进口货物再出口没有被利用，或再被出口后 processed or manufactured into other spare components in Australia. 澳大利亚制造的备件加工或到其他组件。 In July 2009, Australia Quarantine and Inspection Service increased the cargo and vessel clearance 2009年7月，澳大利亚检疫检验局增加了货物和船舶清关 fee. 费。 The declaration fee of air transport was raised from AUD 10 to AUD 15. 空中运输报关费由原来的10澳元15澳元。 The declaration fee 报关费 of maritime transport was raised from AUD 10 to AUD 14. 海上运输由原来的10澳元14澳元。 The registration fee of 12-month 该月12日登记费 Quarantine Approved Premises (QAP) was raised to AUD 1200 from AUD 900, and the 检疫核可的场地（二次分配）提高到900澳元1200澳元，而 registration fee of 6-month QAP was raised from AUD 450 to AUD 600. 登记费的二次分配问题6月份已由原来的450澳元到600澳元。 For the pratique vessels 对于入港船只 25 meters, the first one-hour examination fee is raised from 920 to 1050 AUD, and the fee after 25米，第一个小时的考试费由原来的920至1050澳元，及费用后 the first hour was revised to 45 from 40 AUD. 第一个小时修改为45 40澳元。 For the pratique vessel 25 meters, the first half 对于入港船只25米，上半年 hour of the examination fee is raised from 240 to 330 AUD. 费小时的考试由原来的240至330澳元。 Other fees such as licensing 作为发牌等其他费用 assessment costs, the examination fee of FCL and LCL also have been increased to varying 评估费，检查费和拼箱整箱也已增加至不同 degrees. 度。 Tariff Level and Its Development 关税水平及其发展 In 2008 fiscal year, the simple average rate of Australia MFN Tariff was 3.5%, among which, the 在2008财年，简单的最惠国关税平均税率为3.5，澳大利亚，其中， simple average rate of the agricultural products was 1.3%, non-agricultural product, 3.9%. 简单的农业产品的平均率的1.3，非农产品，3.9。 In Australia, ad valorem tax is applied to most of the imported goods. 在澳大利亚，从价税是适用于大多数商品的进口。 Specific duty are applied to 适用于特定的义务 other products like cheese, bio-diesel fuel, fruit juice, beverages, alcohol, tobacco beverages, 烟草产品如奶酪等饮料，生物柴油，果汁，饮料，酒类， petroleum and some chemical products. 石油和一些化工产品。 Australias s overall tariff level is relatively low, with the 澳大利亚的整体关税水平相对较低，设有 average tariff rate keeping at 0-5%, but the import tariff rates for automobile spare parts, textiles 平均关税率维持在0-5，但部分纺织品进口关税税率为汽车零部件 and clothing, and footwares remain high. 和服装以及footwares仍然很高。 At present stage, the tariff rate for the motor vehicles and 在现阶段，车辆和关税率电机 parts stands at 10%, and it will be reduced to 5% by 2010. 部分代表在10，并将于2010年减少到5。 The present tariff rate for textiles and 目前的纺织品和关税税率 clothing keeps at 5-17.5%, which will be reduced to 10% by 2010, and to 5% by 2015. 服装保持在5-17.5，这将减少10，到2010年，并在2015年5。 The 该 present tariff rate for footwares is 10%, which will also be reduced to 5% by 2010, 目前关税率footwares为10，这也将减少5，到2010年， Page 4 第4页 Foreign Market Access Report 2010 外商投资环境报告2010 4 4 In August 2009, the Australia customs issued a notice to amend the definitions of certain 2009年8月，澳大利亚海关发布公告，修订某些定义 beverages (bear and wine). 饮料（熊和葡萄酒）。 The new definitions for beer and wine exclude mimic “alcopops” 啤酒和葡萄酒的新定义为排除模仿“alcopops” which is mixed with beer and wine, resulting in mimic “alcopops” and “alcopops” or RTD (ready 这是啤酒和葡萄酒混合，准备造成模仿“alcopops”和“alcopops”或电阻（ to drink) beverages are taxed at the same rate. 喝）饮料在同一税率。 According to the amended definition of beer, beer 据，啤酒，啤酒经修订的定义 is no longer classified in these subheadings of 22030031 and 22030039, but rather, will be 不再列为22030031和22030039，这些小标题的，而是将 classified in new subheadings 22030091 and 22030099. 归入子目22030091和22030099新。 According to the amended definition of 根据经修订的定义 wine, wine product will be classified in the following new subheadings: 22060013，22060014， 酒，葡萄酒产品将分为以下新的副标题：22060013,22060014， 22060021，22060022，22060023，22060024. 22060021,22060022,22060023,22060024。 In April and August 2009, the Australia Customs Service issued two notices to increase the tariff 在四月和2009年8月，澳大利亚海关总署发布两个通知，以增加关税 rates of beer, wine, tobacco according to the CPI variation. 烟草税率的啤酒，葡萄酒，根据消费物价指数的变化。 According to the amendment made in 根据该修正案在 August 2009, for beer whose packaging is under 48 liter, the tariff rate will be AUD 35.24 to AUD 2009年8月，啤酒的包装是在48升，关税率将澳元至35.24澳元 41.06 per liter of alcohol in the beer. 每公升41.06啤酒的酒精研究。 For beers whose packaging is above 48 liter, the tariff rate 为啤酒包装的48升以上，关税税率 will be from AUD 7.03 to AUD 28.91 per liter of alcohol in the products. 将由7.03澳元至28.91澳元产品中的每公升酒精。 The wine with 1.15% to 对葡萄酒1.15 10% of alcohol will be imposed 5% tariff rate plus AUD 69.57 per litre of alcohol in the wine. 10的酒精将被征收5的关税率加在69.57澳元的葡萄酒酒精每公升。 Brandy which is made from wine will be imposed at AUD 64.96 per litre of alcohol plus 5% of 这是白兰地酒制成的，将加征64.96澳元每升酒精加5的 tariff rate. 关税税率。 Cigar and tobacco will be imposed at the rate of AUD 322.93/kg, and for the cigar 雪茄和烟草公司将在322.93/kg征收率的澳元，和雪茄 whose tar content is under 0.8 g per cigarette, the tariff rate is AUD 0.25833 per cigarette. 香烟的焦油含量是根据每0.8克，关税率是每澳元卷烟0.25833。 In October 2008, Australia customs announced to increase import tariffs of imported luxury cars. 2008年10月，澳大利亚海关宣布对豪华车的进口关税，增加进口。 The Luxury Car Tariff rate is amended to 33% from 25% for cars with a Luxury Car (except 豪华车的关税税率从33改为25（不包括汽车的豪华车 ambulance and emergency car) value over the LCT threshold (in 2008-2009, the threshold was 救护车和急救车）在LCT的阈值（在2008-2009年度，阈值 AUD 57,180). 澳元57180）。 The fuel efficient luxury cars below certain price (the threshold was AUD 71,500 燃料效率低于一定的价格豪华轿车（71,500澳元的门槛 in 2008-2009) are exempt from the tariff. 在2008-2009年）的关税豁免。 Certain luxury cars and fuel efficient luxury cars are 某些豪华轿车和豪华轿车都省油 entitled to exemption from the LCT. 享有豁免的长链。 The LCT rate of 33% however remains applicable where a 长链的33但仍然适用率在一 fuel efficient luxury car exceeds the fuel efficient luxury car threshold. 省油的豪华车的燃油效率超过豪华车的门槛。 In September 2009, 2009年9月， Australia Customs amended this regulation, and adjusted the taxation threshold of efficient luxury 澳大利亚海关修订该规例，并调整了奢侈税门槛高效 car to AUD 75,000. 车到75,000澳元。 Importers or manufacturers are entitled to require a refund of the tariff they 进口商或制造商都有权要求他们退还关税 have over paid due to the amendment of the regulation during the period between October 2008 有超过其因该规例修订在2008年期间的十月至 and September 2009. 2009年9月。 2.1.2 Import Administration 2.1.2进口管理 Australias principal laws concerning export management are Customs Law, Quarantine Act and 澳大利亚的出口管理方面的法律主要是 海关法及检疫法 Imported Food Control Act, Hazardous Waste (Import and Export Provisions) Act and related 进口食品控制法，危险废物（进出口规定）法及相关 bills and regulations. 法案和法规。 Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade is responsible for the 澳大利亚外交事务和贸易是负责 Page 5 第5页 Foreign Market Access Report 2010 外商投资环境报告2010 5 5 formulation of macro-trade policy, and the Australian Customs Service is responsible for the 制定宏观贸易政策，澳大利亚海关服务是负责 administration of importation and exportation of commodities, the surveillance of ports, and the 管理进口和港口出口的商品，监督，和 investigation and implementation of the trade remedy measures. 调查和措施实施的贸易救济。 Imported animal and plant 进口动物和植物 products must undergo strict inspection and quarantine. 产品必须经过严格的检验检疫。 Imported medicines must obtain prior 进口的药品，必须事先获得 FDA approval. FDA的批准。 Imports of machinery and electric products must be pre-certified for safety. 产品进口的机械和电气必须预先安全认证。 The Australian Government controls the importation of certain goods. 澳大利亚政府控制某些商品进口。 The controls either take the 要么采取的控制 form of an absolute prohibition or a restriction. 构成绝对禁止或限制。 Rough diamond imported from Liberia and suicide 从利比里亚进口毛坯钻石和自杀 devices are prohibited absolutely. 设备是绝对禁止。 Restricted products are as follows: anabolic or androgenic 受限制的产品如下：合成或雄 substances and Ketamine, antibiotics, all goods bearing the word “ANZAC”, Australian flag , 物质及氯胺酮，抗生素，所有商品印有单词“澳新军团”，澳大利亚国旗， arms Asbestos, cat and dog fur products, ceramic ware-glazed, cetaceans (whales, dolphins and 武器石棉，猫，狗皮毛制品，陶瓷洁具釉面，鲸目动物（鲸鱼，海豚和 porpoises), chemical weapons, chewing tobacco and oral snuff, lighters, cosmetics with toxic 海豚），化学武器，嚼口鼻烟，打火机，烟草和化妆品有毒 materials, counterfeit credit cards, crowd control equipments (sprayers and spontoons), cultural 材料，伪造信用卡，人群控制设备（喷雾器和spontoons），文化 and heritage goods from Papua New Guinea, diamonds- Kimberley Process , dog collars - 和狗项圈遗产货物从巴布亚新几内亚，钻石，金伯利进程- protrusion, dogs of dangerous breeds, human Embryo clones, endangered animal and plant species, 突，狗种危险品种，克隆人类胚胎，濒危动物和植物， erasers of novelty, explosive plastics, firearms and ammunition, fish and toothfish, electronic fly 洋枪橡皮擦新颖性，塑料炸药，枪支和弹药，鱼类和电子飞行 swatters/mosquito bats, growth hormones, hazardous waste, incandescent lamps, chemicals, swatters /蚊子蝙蝠，生长荷尔蒙，危险废物，白炽灯，化工， KAVA, knives and daggers, laser pointers, novel money boxes, ozone depleting substances, 卡瓦，刀，匕首，激光指针，新颖的钱盒，臭氧消耗物质， pencils and paintbrushes with toxic materials, pesticides and other hazardous chemicals, 铅笔和画笔的有毒化学物质，杀虫剂和其他有害物质， pornography and other objectionable material, radioactive substances, drugs and narcotics, 色情和其他不良物质，放射性物质，毒品和麻醉品， unmanufactured tobacco leaves, toys with toxic materials, products prohibited by Trade Practices 未加工烟叶，材料与有毒玩具， 实践 所禁止 贸易 产品 Act 1974 、arms, woolpacks. 1974年法 ，武器，woolpacks。 Importing of the above-mentioned products has to be permitted by the对上述产品进口已被允许 Department of Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts, the Department of Health and Ageing, 环境部，水，遗产，艺术，卫生和老龄部， the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry. 农业部林业，渔业和。 Besides, the Australian Customs Service may adopt some temporary and phasic import restrictions 此外，澳大利亚海关服务可能会采取一些临时的，阶段性的进口限制 to prevent epidemic, insect pests and plant disease, protect environment and local industry, and 为防止疫情，害虫和植物疾病，保护环境和当地产业， implement international agreements, etc. 执行国际协定等。 The importers who violate the relevant provisions of the 进口商谁违反规定的有关 absolute prohibition and restriction will be severely punished. 绝对禁止和限制将受到严厉惩罚。 In April 2009, the Australia Customs Service issued a notice announcing that as from February 1, 2009年4月，澳大利亚海关总署发布公告，宣布从2月1日 2009, a person seeking to import GLS lamps has to obtain permission from the Minister for 2009年，一个人寻求进口GLS的灯具已获得许可的部长 Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts prior to the importation. 环境，水，遗产和艺术之前的进口。 Permissions will only be 权限将只 granted in a limited number of circumstances. 授予在数量有限的情况下。 The prohibition covers a range of inefficient GLS 这项禁令的范围涵盖了低效率的吉力士 filament lamps. 灯丝灯泡。 The import prohibition does not apply to GLS lamps that are imported as part of 进口禁令并不适用于GLS的那一部分的灯具为进口 other equipment, coloured GLS lamps, silvered GLS lamps, candle lamps; fancy round lamps; 其他设备，彩色GLS的灯，银色的GLS的灯，蜡烛灯，花式圆灯; Page 6 第6页 Foreign Market Access Report 2010 外商投资环境报告2010 6 6 halogen or compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). 紧凑型节能灯或卤素灯），荧光灯（。 The maximum penalty