八级的人文知识.doc

For over 900 years, the Tower of London has served as a loyal _1_ palace and fortress. Today, its famous for its bloody history and for being the place where the Crown Jewels are kept.But it has served for other purposes, too. It has been the royal arsenal, royal mint, _2_ royal observatory or even the royal zoo. The site of the Tower was _3_ originally part of the Roman city of Londinium. But, in 1066, a foreigner from north west France became King William _4_ of Britain, he ordered that a wooden castle built on the banks of _5_ the river Thames. The purpose of this fortress was to help secure London, the most important city in his view realm. Ten years later, William had the fortress rebuild in stone, and created a great _6_ fortified palace with walls three metre thick. Today, this building _7_ is known as the White Tower, and it stands in the centre of a much larger stone fortress, which was built during later centuries. The Tower now covers the area of seven hectares, and it stands near the _8_ busy financial district of the capital. But, once inside the high stone walls, its easy to forget the modern world outside and to take a trip back through history. To help visitors explore, there are special ceremonial guards, called Yeoman Warders. They are also known as Beefeaters, and they are the best resource of information about the _9_ Towers history. Nearly 40 Yeoman live and work in the Tower. They are former soldiers who earned the privilege of serving as _10_ Yeoman after long service. 答案及解析: 1.loyal-royal loyal和royal两个词形似容易混淆，前者是“忠实的”，后者是“皇家的，王室的”。 2.for-/ serve the purpose 的意思是“适用，有的用途”，不需要介词for。如： I dont really think that this piece of furniture serves any useful purpose. 3.or-and the royal zoo 和前面的the royal arsenal, royal mint, royal observatory都是并列项，所以在最后一项之前应该用and。 4.But-when;a-when 原句其实有两个分句， a foreigner from north west France became King William of Britain 和 he ordered that a wooden castle built on the banks of the river Thames,两个分句之间缺少了连词连接。根据逻辑关系，这里应该用表示时间的连接词 when。 5.built-be 动词order后面的that从句可以是be型虚拟语气，也可以是情态助动词should。所以可以说order that a castle should be built或者order that a castle be bulit。在后一种表达中，表被动的助动词be不能省略。 6.rebuild-rebuilt 这里出现的词组应该是have something done，意思是要求别人做某事。 7.metre-metres 当数词和度量名词之间没有连词符时，名词应该用复数形式。 8.the（area）-an an area of seven hectares这是一个同位语词组，area前应该用不定冠词。 9.resource-source resource是“资源”，source是“来源”，所以应该说 a source of information, a source of illness, a source of knowledge等。 10.who-have 显然earned the privilege of serving as Yeoman这个动作的结果是延续到现在的，应该用现在完成体。Some people say love makes the world go around. Others say it is not love; its money.Since the _1_ truth is that it is energy that makes the world go around. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible even when food is _2_ converted into energy, which in turns is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. In this _3_ cycle all life depends. It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as many as _4_ they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard time _5_ in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer. A good case in point is white-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer _6_ reproduce, grow,and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in the good condition who _7_ has conceived in November and was given birth to two fawns _8_ during the end of May and first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her bodys needs but also to reproduce milk for her fawns. The _9_ best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process - it requires a lot of food. The need can be met unless the region has _10_ ample food resources. 答案及解析: 1.Since-however/But 该句子与前面两个句子在意义和逻辑上是转折关系，而since只能引导原因状语从句或者时间状语从句。 2.even-only 用only强调条件when food is converted into energy，表示“只有当食物转化为能量时”，而even没有这个意思。 3.In-On 此处实际上考查的是depend on，为了强调状语，把on this cycle放在了句首，正常的顺序应该是“All life depends on this cycle”。 4.many-much 这里much指代的是不可数名词food。 5.time-times 根据上下文的语境，此处time为“某一时期的生活状况，环境等”的含义，一般用复数形式times，再如：We lived through terrible times during the war years。 6.is-the 这句话是说：一个很好的例子是白尾鹿。这里是表示特指，所以white-tailed deer前面应该有定冠词the。 7.the-in good condition为一个习语，good前面没有冠词。再如：The goods arrived in good condition。 8.was-句子的主语是怀孕的成年母鹿，与give birth to 是施动者与动作的关系，不应用被动语态。 9.reproduce-produce 根据常识和上下文的内容母鹿所需的能量是为了产奶（produce milk），而不是繁殖奶（reproduce milk）。 10.can-not 句中用到的是“notunless”这一固定结构表示“除非，才能”Why does the idea of progress loom so large in themodern world? Surely because progress of particularkind is actually taking place around us and is more and more manifesting. Although mankind has underg- _1_one no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in theaccumulation of knowledge. Knowledge begins to increase as _2_soon as the thoughts of one individual could be com-municated to another by mean of speech. With the in- _3_vention of writing, knowledge could be communicated and stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in turn added libraries: the growth of knowl- _4_edge followed a kind of compound-interest law,which was greatly enhanced by the invention of print-ing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly risen. _5_then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. However, as soon as new knowl- _6_edge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called “modern civilization” is not theresult of a balanced development of all mans nature,but not of accumulated knowledge applied to practical _7_life. The problem now facing humanity is: what is going to be done with all this knowledge? Like is often _8_pointed out, knowledge is a two edged weapon whichcould be used equally for good or evil. It is now being _9_used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that gunners _10_using science to shatter mens bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them.参考答案及解析：1.把manifesting改为manifestmanifesting不能做形容词,而如果把它理解成现在进行词,后面又缺乏宾语,所以应该改为形容词manifest,表示 “显然的,明显的”.2.把begins改为began根据下一行出现的could可以判断本句是过去时.3.把mean改为means. by means of 是固定用法.4.在added后面加上to如果add后面不加to,此句就表示 “把图书馆加到某个事物上去”,加上to,表示给图书馆增加了内容,符合句义.5.把risen改为raisedrise是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态.6.把However改为Moreover此句的意思是:新知识一经获得,马上就得到实际应用.这是对上文的追加,不存在转折关系,因此应该用moreover.7.删除but后面的not8.把Like改为As9.把could改为can主句为现在时,而从句也不表示虚拟,所以应该用现在时.10.在that后面加上of.为了避免重复,这里用that指代spectacle,后面的gunner using是that 的内容.因此应该用介词of引出。Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But a special kind of “private eye” cantrace the missing ancestors of whole peoples bystudying the clues buried by words. _1_These philologists, such as the language detectives arecalled, have traced _2_the word trail back from peoples in Europe, India,South Africa, the Americas,and the Pacific islands in a tiny nameless, and forgotten tribe that roamed central_3_Eurasia 5000 to 6000 years ago, before the dawn of writing history. _4_Since a long time scholars have been puzzled over the striking _5_difference of words in different languages. In Dutch, vader; in Latin, pater;in _6_old Irish, athir; in Persian, pidar;in the Sanskrit of distant India, pitr.These words all sounded likely and meant the same thing“father” _7_Where did it happen that widely separated peoples used such _8_close related sound symbols? The problem baffled linguists for years. The more so_9_because “father” was but one of a host of such coincidences. Towards the endof the 18 century it dawned on scholars that perhaps all these words stemmed_10_from some common language.参考答案及解析：1. 将by改为in(be) buried in 意思为 “被所掩盖,掩蔽于”2. 将such去掉在这里as是连词,引导状语从句.3. 第一个and改为to (这个句子长,小心上当呀)以便和前文的from构成搭配 “fromto”,表示 “从到”.4. 将writing改为written“有文字记载的历史”英语为 “written history”.5. 将Since改为 For因为since做介词, 表示 “自从起” 之意时,后面一般不跟表示一段时间的名词.6. 将difference改为similarity从后面的例子我们可以看出,作者在这里讲述的是文字的惊人的相同之处,而不是不同之处.7. 将likely改为alikelikely 意思为 “很可能的”,不做 “相同的,相似的”解.8. 将where改为why这里不是问地点而是问原因,从后面的because也可以看出.9. 将close改为副词closely因为形容词close不能修饰过去分词related.10. 将18改为 18th.The more so because “father” was but one of a host of such coincidences.这句话的the more so because是什么意思呢, 以为人家出版社错了,不过看两本资料都这么写. 有谁看得懂么?还是说真的是出错了.原来the more so because意思为: 更何况.Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can givepleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. _1_The most significant the task ahead, the more carefulthe planning _2_required. Getting to school or to work on time is a taskrequiring few _3_or no planning, it is almost routine. A months touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If thematter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, _4_and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make _5_sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure successand of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential _6_to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but the degree _7_of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources _8_and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly _9_household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply ofessentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage _10_and over-expenditure.参考答案及解析:1 将and 改为 or，or表示“或者”，因为前后是两种截然不同的可能性，所以应该用or。2 将most改为 more3 将few改为little4 将involve 改为 involves因为主语 the matter 为单数，例如：Although planning involves material investment, even more important is theinvestment in man.虽然作机会应该包括物资投资，但最重要的是对人的投资。5 在returning后加介词to6 将suffer改为afford7 去掉be。vary是动词，可与助动词或者情态动词构成谓语，也可以独立构成谓语，例如：The weather varies from hour to hour in some mountain districts.8 去掉thein essence 是固定习语，意为“本质上，实质的9 将do改为 does主语是动名词复合结构 a nation planning its resources and needs, 应视为单数，例如：Looking after children requires patience.10 将improperly改为 properly.More people die of tuberculosis than of any otherdisease caused by a single agent. This has probablybeen the case in quite a while. During the _1_early stages of the industrial revolution, perhaps one in every seventh _2_deaths in Europes crowded cities were caused by thedisease. From _3_now on, though, western eyes, missing the global picture, saw the trouble _4_going into decline. With occasional breaks for war, the rates of death andinfection in the Europe and America dropped steadily through the 19th and _5_20th centuries. In the 1950s, the introduction of antibiotics strengthened thetrend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed to be imported to _6_poor countries. Medical researchers declared victory and withdrew.They are wrong. In the mid1980s the frequency of infections and deaths _7_started to pick up again around the world. Where tuberculosis vanished, it came_8_back; in many places where it had never been away, it grew better. The World_9_Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people (a third of the earthspopulation)suffer from tuberculosis. Even when the infection rate was falling,population growth kept the number of clinical cases more or less constantly at 8 _10_million a year. Around 3 million of those people died, nearly all of them in poorcountries. 参考答案:1 将in改为for; for quite a while 作 “相当长时间”讲. 2 将seventh改为seven 3 将were改为was这个谓语动词的主语是单数短语 one in every seven deaths, 因此要使用单数.4将now 改为then 5将Europe前的the 去掉 6 将imported改为exported根据上下文,应该是向穷国出口抗生素,而不是从这些国家进口抗生素.7 将are 改为were 8 在vanished 前加had这里要表达的是 “结核病原来消失的地方,又爆发了结核病”,所以要使用过去完成时.9 将better改为worse在结合病没有消失的地方,这种病更加严重了,因此要用worse.10 将constantly改为constant在 “keep sb/ sth adj”结构中的形容词作补语.Cities can be frightened places. The majority of_1_the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. Thesense of belonging to a community tends to appear_2_when you live thirty floors up in a skyscraper. Strange_3_enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of onestreet all knew each other, nowadays people on thesame floor in tower blocks even say hello to each _4_other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from thiskind of isolated existence in that a sense of communitygenerally keep the inhabitants of a small village togeth- _5_er. People have the advantage of knowing that there isalways someone to turn to when they need help. So _6_country life has disadvantages too. For example,shopping becomes a major problem and for anythingslightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expe- _7_dition to the nearest large town. The country has theadvantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the _8_disadvantages of being cut off. The city has noise andpopulation which do harm to human health. But one oftheir main advantages is that you are at the centre of _9_things and that life doesnt come to an end even at tenat night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for thequiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the _10_country within commuting distance of the large city.参考答案及解析:1.把frightened改为frighteningfrightened是“受到惊吓的”，表明心理状态，而frightening表示“令人害怕的”，表示事物性质。2.把appear改为disappear“当你住在摩天大厦的三十层里”，可以推测这里要表达的是归属感的消失，而不是产生归属感。3.把Strange改为StrangelyStrangely enough，是固定短语，经常用作插入语，意思是“说也奇怪，最奇怪的是”。4.在say前面加上dont此处说的是，现在住在同一层楼的人甚至见面都不打招呼。5.把keep改为keepsin that 引导的句子主语应该是 a sense，故谓语应为单数。本句的意思是，农村生活与这种隔绝孤立的生活不同，因为一种归属感把小村里的居民联系在一起。6.把so 改为but/yet上文提到了乡村生活的好处，下文是转折，要用but或者yet。7.把for改为on“去远征”应该用go on a expedition，而go for 的意思是“去找，努力获取，拥护”。8.把peaceful改为peaceof 后面不应该用形容词，所以应该改为peace。这里需要注意的是quiet既是名词又是形容词，不要被迷惑。9.把their改为its此处的代词应该指代上文的 the city。10.删除leaving后面的for，或者把for改为fromleave表示“离开某地”，而leave for表示“离开某地去另外一One of Americas most important export is hermodern music. _1_American popular music is playing all over the world.It is enjoyed _2_by people of all ages in all countries. Because the lyricsare English, _3_nevertheless people not speaking English enjoy it. Thereasons forits popularity are its fast pace and rhythmic beat.The music has many origins in the United States. Country music,coming from the suburban areas in the southern United States, is one _4_source. Country music features simple themes a