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Chemical EnglishInorganic 33periodic table of elements(元素周期表）period（周期）group（族）s/p/d block (s 、p 、d 区) main group element（主族元素）transition element（过渡元素）alkali metal（碱金属）alkaline earth metal（碱土金属）halogen (卤素)chalcogen (硫族)rare earth (稀土)noble gas (inert gas) (惰性气体)lanthanide (镧系)actinide (锕系)transition metals (过渡金属）inner transition metals （内过渡金属）metal nonmetal metalloid (准金属, 半金属)The seven metalloid elements are:B boron Si silicon Ge germanium As arsenic Sb antimony Te tellurium Po poloniumHydrogen (氢)Deuterium (氘) 源自希腊语deuteros 第二Tritium (氚) 源自希腊语 tritos 第三Boron (硼)Carbon (碳)Nitrogen (氮)Oxygen (氧)Ozone (臭氧) 源自希腊语 ozon 嗅 Allotrope (同素异形体)Nitrogen (氮)Phosphorus (磷)Arsenic (砷)Antimony (锑)ChalcogensOxygen (氧)Sulfur (硫)Selenium (硒)Tellurium (碲)HalogensFluorine (氟)Chlorine (氯）Bromine (溴) Iodine (碘)Astatine（砹）Noble gasesHelium (氦)Neon (氖)Argon (氩)Krypton (氪)Xenon (氙)Radon (氡)Alkali metalsLithium (锂)Sodium (钠)Potassium (钾)Rubidium (铷)Cesium (铯)Alkaline earth metalsBeryllium (铍)Magnesium (镁)Calcium (钙) Strontium (锶)Barium (钡) MetalsAluminum (铝)Gallium (镓) Indium (铟)Tin (锡)Lead (铅)Transition metals:Scandium (钪)Titanium (钛)Vanadium (钒)Chromium (铬)Manganese (锰)Iron (铁)Cobalt (钴)Nickle (镍)Copper (铜)Zinc (锌)Silver (银)Tungsten (钨)Platinum (铂)Gold (金)Inner-transition metals:lanthanide (镧系) actinide (锕系)They are called rare earth elementsSignificant terms related to inorganic chemistry1. Atomic structureelectron (电子)proton (质子)neutron (中子)photon (光子)nucleus (原子核)atomic number (原子序数)mass number (质量数)relative atomic mass (相对原子量)quantum mechanics (量子力学)photoelectric effect (光电效应）wave-particle nature (波粒二象性)de Broglie equation （德布罗意方程）Schrdinger equation (薛定谔方程)Bohr Model (玻尔模型)principal quantum number主量子数angular momentum quantum number角量子数magnetic quantum number磁量子数spin quantum number自旋量子数energy level能级sublevel degenerate (能量简并)wavefunction波函数probability distribution概率分布angular wavefunction角波函数radial wavefunction径向波函数radial probability distribution (径向几率分布)Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle（海森堡测不准原理）hydrogenic ions (类氢离子)atomic orbital (原子轨道)electron spin (电子自旋)paired/ unpaired electronparallel spins平行自旋opposed spins (自旋反平行)ground state (基态)excited state (激发态)many-electron atom (multi-) (多电子原子)electron configuration (电子排布)The electron configuration of O and Fe atoms in their ground state are:8O 1S22S22P4 26Fe 18Ar4S23d6Pauli Exclusion Principle（保里不相容原理）Hunds Rule（洪特规则）screening effect (屏蔽效应)penetration (钻穿效应)effective nuclear charge有效核电荷atomic radius原子半径electronegativity电负性ionization energy (电离能)2. Chemical bondvalence electron（价电子）covalent/metallic/ionic bond(共价,金属,离子键)coordinate covalent bond（配位共价键）single /double /triple bond单/双/三键polar /nonpolar covalent bond极性/非极性共价键bond parameter（键参数） bond length键长 bond angle键角 bond energy键能 bond order 键级lattice energy（晶格能）3. Molecular structureoctet rule（八隅律）lone pair electron（孤对电子）shared electron pair (共用电子对)homonuclear diatomic (同核双原子的)heteronuclear diatomic (异核双原子的)molecular polarity（分子的极性)electric dipole moment（电偶极矩）polar molecule（极性分子）nonpolar molecule（非极性分子)orbital overlap (轨道重叠)hybridization（杂化）hybrid orbital（杂化轨道）molecular orbital（分子轨道）bonding orbital（成键轨道）antibonding orbital（反键轨道）molecular shape（分子的形状）Basic molecular geometries of AXn molecules are as follows:linear (直线, e.g. CO2) triangular planar (平面三角, e.g. BF3)tetrahedron (正四面体, e.g. CH4)trigonal bipyramid (三角双锥, e.g. PCl5)octahedron (正八面体 e.g. PCl6-)4. Molecular interactionintermolecular force (分子间作用力） orientation force（取向力） induction force（诱导力） dispersion force (London force) (色散力） hydrogen bond Van der Waals force（范德华力）5. Fundamental theoriesClassical Lewis Theory经典路易斯酸碱理论Valence Bond Theory共价键理论Molecular Orbital Theory分子轨道理论Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory)（价层电子对互斥理论）6. Solutionsolvent（溶剂）solute（溶质）dilute solution（稀溶液）concentrated solution (浓溶液)unsaturated solution不饱和溶液saturated solution(饱和溶液)supersaturated solution过饱和溶液homogeneous（均相的）heterogeneous（非均相的）concentration（浓度）activity (活度)number of moles物质的量molarity （摩尔浓度）molality（质量摩尔浓度）mole fraction（摩尔分数）molar mass（摩尔质量）hydration（水合作用）hydrolysis（水解）haidrolisisefflorescence（风化）,eflo:resensdeliquescence（潮解）,deli kwesnsHygroscopicity（吸湿性）solvation（溶剂化）hydrate（水合物）volatile（挥发的）7. Acids and baseselectrolyte（电解质） -lyte, suf. 表示“可分解物”, “溶解质”Nonelectrolyte非电解质acid / baseamphoteric substance (两性物质)arrhenius acid / base（阿仑尼乌斯酸碱）Brnsted acid / base（布朗斯特酸碱）conjugate acid / base（共轭酸碱）com- com- + iugare to join solvent leveling (溶剂拉平效应)acidic/ basic/ neutral solutionpolyprotic acid（多元酸）dissociation equilibrium（离解平衡）dissociation constant（离解常数）protolysis reaction（质子传递反应）buffer solution（缓冲溶液）solubility（溶解度）precipitate（沉淀）ion product constant（离子积常数）solubility product constant（溶度积常数）precipitation equilibrium（沉淀平衡）solubility product rules（溶度积规则）common ion effect（同离子效应）salt effect（盐效应）fractional precipitation（分步沉淀）formation/ dissolution/ transformation of precipitation（沉淀生成/溶解/转化）8. Coordination compoundmonodentate/ bidentate / polydentate ligand（单/双/多齿配体）complex ion（配离子）ligand（配体）coordination number/ atom（配位数/原子）chelating agent（螯合剂）chelate（螯合物）stability constant（稳定常数）stepwise dissociation (逐级离解)valence bond model（价键模型）crystal field model（晶体场模型）crystal field splitting energy（晶体场分裂能）crystal field stability energy (晶体场稳定化能）paramagnetism（顺磁性）diamagnetism（反磁性）geometric isomerism （几何异构）geometric isomers （几何异构体）Pt(NH3)2Cl2 cis- 顺式 顺铂，抗癌药trans-反式 无抗癌活性High/ low spin complex（高/低自旋配合物）Outer / inner orbital coordination compound（外/内轨配合物）9. Electrochemistryoxidation（氧化）/reduction（还原）Redox reaction（氧化还原反应）oxidizing/ reducing agent（氧化/还原剂）electrolysis（电解）electrolitic cell（电解池）anode/ cathode （阳极/阴极）electrochemical cell（原电池）electromotive force（电动势）standard electrode potential（标准电极电势）Nernst equation能斯特方程disproportionation（歧化反应）10. Nuclear chemistrynuclide (核素)isotope (同位素)nuclear decay (核衰变)radioactivity (放射性)half life (半衰期)nuclear reaction (核反应)artificial radioactivity (人工放射性)nuclear fission (核裂变)bombardment reaction (轰击反应)nuclear fusion (核聚变)Organic Chemistry18th centuryOrganicThose derived from living organisms-those containing the “vital force”InorganicCompounds derived from minerals-those lacking the “vital force”In 1828, a Germany chemist, Fredrich Whler, produced an organic compound called urea, which was identical to natural urea.Ammonium cyanate ureaAn inorganic compound an organic compound 2.1 Some significant organic chemical terms2.1.1 Terms related to the atomic and molecular structures: bond; (ionic bond, covalent bond) bond length; bond angle; isotope同位素 constitutional isomers结构异构体homologs (homo is Greek for “the same as”) 同系物 hybrid orbital杂化轨道electron affinity 电子亲和势hydrocarbons; saturated / unsaturated hydrocarbon; conjugate (conjugation); （碳氢化合物，烃，饱和，不饱和，共轭）aliphatic / aromatic hydrocarbons; heterocyclic compounds;（脂肪族碳氢化合物，芳香族，杂环化合物）paraffin; olefin; （链烷烃，烯烃）amino acid氨基酸 peptide多肽protein蛋白质enzyme酶 coenzyme辅酶 lipid脂类 nucleoside核苷 nucleotide核苷酸 nucleic acid核酸 Types of Reaction: substitution (alkylation, halogenation etc)（取代，如烷基化，卤代）; addition（加成）; elimination（消去）; condensation（缩合）; polymerization（聚合）; oxidation（氧化）; reduction（还原）;degradation（降解）; rearrangement（重排）; replacement（置换） ; pericyclic reaction (cycloaddition reaction; electrocyclic reaction; sigmatropic rearrangement)（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，-重排）cis-trans isomer; optical isomer (enantiomer); 顺-反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体）asymmetric; chiral; chirality; 不对称，手性的，手性 levorotary; dextrorotary;左旋，右旋 racemic mixture (racemate); meso compound (mesomer); 外消旋混合物，外消旋体，内消旋体stereoselective reaction; stereospecific reation; regioselective reaction; steric hindrance; steric effects; 立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应 2.1 Some significant organic chemical terms2.1.4 Terms related to the synthetic experiment:reflux; stir; azeotrope （回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）separation; filter; distillation; fractional distillation; chromatography（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）extraction; precipitation; recrystallization (萃取，沉淀，重结晶)Lab kit (for organic synthesis)Ground joint 磨口连接Flask (three-necked, round-bottom, conical, filter, suction, volumetric); 三颈瓶,圆底烧瓶,锥形瓶,抽滤瓶,容量瓶Condenser (air, reflux, ball, coil); distilling head (claisen); adaptor (vacuum); 冷凝管空气回流球形蛇行蒸馏头克莱森转接头(真空)Beaker烧杯;funnel (buchner, separatory, long-stem, stemless, dropping, sintered glass);漏洞布氏 分液漏斗 长颈短颈滴液素烧玻璃Bottle(weighing,washing,dropping,gas-washing);dryingtube(tower, desiccator, vacuum desiccator); 瓶 称量洗瓶滴瓶洗气瓶干燥管干燥塔干燥器真空干燥器Graduated cylinder/measuring cup量筒/量杯Mortar研钵 (with pestle杵); crucible坩埚 (cover, tongs坩埚钳);watching glass表面皿;evaporating dish;蒸发皿 test tube试管; capillary tube毛细管;centrifuge tube离心管; rubber tubing橡胶管;stopper玻璃塞;stopcock旋塞阀; soxhlet extractor索氏提取器; asbestos gauze石棉网; clamp夹;iron stand (support stand)铁架台; barometer (air pressure gauge)气压计; fume hood (fuming cupboard)通风厨; thermostat oven恒温炉;rotary evaporator旋转蒸发仪; spatula；spoon; 药匙water aspirator水泵; stirrer(magnetic, mechanical机械)搅拌子; alcohol burner酒精灯; electric (heating) mantle电热套; pipette 移液管(rubber bulb洗耳球); autoclave高压釜.Nomenclature of Organic Compounds The main purpose of chemical nomenclature is to identify a chemical species by means of written or spoken words. Nomenclature for chemical compounds should additionally contain within itself an explicit or implied relationship to the structure of the compound. This purpose requires a system of principles and rules, the application of which gives rise to a systematic nomenclature (for examples, see the 1979 Edition of the IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry). In contrast to such systematic names, there are traditional names, semisystematic or trivial, which are widely used for a core group of common compounds. Examples are acetic acid, benzene, cholesterol, styrene, formaldehyde, water, iron .Little is to be gained, and certainly much to be lost, by replacing such names. Therefore, where they meet the requirements of utility and precision, and can be expected to continue to be widely used by chemists and others, they are retained and preferred here. It is important to recognize that the rules of systematic nomenclature need not necessarily lead to a unique name for each compound, but must always lead to an unambiguous one. The rules given in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, commonly known as the Blue Book, emphasize the generation of unambiguous names in accord with the historical development of the subject, because the need for a unique name was not perceived to be compelling by earlier generations of chemists. Even using the same rules, in many cases more than one IUPAC name can be generated for a given compound. As result, there are many dialects of IUPAC nomenclature. Such as Beilstein and CAS .1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 5-carboxymethyl- (IUPAC) 1H-pyrrole-2-acetic acid, 5-carboxy- (CAS)Fundamental PrincipleIUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecules longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring. All deviations, either multiple bonds or atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or suffixes according to a specific set of priorities.Priorities of Substituents and Functional GroupsGroup AFunctional Groups Indicated By Prefix or SuffixGroup BFunctional Groups Indicated By Suffix OnlyGroup C Substituents Indicated by Prefix Only2.2 Nomenclature of organic compounds and functional groupsBasic rules for nomenclature of organic compounds:Systematic nomenclature and common names 正戊烷 新戊烷 异丁烷 异丙基溴 戊烷 2，2-二甲基丙烷 2-甲基丙烷 2-溴丙烷 叔丁醇 异丁胺 仲丁胺 邻甲苯酚 2-甲基-2-丙醇 2-甲基丙胺 1-甲基丙胺 3-甲基苯酚In the Systematic nomenclature system, a chemical name has three parts: prefix, root, and suffix. Prefix- ROOT-SuffixWhere are, and how How many What many substituents? carbons? family?正戊烷 新戊烷 异丁烷 异丙基溴戊烷 2，2-二甲基丙烷 2-甲基丙烷 2-溴丙烷叔丁醇 异丁胺 仲丁胺 邻甲苯酚1，1-二甲基乙醇 2-甲基丙胺 1-甲基丙胺 3-甲基苯酚2.2.1 Nomenclature of parent part-Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituentsAlkanes are the family of saturated hydrocarbons, that is, molecules containing carbon and hydrogen connected by single bonds only. These molecules can be in continuous chains (called linear or acyclic), or in rings (called cyclic or alicyclic). The names of alkanes and cycloalkanes are the root names of organic compounds.2.2.1.1 Straight-chain alkanesStraight-chain alkanes are named by counting the number of carbon atoms in the chain and adding the family suffix-ane. Beginning with the five-carbon alkane, the number of carbons in the chain is indicated by the Greek or Latin prefix. Thus pentane is the five-carbon alkane, and hexane is the six-carbon alkane. 2.2.1 Nomenclature of parent part-Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituentsNumber Molecular Name Name in Alkylof carbons formula Chinese substituents 1 CH4Methane甲烷 Methyl 2 C2H6 Ethane乙烷 Ethyl 3 C3H8 Propane丙烷 Propyl 4 C4H10Butane 丁烷 Butyl 5 C5H12Pentane戊烷 Pentyl 6 C6H14Hexane己烷 Hexyl 7 C7H16Heptane 庚烷 Heptyl 8 C8H18Octane辛烷 Octyl 9 C9H20Nonane壬烷 Nonyl 10 C10H22Decane癸烷 Decyl 11 C11H24Undecane十一烷 Undecyl 12 C12H26Dodecane十二烷 Dodecyl 13 C13H28Tridecane十三烷 Tridecyl 20 C20H42Icosane二十烷 Icosyl 21 C21H44Henicosane二十一烷 Henicosyl 30 C30H62Triacontane三十烷 Triacontyl2.2.1.2 Branched-chain alkanes Branched-chain alkanes are named by following steps: Step 1. Find the longest continuous carbon chain. Determine the root name for this parent chain. (When there are two longest chains of equal length, use the chain with the greater number of substituents.)Step 2. Number the chain in the direction such that the position number of the first substituent is the smaller number. If the first substituents from either end have the same number, then number so that the second substituent has the smaller number, etc.Step 3. Determine the name and position number of each substituent.Step 4. Indicate the number of identical groups by the prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc.Step 5. Place the position numbers and names of the substituent groups, in alphabetical order, before the root name. In alphabetizing, ignore prefixes like sec-, tert-, di, tri, etc., but include iso and cyclo. Always include a position number for each substituent, regardless of redundancies.3-ethyl-3-methylhexaneSome useful Greek (Latin) prefixes for indicating the number of substituent groupsMono-单取代, 一取代Di- 二取代Tri-三取代Tetr (a)-四取代2,6-dimethyloctane Pent (a)-五取代Not 2-ethyl-6-methylheptaneHex (a)-六取代Hept (a)-七取代Oct (a)-八取代3-ethyl-2-methylhexane Non (a)-九取代not3-isopropylhexaneDec (a)-十取代Some useful prefixes used to name branched alkanes (Common names)(normal) n- 正(isomer) iso- 异neo- 新n-pentane neopentane isobutaneprimary 伯，一级 正戊 新戊烷 异丁烷(secondary ) sec- 仲，二级 Pentane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpropane(tertiary) tert- 叔，三级quaternary季，四级tert-butyl alcohol isobutylamine sec-butylamine 叔丁醇 异丁胺 仲丁胺2-methylpropan-2-ol 2-methylpropan-1-amine butan-2-amine2.2.1.3 Cyclic alkanes (cycloalkanes)Prefix-Parent-Suffix The names of saturated monocyclic alkanes are formed by attaching the prefix “cyclo” to the name of the acyclic alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms. The generic name is “cycloalkane”, while the generic name of the univalent radical is named “cycloalkyl” as well. e.g. cylcopropane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexyl etc.In cyclic compounds, the ring is usually considered the parent chain, unless it is attached to a longer chain of carbons; indicate a ring with the prefix “cyclo” before the root name.Nomenclature of cycloalkanes with alkyl substituents1-methylcyclopentaneNomenclature of alkanes with cycloalkyl substituents3-cyclobutylhexaneCycloalkanes: Ring strain Cyclic compounds twist and bend in order to achieve a final structure that minimizes the three different kinds of strain that can destabilize a cyclic compound.Angle strain:Torsional strain:Steric strain:Conformations of cycloalkanesChair-conformation boat-conformationEquatorial bond Axial bondBicyclic compound: including bridged bicyclic, fused bicyclic, and spirocyclic compounds.Bicyclic compounds are named by using the alkane names to designate the total number of carbons and the prefix “bicyclo” or “spiro” to indicate the numb