新视野大学英语教师备课簿.doc

新视野大学英语教师备课簿 史梅 姜华Unit 1Section A Learning a Foreign LanguageSection B Keys to Successful On Learning 学 习 目 标一、核心词汇四级核心词汇：arise, benefit, challenge, charge, commit, commitment, communicate, embarrass, ensure, expand, frustrate, participate, prefer, reflect, reinforce, reward, satisfy, share 六级核心词汇：intimidate reap二、重要短语：allow for , be well worth sth., become aware of, come across, in addition, keep up with, now that, play a role in 三、疑难句子：Section A和B中的难句释义、译文及句子结构分析四、阅读技巧1：猜度词义五、真题测试1：与本课词语和语法项目相关的历年四六级及考研真题自测。一、重点词汇Section A （一）四级词汇1. （L1）reward：n. C,U Something given or received in recompense for worthy behavior报答，奖赏；Money offered or given for some special service, such as the return of a lost article or the capture of a criminal.报酬，酬金 Something given or received in retribution for evil acts.报应 vt. give a reward to or for 报答，酬谢，奖励 recompense【用法】a for doing sth.因做某事而得到酬金 give a to or for报答：给或为给予奖赏 sth.酬谢某事 rewarding: offering or likely to offer satisfaction or gratification值得的,提供或可能提供满意或高兴的e.g. a) The dictator met a due reward.这个独裁者得到了报应。 b) Have you got the reward? 你得到酬金了吗？ c) He was rewarded for his behavior.他的行为获得了奖赏。 d) This is a rewarding job.这是一份有价值的工作。【词义辨析1】award, reward，prize，bonus 这三个词都可以作名词。award意为“奖、奖品”，为可数名词，指对某些突出的成就给与的奖励，其奖品可以是钱或物。reward 意为“酬劳，奖赏”，可作为可数名词或不可数名词，通常指对工作、服务的酬劳，帮人尊回失物或捉拿罪犯等功劳的奖赏。prize意为“奖金,奖品，奖赏”，其意义几乎与award相同，但语气不如award不正式。bonus意为“奖金”，指给雇员的工资以外的一笔钱或相应的东西 e.g. a) The award for this years best actress went to her.她是今年的最佳女演员得主。 We have gained/got/obtained the first prize.我们已经获得了一等奖。 b) He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.他被授予最佳诺贝尔文学奖。 The young man will win the highest award.该年轻人将获得最高奖。 c) He has received no reward for his service.他没有因为服务而获得报酬。 There is a reward of $1,000 for the person who returns the lost jewelry to its owner. 将珠宝归还失主者将获得奖金1000美元。 d) Those who put in many hours of overtime will receive a percentage of their salary as a bonus.那些付出许多加班时间的人将得到相当于其工资的一部分作为奖金。 The workers got a Christmas bonus.工人得到圣诞节奖金。 【词义辨析2】 award, reward这两个词都可作为动词。award作为动词时，意为“授予，给予;判给”，通常指官方或法院根据有关规定把钱财奖给或判给某人。后面可跟双宾语。reward作为动词时，意为“为（某事）酬劳（某人）”，其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。reward后跟with 用来说明以何物作为报酬。 e.g. a) The university awarded him an honorary degree.这所大学授予他名誉学位。 The court awarded him damages of $5,000.法院判给他损害赔偿金5000美金。 b) How can I reward your kindness? 我如何酬谢你的好意呢？2. （L2）frustrate：vt. prevent from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire阻碍，挫败 使受挫折 cause feelings of discouragement or bafflement in使沮丧，使灰心; 【用法】 sth.使某事受到阻碍 sb. 是某人沮丧或灰心 e.g. a) Their attempts to speak to him were frustrated by the guards. 他们想和他谈话的企图因警卫的阻挡没有成功。 A poor memory frustrated her efforts to become an actress.糟糕的记忆力阻碍了她成为女演员。 The weather frustrated our plans.天气破坏了我们的计划。 A persistent wind frustrated my attempt to rake the lawn.持续不停的风阻碍了我整理草坪的打算。b) Its this constant lack of funds that frustrates me.我感到很沮丧是我老是缺钱。3. （L4）junior：adj.年少的，较年幼的 资历较浅的，地位较低的 n.年少者地位较低者，晚辈 （美国中学或大学的）三级学生 【用法】be to（注意：该词没有比较级和最高级形式，本身就包含有比较意义） e.g. a) She teaches a junior class.她教一个低年级班。She is junior to me.她比我年纪小。He is three years junior to me.他比我小三岁。b) He is the junior partner in the firm.他是这家公司地位较低的股东。He has junior position in the company.他在这家公司担任一个低级职务。 4. （L6）positive: adj. effective, helpful definite; allowing no room doubt明确的;不容置疑的 very sure; confident确定的，有信心的 e.g. a) You should give her a positive answer; positive criticism.你应给她一个肯定的回答 b) I am positive that I gave you his address.我肯定把他的地址给你了。5.（L8）senior：adj.资格较老的，地位较高的 年长的 n .较年长的 (中学或大学的)毕业生【用法】be to sb比某人年长.（to是介词）e.g. a) She teaches a senior class.她教一个高年级班。b) She is senior to everyone else in the company.她在公司里的地位比其他人都高。6. （L9）former: adj .occurring earlier in time较早发生的of, relating to, or taking place in the past过去的coming before in place or order; foregoing在前的，处在前面的being the first of two mentioned前者的having been in the past前任的 【用法】the the latter 前者后者 e.g. a) In former times the British army kept lots of soldiers at Fort William in Scotland.从前英国陆军经常把大批士兵派驻在苏格兰的威廉堡。 b) The owner of that shop is Mr Brown the former owner was Mr Johnson.那家商店的主人是布朗先生，以前的店主是约翰逊先生。 c) Of swimming and football he much preferred the former.在游泳和足球中他更喜欢前者。Of Tokyo and Moskow, the former has the larger population.就东京和莫斯科两个城市而言,前者人口较多。Did he go there by air or by train? The former seems more likely.他是乘飞机还是坐火车去的?前者似乎可能性更大些。7. （L17）unlike: adj. not alike; different不相象的；不同的 not equal, as in amount（比如数量上）不相对的 prep. different from; not like区别于；不象e.g. a) Shes unlike the rest of her family.她不同于她家里的其他成员。 She is unlike her mother; she is tall and her mother is very short.她不像她妈妈；她很高，而她妈妈很矮。b) For twins, they are very unlike.作为一对双胞胎，他们很不一样。 【近义词】alike: adj .同样的，相似的；类似的 adv.一样地 like: prep .相似，类似：具有的特点；相象；相似 same: adj.相同的：同一个的；相同的 pron.（前面与the连用）同样的人；同一件事 (the as)e.g. a) The 2 sisters are very alike.两姐妹非常相像。They were all dressed alike in white dresses.他们都是一样的白色装束。b) I wish I could sing like her.我希望能像她那样唱歌。Marys dress is red, like mine.玛丽的衣服是红色的，和我的一样。c) We have lived in the same house for fifty years.我们50年来一直住在这栋房子里。If your team lose the game ours will lose it too, so were both in the same boat.如果你们队输了,我们队也就不会得胜了,所以我们两队处境相同。You shouldnt always repeat the same old story! 你不该总是重复那老一套!We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.我们喜欢它们一如喜欢美丽的窗帘料子。 Meet me at the same time tomorrow.明天的这个时间和我见面。Your pen is the same as mine.你的钢笔和我的一样。The two boys are about the same height.这两个男孩差不多高。8.（L30）opportunity: n. (ties) a favorable or suitable occasion or time机会；时机【用法】have to do sth.有机会做某事e.g. I have been offered a job. Its a great opportunity.我找到了一份工作，这是一个很好的机会。Ill have another opportunity to visit the exhibition next year.明年我们还有一次机会参观这个展览会。With the help of his teacher, he got an opportunity to learn English in Britain.在老师的帮助下，他得到了一个去英国学英语的机会。Opportunity makes the thief.(谚) 疏忽招盗贼。【词义辨析】opportunity, occasion, chance, break这组词的一般含义是“时机”或“机会”。不管在口语中或者在文学作品中，这几个都是常用的词。opportunity表示某时机符合自己想干某事的意愿、目的、雄心甚至野心。occasion含有opportunity所能表达的这样一层意思：某时机能激发或唤起某人的某种行为。chance表示幸运或偶然的时机。break作为“时机”解时，一般要求修饰语，如：a good break, a bad break,即“走运”或“坏运气”。e.g. a) Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.或许这两种想象中都有一定的真实成分，但是我们中很少有人有机会去发现它。A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twenty-century opportunities.我们许多人都相信，没有受过教育的人是境况不佳的不幸牺牲品，他们被剥夺了20世纪最了不起的机会之一。b) This sort of thing is usual on occasions like this.这类事情在这种场合是常见的。This is not an occasion for laughter.这不是笑的时候。 c) Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures men down to the depths of the earth.可能正是寻觅幽静的去处，或者找个猎奇的 机会的欲望引诱着人们进入地球的深处。No one discovers a rarity by chance.侥幸发现一件珍品的人是没有的。 d) That fellow gets all the breaks; he has been working there for only six months and has already been promoted to the position of vice-president.那个家伙真走运，在那里才干了6个月，就已经被提升到总副经理的职位了。He has been assailed by bad breaks all these years.这些年来他接二连三地倒霉。9. （L29）online: adj.联网的；联机的；在线的e.g. This is an online bookshop. 这是一家在线书店。 I like online learning. 我喜欢网上学习。10. （L29）communication: n. the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior交流 a network of routes for sending messages and transporting troops and supplies通讯网路a means of communicating, especially communications 传达的手段 communicate: v.t convey information about; make known传达，传送：传递v.i have an interchange, as of ideas交流 express oneself in such a way that one is readily and clearly understood表达 【用法】 sth. 传达/传送/传递某事 with sb.与某人交流/联络/交换意见e.g. a) communication systems/ communication technology/ communications equipment/ communications interface通信系统/通信技术/通信设备/通信接口 communication medium 交流手段b) Generally speaking, teachers are able to communicate their ideas clearly.一般来说教师能把自己的意思表达清楚。We often communicate with him.我们经常与他联络。The Minister for Foreign Affairs has already communicated on this event with the American President.外交部长已经跟美国总统就此事件交换过意见了。11. （L29）medium: n.(-dia 或 diums) an agency by which something is accomplished, conveyed, or transferred媒介，手段;（艺术的）形式 藉以生存之物或环境；媒介物；介质 adj. 中等的；中庸的；普通的e.g. a) Commercial television is a medium for advertising.商业电视是一种广告媒介。A fish in water is in its natural medium.鱼在水中，自得其所。The train was the usual medium of transportation in those days.在当时，火车是普遍的运输工具。b) medium wave （无线电广播的）中波He is of medium height.他是中等身材。【考点】复数通常用media。12.（L30）access: n. a means of approaching, entering, exiting, or making use of; passage通道，入口，出口，使用途径 the act of approaching接近，进入 the right to approach, enter, exit, or make use of:接近权，享用权，出入权【用法】has to有权做某事e.g. a) There is no access to the street through that door.穿过那个门没有通向大街的路。b) The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track.到那座古老城堡去的唯一通道是一条泥泞小路。c) He has access to the restricted area他有权进入禁区。Before 1949, many people have no access to education in China.1949年以前，在中国很多人没有受教育的机会。Students need access to books.学生需要使用书本。13.（L31）technology: n. C,Uthe scientific method and material used to achieve a commercial or industrial objective技术, e.g. the new technology of microprocessor微型处理器的新技术 Many people call the age we live in the age of technology.很多人把我们生活的年代叫着工业时代。 【词义辨析】technology/ technique technology指的是科学技术的运用，technique则指工艺或艺术上的技能和技巧。e.g. a) Writing poetry requires technique.写诗需要技巧。 We should improve our writing technique.我们应该提高写作技巧。b) Modern civilization depends greatly on technology.现代文明主要依靠技术。14. （L31）participate: v.i take part in something:参加 share in something分享 participation: n. the act of taking part or sharing in something参与 【用法】 in sth. 参加某事/分享某事e.g. a) We participated in the festivities yesterday.昨天我们参加了庆祝活动。 Many students participated in this speech contest.很多学生都参加这次讲演比赛。b) If only I could participate in your good fortune.要是我能分享你的好运就好了15. （L31）virtual: adj. existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form, or name实质上的，实际上的 existing in the mind, especially as a product of the imagination used in literary criticism of text虚的，内心的 virtually: adv. in fact or to all purposes; practically实际上；事实上e.g a) the virtual extinction of the buffalo野牛实际上已经绝迹She is the virtual president, thought her title is secretary.虽然她的头衔是秘书，她是实际上的董事长。b) With the use of the Internet, many virtual communities are set up ruler of the country. 由于使用了因特网，很多虚拟社区都建立起来了。c) My books virtually finished.我的书实际上已写完了。 This area was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike.由于交通运输业工人罢工，这个地区实际上已经陷入了瘫痪状态。16. （L33）commitment: n. a promise to do sth.承诺 devotion致力，献身 obligation, responsibility承担义务,责任【用法】 to sth. 献身某事/承诺某事 fulfil / carry out 履行诺言 back away 背弃诺言e.g a) Ive taken on too many commitments.我承担的义务太多了。He doesnt want to get married because he is afraid of any commitments.他不想结婚,因为他害怕承担任何责任。 a commitment to pay $50000 to Red Cross承诺向红十字会提供50000美元 b) a deep commitment to liberal policies为自由主义政策奉献；a profound commitment to the family对家庭由衷的奉献17. （L 33）discipL: n. controlled behavior resulting from disciplinary training; self-control自制 control obtained by enforcing compliance or order纪律 v.t. train by instruction and practice, especially to teach self-control to训练，调教teach to obey rules or accept authority使遵守，使服从punish in order to gain control or enforce obedience惩罚，处罚【用法】 oneself 约束自己 sb.惩戒某人e.g. a) The soldiers showed perfect discipline under the fire of the enemy.在敌人的炮火下，那些士兵显示了良好的纪律。b) The writer thinks that teenagers are frightened when they are in charge of themselves because there is no one to discipline them.作者认为，让请少年自己照顾自己时，他们会感到恐慌，因为没有人知道他们。Students must learn to discipline themselves.大学生必须学会自律。大学生必须学会约束自己。 She under no circumstances disciplines her children and they are uncontrollable.无论在什么情况下她从不惩戒自己的孩子,因而他们都变得无法无天。 No one will be punished when they are late.任何人知道都不会受到惩罚。 18. （L 34）minimum: adj. the least n. the least possible quantity or degree最低：尽可能小的数量或程度【用法】a of sth.某物的最小量e.g. a) The minimum pass mark in the examination is 60 out of 100.考试的最低及格分数是100分中答对60分。minimum value (数)最小值, 最小的价值/ minimum wage最低工资b) You must get a minimum of 40 questions right to pass the examination.你最少必须答对40道题才能通过考试。They want to spend a minimum of both time and money.他们想花费最少的时间和钱。【反义词】maximum: n., (-ma 或 -mums.）adj.最大量（的）；最大值（的）e.g. a) The maximum load for this truck is ten ton.这辆卡车最大载重量是10吨。 The maximum score on this test is 100.这份考试的满分为100分。b) I can swim a maximum of 1 mile.我游泳最远游一英里。Whats the maximum distance youve swum?你游得最远距离是多少？19. （L 34）assignment: n .the act of assigning分配 Csomething, such as a task, that is assigned 任务，作业 assign: vt.分配, 指派(to); 指定（把时间、地点等）(for)【用法】do ones 做作业 give (或hand out) 布置作业 fulfil 完成作业 hand in 交作业 accept/hold/carry out 接受/担负/完成使命 e.g. a) What are todays assignment?今天的作业是什么?The students are doing their assignment.学生们正在做作业。She gladly accepted the assignment.她欣然接受了这项任务。 This is a challenging assignment. 这是一项富有挑战的任务。b) The monitor was assigned to take notes for the meeting.班长被分派作会议记录。The two governments assigned a day for the next negotiation.两国政府确定了下一轮谈判的日期。20.（L 37）embarrass: v.t. cause to feel self-conscious or ill at ease; disconcert使窘迫，使局促不安 involve in or hamper with financial difficulties使财政困难，使负债 embarrassing: adj.令人为难的 embarrassment: n.困窘, 阻碍【用法】 sb. 使某人窘迫 make sb.ed使某人感到很窘迫 be/feel ed at about /over对感到为难 be ed to do sth 因做某事而难堪be ed that-clause 因而感到难堪e.g. a) Meeting adults embarrassed the shy child.遇见大人使这个害羞的孩子很困窘。When I began to sing, he laughed and made me embarrassed.我开始唱歌时，他大笑起来，使我感到很窘。He was terribly embarrassed that he failed the exam. 他因考试不及格而感到非常难为情。b) He was embarrassed by debts.他因债务而局促不安。 The decline of sales embarrassed the company.销路下降使公司陷于财政困难。Embarrassed by his heavy luggage, he could not walk fast.由于受到笨重行李的拖累, 他走不快。c) This is an embarrassing situation for the gentlemen for he couldnt afford the dinner.这位先生很尴尬，因为她付不起晚餐的钱。【词义辨析】embarrass, disconcert这两个动词都能表示“使窘迫”或“使尴尬”。embarrass 指某种因素的影响妨碍思维的清淅、语言的流畅或行动的自在。disconcert 指某种情况所造成的心绪紊乱或者惊慌。e.g. a) Mr Green was disconcerted to find that he had gone to the office without fixing his false teeth.格林先生发现自己没有安上假牙便来办公室上班了，因此他很窘迫。When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job.在阿尔弗结婚时，因为怕难堪，他对妻子只字不提有关自己职业的事。b) The young madam was disconcerted to discover that she was being watched.这位年青的太太发现有人在监视她,便惊惶失措。He fell into the river and, because he was disconcerted by his heavy overcoat, only managed to swim to the bank.他掉到河里了，由于被沉重的大衣所困，只勉强游到河岸。21.（L 41）continually: adj. recurring regularly or frequently不停的；连续的continually: adv.连续不断地e.g. a) He hates these continual arguments.他讨厌这种无休止的争论。Recently the young couple have continual arguments with each other for trifles.近来这对年轻人为了一些小事接连不断地发生争吵。b) The telephone has been ringing continually in the office all morning.整个早上办公室里的电话铃声不断。【词义辨析】continual, continuous, constant, successive, frequent, usual 这些形容词都表示“经常性的”。Continual意为“连续的”，指有间断的连续。 continuous意为“连续的”，含有在时间、物质或广度上没有间断的意思。constant意为“连续的”，着重强调不变、稳定和持久的特点。successive意为“连续的”，表示相互关联的事物或事情一个接一个的发生，强调按一定的次序进行。Frequent意为“经常的”，只在某一段时间内屡次发生，强调动作的重复性。usual意为“通常的”，指缺乏新意的或新奇感的，同往日一样的。e.g. a) the continual banging of the shutter in the wind百叶窗在风中不时呼呼作响b) She suffered a continuous bout of illness lasting six months.她患病发作已持续了六个月。 The horizon is a continuous line.地平线是一条不断延伸的直线。 c) constant repetition of the exercise不断重复练习 the constant chatter of the monkeys in the zoo动物园里猴子不停的吱吱声d) We have had three successive year of good harvest.我们已经连续三年取得了大丰收。 The school team won five successive game.校队获得了连续五场比赛的胜利。e) I enjoyed his frequent visits.我喜欢他经常来访。Frequent failures did not affect his morale.屡次失败都没有使他泄气。Rains are frequent here in early summer.这儿在初夏季节常下雨。g) Are you coming home at the usual time? Yes, I shall leave the office at the same time as usual.你准备按往常的时间回家吗？是的，我将和平常一样准时离开办公室。My usual chair had been moved from its usual place.我平常用的椅子已从老地方移开了。22. （L 41）benefit: n. profit, good effect好处，利益 v.t be helpful or useful to有助于，用于 v.i derive benefit（常与from, by连用）获益；得益于【用法】for sb.s 为了 的利益 from 得益于be beneficial to 有助于e.g. a) He told me that he got no personal benefit from the business.他告诉我她个人没有从这笔生意中得到任何好处。He felt that he got much benefit from conversations with foreigners.他觉得自己通过与外国人交谈受益匪浅。It is said Yogo is of great benefit to human health.据说瑜咖功对人体健康有极大好处。I did it for his benefit.我做这个是为了帮助他。A five-day week benefits more than individually and economically.五天工作制不仅仅对国家经济和个人有好处。b) You will benefit from her good example.你将从她的好榜样中得益。 The plants benefited from the rain.植物得益于这场雨。We benefit from daily exercises.我们得益于每天做操。22. （L 46）insight: n. C,U（常与into连用）the act or outcome of grasping the inward or hidden nature of things or of perceiving in an int