辅修英语基础写作讲义.doc

写作 U1 Introducing the paragraph Part 1 General introduction 1Teaching schedule 2. Introduction to writingI. Writing course 1. Writing is skill (writing skill or mechanic that can be learned by everybody who is intelligent) a Learning to write is just like learning to ride a bike or swim. b There is a set of rules or know how or mechanics. 2. Our composition is quite different from creative writing such as novel, prose, drama or poetry. 3. The mechanics or skill are mastered exclusively by practice not only by understanding or listening namely by try-error. 4. We are required to write at least one passage ever other two weeks and the writing practice is exclusively in class, except for those who fail to meet the aim and requirements.II. Remarks (Gradings)III. Approaches Part 2 Reading1. focus on the contents P5a. the purpose of writing decides the quality and strategy of writing; writing practice is also goal-driven in structure, grammar, cohesion and etc.b. keep into consideration the readers language competence, background information, interpersonal relationship, social communicative status and etc. 2，structure of paragraph 1.ex1-3,3- decide the 3 mean-sections-tell the functions and mutual relationship-define them，2. sample in p7:t-sentencesupportconclusiontitle: the form of title:The first and last words of the title and all other words should be capitalized, except a) articles, 2) coordinating conjuctions, 3) short prepositions and 4) to.Part 3 Writing1Manuscript form1. To make sure that your handwriting is easy to read and provide room for correction.2. Provide room at the right margin and if there is not enough room divide the word according to its syllables.2Rules for word division: a) no division: 1) one syllable word, 2) proper names, 3) last word of the page b) be careful about the following words: -one letter should not at the beginning or the end: a.lone trick.y -two letters should not at the beginning or the end: hat.ed cab.in-avoid misleading division: pea.cock, re.ally c) Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen, the words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word, and two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants:father-in-law, empty-handed; re.state.ment, un.relent.ing; strug.gle, shut.ter; 3Process and developI. Getting idea: a. to narrow topic is to focus on a particular aspectsome methods of getting idea:1 Brainstorm + listing: + effective ; - systematic, comprehensive2 Sketching: for space, layout, outline, etc. 3 Freewriting: + practice method, emotion, mood, sense, vague impression;- logical, coherence, idea selecting, time-consuming 4 Diagramming：the combination of two brainstorm, can also be put into two columns. For comparison and contrast 5 Clustering: upgrade of Brainstorm + listing;+ effective, comprehensive in width and depth, systematic, logical，associate b. Getting controlling ideas: 1. it is the concrete and specific main idea able to be expressed without “about”, which makes it easy to develop the follow sections2. manifest the attitude（con-fro/mutual，subjective/objective）;c. Supportings：coherence, ordered, topic focused II. Considering audienceBackground + purpose 1. understand or not： background-strategy2. writers purpose + readers purpose III. Writing VI. Revising 1EX： 1-172Criterion 1. Does your introduction have the thesis statement and focus the readers attention on your main ideas?2. Does each paragraph have a well written topic sentence, preferably at the beginning?3. Is there a smooth transition between paragraphs and ideas?4. Is the way of development you have chosen best suited for your ideas?5. Is the conclusion well written and justified?6. Are there any logical, grammar and mechanic errors? Part 41Discourse structure:Unity: to focus on the topic and develop under the controlling ideaCoherence: to arrange into a logical and reasonable order.Cohesion: smooth transition/flow 2grammar：Transitional and connecting words, and their usageU 3. DescribingPart 1. Introduction of writing meansPart 2. Describing1. Introduction Description is to present the information of a particular person place, object or scene-space, order, etc. The most important feature of description is sensory details-impression of one senses, like sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch (picture word are concrete specific and vivid). 2. Kinds of description 1. Expository description-plain, clear and straightforward, as well as objective enumerative for information such as an advertisement for sale (see handout) 2. Suggestive description-imaginative, subjective and sensory, as well as selective and impressionistic. (see handout Fight with a Cannon by Victor Hugo which describes a gun breaking loose on a ship at sea.)Part 2Description CategoryI. Description of an objectII. Description of a personIII. Description of a scene IV. Description of placeA. Reading on p54：concentrate on structure and black line & red line, 1. underline the most important nouns in the 2nd paragraph 2. link the nouns with black line according to spatial relationship3Significance of the black and red lines： a. black lines（spatial position and relationship）: spatially logical; easy to follow; logical ordered b. red lines（description）: elaborate / curt; logical order：relevant and significant; coherent; accurate & visualized; attractive（goal-driven） logically orderedB. Grammar: spatial connecting words, p63; 232 C. Preparation1 D-impression2Supporting details 3. Spatial arrangement Ex：3-7 D. Writing Spatial sketch-D-impression (t-sentence)-select supporting details spatial relationship description informationDescription Marie 1Marie has long black hair that falls down to her shoulders and surrounds her diamond-shaped face, which is usually suntanned. She has dark brown eyebrows over her blue eyes, which are rather large. Her nose is straight, and on the left side of the bottom of her nose, by her nostril, is a small mole. She has a small mouth, with lips that are usually covered with light pink lipstick. Her teeth are straight and white.2Marie is as beautiful as any Hollywood star. Her thick, wavy, long black hair gracefully falls down to her shoulders and surrounds her exquisite, diamond-shaped face. A golden suntan usually highlights her smooth, clear complexion. Her slightly arched chestnut brown eyebrows draw attention to her deep blue eyes, which remind me of a lake on a stormy day. Her eyes are large, but not too large, with thick eyelashes. Her nose is straight and neither too long nor too short. A small black mole on the left side of her mouth adds to her beauty. And her mouth is small and looks delicate and feminine. Her lips are rather thin, but not too thin; her light pink lipstick adds another touch of beauty. When she smiles, which is often her well-formed and even, white teeth brighten up her whole face. There is nothing but extraordinary beauty in the face of Marie.Uncle KwokAmong the workers in Daddys factory Uncle Kwok was one of the strangest, a large-framed, awkward, unshaven man whose worn clothes hung on him as if they did not belong to him. Each afternoon around three-thirty, as some of the workers were about to go home to prepare their early dinners, Uncle Kwok slowly and deliberately ambled in through the Wong front door, dragging his feet heavily, and gripping in one hand the small black satchel from which he was never separated.Going to his own place at the sewing machine, he took off his battered hat and ragged coat, hung both up carefully, and then sat down. At first Jade Snow was rather afraid of this extraordinary person, and unseen, watched his actions from a safe distance. After Uncle Kwok was settled in his chair, he took off his black, slipper-like shoes. Then, taking a piece of stout cardboards from a miscellaneous pile which he kept in a box near his sewing machine, he traced the outline of his shoes on the cardboard. Having closely examined the blades of his scissors and tested their sharpness, he would cut out a pair of cardboard soles, squinting critically through his inaccurate glasses. Next he removed from both shoes the cardboard soles he had made the day before and inserted the new pair. Satisfied with his inspection of his renewed footwear, he got up, went to the waste can some seventy-five feet away, disposed of the old soles, and returned to his machine. He had not yet said a word to anyone.Daily this process was repeated without deviation.The next thing Uncle Kwok always did was to put on his own special apron, homemade from double thicknesses of heavy burlap and fastened at the waist by strong denim ties. This long apron covered his thin, patched trousers and protected him from dirt and draft. After a half hour had been consumed by these chores, Uncle Kwok was ready to wash his hands. He sauntered into the kitchen, stationed himself at the one sink which served both family and factory, and with characteristic meticulousness, now proceeded to clean his hands and fingernails.It was Mamas custom to begin cooking the evening meal at this hour so that the children could have their dinner before they went to the Chinese school, but every day she had to delay her preparations at the sink until slow-moving Uncle Kwoks last clean fingernail passed his fastidious inspection. One day, however, the inconvenience tried her patience to its final limit.Trying to sound pleasantly persuasive, she said, “Uncle Kwok, please dont be so slow and awkward. Why dont you wash your hands at a different time, or else wash them faster?”Uncle Kwok loudly protested the injustice of her comment. “Mama, I am not awkward. The only awkward thing about my life is that it has not yet prospered !” And he strode off, too hurt even to dry his hands finger by finger, as was his custom. The KitchenIn the room were a wooden sofa with dark red cushions, a coffee table, and three armchairs. These things had been in our house before my parents brought them to the cottage. They were old and worn, but comfortable. There was a worm red carpet on the floor that was almost the same color as the sofa. In the corner was a small table with an old black and white TV. We didnt use it very often when we were at the cottage, but it was nice to have there. It also had come from our house. On the left wall there was an old wooden cupboard. The top part had glass doors. Inside on the shelves were antiques and souvenirs from our family. The bottom part had wooden doors, and we kept clothes in it. Next to the cupboard there was an antique sewing machine. It had been my grandmothers. It didnt work, but it was a nice decoration in the room and it was a part of our familys history. Opposite to the cupboard there was a brick fireplace. I like to remember the times our family spent in this room, especially in the winter when we used to sit together in front of the fire and talk and listen to the sounds of the wind whistling outside. A Fight with a Cannon A gun that breaks its mooring suddenly becomes some indescribable supernatural beast. It is a machine which transforms itself into a monster. This mass turns upon its wheels, and has the rapid movement of a billiard ball, rolls with the rolling, pitches with the pitch, goes, comes, pauses, seems to meditate; resumes its course, rushes along the ship from end to end like an arrow, circles about, springs aside, evades, rears, breaks, kills, exterminates. It seems as if the power of evil hidden in what we call inanimate objects finds a vent and bursts suddenly out. The mad mass has the bounds of a panther, the weight of an elephant, the agility of a mouse, the obstinacy of an axe, the unexpectedness of a surge, the rapidity of lightning, the deafness of a tomb. It weighs ten thousand pounds, and it rebounds like a childs ball. What is to be done? How to end this? How to control this enormous brute of bronze: In what way can one attack it?In shabby clothesThe approaching man stopped, startled by the call, and then he came on quickly. He was a lean man, rather short. His movements were jerky and quick. He carried a gunny麻布袋sack in his hand. His blue jeans were pale at knee and seat, and wore an old black suit coat, stained褪色的and spotted弄污的, the sleeves torn loose from the shoulders in back, and ragged holes worn through at the elbows. His black hat was as stained as his coat, and the band, torn half free, flopped扑拍, 跳动up and down as he walked. A man down and outI went in, and found there a stoutish结实的, middle-aged person, in a brown shirt and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face, which he turned full upon me. His clothes were shabby破旧的, but he hand an imposing shirt-collar on. He carried a jaunty洋洋得意的sort of a stick, with a large pair of rusty tassels穗, 缨to it; and a quizzing-glass hung outside his coat, - for ornament装饰, I afterwards found, as he very seldom looked through it, and could not see anything when he did. Looking awkward when suddenly seeing his old loverBut the moment that she moved again he recognized her. The effect upon her old lover was electric, far stronger than the effect of his presence upon her. His fire, the tumultuous喧嚣的ring of his eloquence口才, seemed to go out of him. His lips struggled and trembled under the words that lay upon it; but it could not deliver them as long as she faced him. His eyes, after their first glance upon her face, hung confusedly in every other direction but hers, but came back in a desperate leap every few seconds. This paralysis瘫痪lasted, however, but a short time.Walking fearfullyAt the same time, he hugged his shuddering发抖的body in both his arms clasping紧握, 搂抱himself, as if to hold himself together, - and limped跛行towards the low church wall. He looked in my eyes as if he were eluding躲避the hands of the dead people, stretching up viciously out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. U2 Narrating Part 1. Introduction1Free narration about the pictures， 2Introduction to narrationNarration is the kind of discourse concerned with action, with events in time, and with life in motion. It answers the question: What happened? So narration gives us a moving picture, objects in motion or life in its flow, or the transformation of life from one moment to the next. It does not tell about a story. It tells a story. Narration aims to give immediacy, a sense of the event before our eyes, involving us, our interest, and perhaps our sympathy. Description, too aims to give immediacy, but its purpose is to give the quality of an action, not the movement of the action itself. Action is what narration presents.Part 2. Reading Outlining the story by giving key words/phrases; Divide the passage into 4 meaningful sections and tell the functions of each.Part 3Preparation A. Five aspects should be considered when writing a narration: context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose. 1. Context: when, where and to whom the action in a narrative happened is often made clear at the beginning of the writing. 2. Selection of details: relevant details, ample details are effective and useful to support your purpose. 3. Organization: through time-chronological order, time sequence. It is usually achieved by arranging the details in natural time order, or use of tenses and transitional words or expression of time. Flashback or flash forward is often possible or necessary. 4. Point of view (with practice later): First person narrator-more lifelike, as if the writer himself has seen or experienced the event. The disadvantage is that the scope of the narration is limited-you can not account events that happen in different places in the same time. Third person narrator-free from the limitation mentioned above. It is more objective, but hard to put in good order the things happening to different people in different places. 5. Purpose: the purpose in telling a story is generally the theme of the writing, which gives the passage unity, without which the whole writing is meaningless, unrelated and cant stand up. It is also the principle for selecting the details.B, to give topic sentence, to generalize the concrete incident and your feeling about it Ex: 2-1-1, outline the passage with key words selected during reading, and compare it to the t-sentenceC，supporting the main point/sentence1. Focusing on a particular incidentEx: 2-4, the most embarrassing incident or some others 2. Giving background informati