考研英语句子成分(打印版).doc

英语句子成分详解句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语、同位语等。一主语：主语(subject)是一个句子的主题( theme)，是句子所述说的主体、对象。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有一个单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1名词作主语。如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。)Little streams feed big rivers. (小河流入大江。)2代词用作主语。如：He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑)Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.假期里大家都过得很愉快。3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough.三个就够了。Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。4名词化的形容词用作主语。The old and the young are taken good care of in that village.5副词用作主语(极少见)。如：Now is the time.现在是时候了。6名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.我们必须承受人生之沉浮。7不定式用作主语。如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。It is impossible to defeat a person who never gives up.要打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的。8动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害。Watching a film is pleasure, while making one is hard work.看电影是乐事,制作影片则是苦事.9名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money.残疾人将得到更多的救济金。The unemployedgot much help from the government.10.介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far.到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.从延安到南泥湾骑马要三个小时。11.从句用作主语。如:That he finished writing the composition in such a short timesurprised us all.Whether we will go for an outing tomorrowremains unknown.Who will be our monitorhasnt been decided yet.What caused the accident has been found out.Whatever you did is right.What we need is time.为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语(从句)搁置于句末It is certain that he will win the match.It is strange that he should do that.It is important that we all should attend the meeting.It is still a mystery what caused the accident.It is said that he has gone to shanghai.It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.It seems that he has seen the film.It happened that the two cheats were there.12.句子用作主语。如：“How do you do ?”is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。二谓语谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicate verb)是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，其位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。1由简单的动词构成。(1). What happened?发生了什么事？(2). He worked hard all day today.他今天苦干了一天。(3). The plane took off at ten oclock.飞机是十点起飞的。2由动词短语构成的谓语。(1). Iam reading.我在看书。(2). Youcan doit if you try hard.你努力就可以做到。(3). Tom, you are too lazy. The workshould have been finishedyesterday.汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give等。如：(1). I had a swim yesterday.我昨天游了一次水（had a swim代替了swam）(2). Take a look at that!你看看那个！（take a look代替了look）(3). He gave a sigh.他叹了口气。（gave a sigh代替了sighed）(4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。（a good shake-up代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)）谓语是句子的灵魂，谓语的变化可以反映：时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，这也是高中语法最重要的内容。三表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。1The wedding was that Sunday.婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词）2So thats that.就是这样。（代词）3We are seven.我们一共7人。（数词）4Are you busy?你有空吗？（形容词）5Are you there?你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词）Is anybody in?里面有人吗？（副词）6All I could do was to wait.我只能等待。（不定式）My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式）7Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见/眼见为实（动名词）8I was so much surprised at it.我对此事感到很惊讶。（过去分词）Im very pleased with what he has done.我对他所做的很满意。（过去分词）9She is in good health.她很健康。（介词短语）The show is from seven till ten.演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语）10Is thatwhy you were angry?这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句）11This iswhere I first met her.这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句）12.The reason why he didnt come to school isthat he got ill.他没有来上学的原因是他生病了。13. What I want iswhat he has got.补充：除了系动词be外，还有些能做系动词的实义动词，也称为半系动词，其后也要接形容词做表语：come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)fell，sound ,smell , look , taste（感观动词）seem, appear (似乎，好像)例如：1Our dream has come true.我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加easy , loose, natural等）2.He fell sick.他病了。3.Keep fit.保重。Keep作为系动词还常接quiet，calm，cool，warm，silent，clean，dry3The well ran dry.这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold等）4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。四宾语宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如：Our team beat all the others.我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。1Do you fancy a drink?你想喝一杯吗？（名词）2They wont hurt us.他们不会伤害我们。（代词）3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。4I shall do my possible.我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词）5He left there last week.他上个星期离开了那里。（副词）6Does she really want to leave home?她真的要离开家吗？（不定式）7.We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen.我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。(动名词)8He never did the unexpected.他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词）9Do you understand what I mean?你明白我的意思吗？（从句）10. He told me that he would go to the college the next year.他告诉我他明年上大学11. I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.12. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.13. Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏？14. Have you determined whichever you should buy ,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?15. He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面扩展+归纳：一、宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb),常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take等，了一个职位。动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：A、动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：Please show me your passport.B、动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,如：Please show your passport to me.但动词是make, buy, get, cook, borrow, sing时,介词用for.如：Please make me a kite. = Please make a kite for me.C、还有少数动词+sb.+ of + sth。如：inform sbof sthremind sbof sthrid sbof sthwarn sbof sthrob sbof sthcheat sbof sthcure sbof sthaccuse/charge sbof sth二、以下是需要强化记忆的：A：习惯上要接不定式作宾语且不能接动名词作宾语的动词有：afford付得起agree同意apply申请arrange安排ask要求care想要choose决定decide决定demand要求desire请求determine决心expect期待help帮助hope希望intend打算manage设法offer主动提出plan计划prepare准备pretend假装promise答应refuse拒绝want想要wish希望fail失败B：习惯上要接动名词作宾语且不能接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit承认advise建议allow允许appreciate感激suggest建议avoid避免consider考虑delay推迟deny否认stop停止discuss讨论dislike不喜欢enjoy喜爱escape逃脱risk冒险excuse原谅fancy设想finish完成forbid禁止report报告forgive原谅give up放弃imagine想像keep保持put off推迟mention提及mind介意miss没赶上pardon原谅permit允许practise练习prevent阻止prohibit禁止请看以下典型用例：I admit breaking the window.我承认窗子是我打破的。I appreciate being given this opportunity.非常感谢给了我这个机会。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个问题，以免触犯他。He suggested taking the children to the zoo.他提议带孩子们去动物园。【说明】advise, allow, forbid, permit等动词之后，虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：The doctor advised me to stay in for a few days.医生嘱我在家休息几天。The nurse allowed him to remain there, though it was not permitted.护士让他留在那儿，而按规定那是不许可的。而有些动词(如consider, understand, discuss)则可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。如：Have you considered how to get there?你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?She doesnt understand how to look after him.她不知道应如何照顾他。We discussed what to do and where we should go.我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去。C：既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思基本相同，有时甚至可以互换的动词主要有：有的动词既可后接不定式作宾语，也可后接动名词作宾语，like喜欢love喜欢hate憎恨prefer宁可begin开始start开始continue继续cant bear不能忍受bother麻烦intend打算attempt试图cease停止请看以下典型用例：They continued to meet meeting daily.他们继续每天都见面。I like keeping to keep everything tidy.我喜欢将每件东西都保持整洁。She never ceased complaining to complain about prices.她没完没了地抱怨物价。【注意】当like, love, hate, prefer与would, should连用时，其后习惯上只能接不定式，不能接动名词。D、既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思不相同的动词主要有：(1) remember(记得)，forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生，后接动名词(有时可用完成式)，则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较：Remember to turn out the lights before you go to bed.临睡前别忘了关灯。I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.我记得在报纸上看过关于这次地震的消息。Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。I regret to say the job has been filled.十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。I regret saying what I said. I shouldnt have said it.我懊悔讲了我讲的话。我是不应当这样讲的。(2) try后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如：You shouldnt try to leave the restaurant without paying.你不应该试图不付账就离开饭店。You really must try to overcome your shyness你确实需要努力克服你的腼腆。(3) mean后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事，接动名词表示意味着(要)做某事。如：To mean to do something and to actually do something are two different things.打算做一件事和实际上做一件事完全是两回事。If we mean to catch the early bus, that means getting up before five.要想赶早班车，我们就得在5点钟以前起床。(4) stop后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事（注意：后接不定式时，不定式不是宾语，而是目的状语）。如：He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room.他停止讲话，房里一点声音也没有了。The bus stopped to take on more passengers.公共汽车停下让乘客上车。(5) cant help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如：Shes a funny girl, but yet you cant help liking her.她是一个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会喜欢她。The medicine cant help to get rid of your cold.这药不能帮你治好感冒。(from )(6) go on后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事，接动名词表示继续做正在做的事。如：The minister went on talking for two hours.部长一连谈了两个小时。The minister went on to talk about foreign policy.部长接着就谈外交政策。【专项训练】06. She imagined _ into the office and _ everyone what she thought of them.A. walking, tellingB. to walk, to tellC. to walk, tellingD. walking, to tell07. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _ at the next town.A. to stopB. stoppedC. stoppingD. having stopped08. It annoys me when people forget _ thank you.A. sayingB. having sayingC. to sayD. to have said09. I forgot _ a pen. Can you lend me one?A. bringingB. to bringC. having broughtD. to have brought10. If youre writing to your mother, dont forget _ something about her coming to stay.A. to put inB. putting inC. to gave put inD. having put in11. We regret _ passengers that the l4.50 train for Cardiff will leave about 37 minutes late.A. to informB. informingC. informedD. having informed12. She stopped _ about her illness and went on _ us about all her other problems.A. talking, tellingB. to talk, to tellC. talking, to tellD. to talk, telling13. He began by _ us where the island was and went on _ us about its climate.A. showing, tellingB. to show, to tellC. showing, to tellD. to show, telling14. Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice!A. to takeB. takingC. not to takeD. not taking15. Can I smoke here?Sorry. We dont allow _ here.A. people smokingB. people smokeC. to smokeD. smoking【参考答案】0610 ACCBA1115 ACCDD五补语补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）.在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态或者说补充说明宾语是什么、怎么样或做什么等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。(1).形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings.那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等1.They named the child Jimmy.他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作宾补）2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.我的母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我的姐姐（名词短语作宾补）3. He boiled the egg hard.她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语）4.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补）5. We found the old lady in good health. (介词短语作宾补)6.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。（不定式用作宾语补语）7.I heard Jean singing this morning.（现在分词作宾补）8. He had his wallet stolen yesterday. (过去分词作宾补)注：A、当感官动词和使役动词，接宾补时，不定式的符号to必须省略。如：see hear notice watch hear feel observe(感官动词)make have let(使役动词)在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。B、主动语态中的宾补，在被动语态中则成了主语补语了。如：(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday.六定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。1形容词用作定语是大量的。（1）. She is a natural musician.她是一位天生的音乐家。（2）. He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定语）2.名词用作定语。如（1）. A baby girl女婴（2）. well water井水(3). Sports car双座轻型汽车（4）. A fools paradise梦幻的天堂3代词作定语。（1）. Your hair needs cutting.你该理发了。（物主代词用作定语）（2）. Everybodys business is nobodys business.人人负责就是无人负责。（不定代词所有格作定语）4数词作定语（1）. Theres only one way to do it.做此事只有一法。（2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance.现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。基数词用作后置定语：page 24 Room 201 the year 19495.副词充当定语时常后置，如：the room above楼上的房间the world today今日世界the way out出路a day off休息日6不定式用作定语，后置。（1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。（2）. Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。7动名词用作定语.A walking stick拐杖sleeping pills安眠药eating implements吃饭用具learning method学习方法8分词充当定语a sleeping child正在睡中的小孩a drinking man嗜酒者a retired worker一个退休工人a faded flower一朵谢了的花9介词短语用作定语。This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。10从句用作定语，即定语从句The car that is parked outside is mine.停在外面的车是我的。Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.我在外面看见你的汽车了，它给另一辆车撞了。七同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。1名词用作同位语是大量的。（1）. We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。（2）We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。2代词用作同位语。They all wanted to see him.他们都想见他。Lets you and me go to work, Oliver.咱们俩去工作吧。They each have an English-Chinese dictionary.Youll have to do it yourself.你得自己去干。He himself doesnt know why.3数词用作同位语。（1）。Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？（2）。They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。4不定式与动名词用作同位语。（1）。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。（2）。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。5Of短语用作同位语The city of Rome罗马城the art of writing写作艺术The vice of smoking吸烟嗜好6从句用同位语，即同位语从句（1）。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不确。（2）。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。八状语状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如：1The girl is improving remarkably.这个女孩大有进步。2可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。（1）副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but read it well.这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。3状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等（1）。时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?In China now leads the world.(2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea.She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).（3）。原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.I eat potatoes because I like them.(4).结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.(5).目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.(6).条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。Well be lucky to get there before dark.If he were to come, what should we say to him?(7).让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。For all his money, he didnt seem happy.他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。He helped me although he didnt know me.(8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.To what extent would you trust them?你对他们信任程度如何？（9）。伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：（主谓）基本句型二：（主谓表）基本句型三：（主谓宾）基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补） 简单句不“简单”简单句的复杂化并列“出现”之后我们这里说的并列是说句子成分的并列，在英语中，所有的句子成分都可以并列，于是就出现了并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列定语，于是简单句就复杂了，于是你就迷茫了1.Tom, Mike and I are good friends.(三个并列主语)2.I got up ,washed my face, brushed my teeth and went to school .(四个并列谓语)3.I like music ,sport, traveling, surfing the Internet and listening to music .(五个并列宾语)4.This is a well-known German medical school.(四个并列定语)非谓语动词在“作怪”大家先看下面的句子：1.To learn Englishis not easy.2. He found it very difficultto get to sleep.3. Lucy asked meto turn down the radio.4. His wish wasto become a scientist.5. There is nothingto worry about.6. He woke upto find everybody gone. .7.Learning new words is very useful to me.9. The boysinging nowis a classmate of mine.10. One day she came into my roomlaughing happily.11. The other students in the class keep their eyesclosed.12.Built in 1949, the exhibition hall is almost 50 years old.你知道上面划线部分是什么呢？非谓语动词，什么是非谓语动词呢？顾名思义，“非”，不也，非谓语动词即是不能作谓语的动词。英语中的动词按能否作谓语可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种，这也就是非谓语动词的由来。非谓语动词从形式上来看有三种：to dodoingdone。从名称来看有四种：动词不定式（to do）、动名词(doing)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)。这四位也就是非谓语家族的全体成员，也就是它们四位是不能来作谓语动词的。那么它们可以做什么成分呢？实际上，除了不能作谓语外，其他的句子成分，它们都可以作的，其中，动词不定式可以作除了谓语以外的一切成分，动名词可以做主语、宾语、定语、表语，现在分词可以作状语、定语、表语、宾补，过去分词可以作状语、定语、表语、宾补。非谓语动词是高中英语语法的重点内容，也是高考必考内容。一找出下面句子中的非谓语动词，并指出是作什么句子成分1To know him is to like him.2. Mr.