供选择的电力发动技术.docVIP

Alternative Power Generation TechnologiesThe agenda for this course is as follows: First we will have a brief introduction to both the use of traditional power generation approaches for data centers and network rooms as well as various new power generation technologies that are becoming available. A review of traditional data center standby power acquisition modes with a focus on: Standby mode Continuous mode and Utility-interactive mode. A comparison of high availability power backup configurations; focusing specifically on dual path architecture and N+1 architecture. An analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for each of these different approaches. A discussion of the following other important factors:EmissionsAvailabilityCapital costAlternating current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) power conversion issuesHeat/cooling capacitiesComplete utility independence Finally, we will end with a summary of the course.议程为这条路线是如下： 首先我们将有简要的介绍到对传统电力发动方法为数据中心和网络房间的用途并且变得可利用的各种各样的新的电力发动技术。 传统数据中心后备功率承购方式回顾与焦点： 准备方式连续的方式和公共事业交互式方式。 高可及性力量备份配置比较; 具体集中于双路径建筑学和N+1建筑学。 对归属(TCO)的总成本的分析为每一个种这些种不同的方法。 讨论关于以下其他重要因素： 放射可及性基建成本交变电流(AC)对Direct Current (DC)力量转换问题热或冷却容量完成公共独立 终于，我们以路线的总结将结束。Power generation is a key component of high availability power systems for data centers and network rooms. Information technology systems may operate for a few minutes or even a few hours on battery or flywheel power, but local power generation capability is required to achieve “five-nines” availability. Five-nines availability means that a network will be available 99.999% of the time, which is equivalent to approximately 5 minutes of downtime per year. In locations with poor power, power generation may be needed to achieve 99.99% or even 99.9% availability.电力发动是高可及性动力系统一个关键部件为数据中心和网络房间。 信息技术系统在电池或飞轮力量也许经营在几分钟甚至几个小时，但要求地方电力发动能力达到“five-nines”可及性。 Five-nines可及性意味着网络将是可利用99.999%时间，与大约5分钟是等效的停工期每年。 在地点以恶劣的力量，电力发动也许是需要的达到99.99%甚至99.9%可及性。In the event that utility power is unavailable, accommodations for standby power are traditionally supplied by either diesel, natural gas or gas-fired generators. These generators are often configured in combination with an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). Depending on redundancy requirements, various UPS and generator configurations are possible. One of the most common configurations is N+1. An example of an N+1 configuration would be the installation of two generators. If one fails to start up in an emergency situation, another is available for use as backup.在公共力量是无法获得的情况下，为后备功率柴油、天然气或者以煤气为燃料的发电器传统上提供膳宿。 这些发电器经常配置与一个不同断电源(UPS)的组合。 根据多余要求，各种各样的UPS和发电器配置是可能的。 其中一种最共同的配置是N+1。 N+1配置的例子是二台发电器的设施。 如果你在一个紧急情况的情况不开始，另是可利用的为使用作为备份。In standby mode, the utility, which provides the Alternate Current (AC) power, is the primary source of power to the data center or network room. In this scenario, local power generation is used only as a backup during a scheduled shutdown or failure of the AC mains. A UPS is used to bridge the time delay while the standby system starts. This is the mode of operation used in over 99% of network rooms and data centers that have standby generators.在准备方式，公共事业，提供交流电(AC)力量，是力量的主源对数据中心或网络屋子。 在这个情景，地方电力发动仅使用作为备份在AC扼要期间的预定的停工或失败。 当备用系统开始时， UPS使用跨接时延。 这是有备用发电器的运作方式用于99%网络房间和数据中心。Generating capacity should be sized between two and three times the UPSs end user rating. This provides an allowance for supplying the computers cooling and auxiliary support equipment in addition to its own power requirements. Furthermore, the generators frequency and voltage regulation characteristics must fit within the allowable operating range of both the computer load and the UPS.If the generator lets the voltage or frequency drop to unacceptable levels and it exceeds the operating range of the UPS, or if the UPS malfunctions, the critical load will pass directly to the generator.应该估量发电能力在二和三倍之间UPS的终端用户规定值。 这为供应计算机的冷却和辅助支持设备提供容限除它自己的功率需要量之外。 此外，发电器的频率和电压变动率特征必须合适在计算机装载和UPS内的允许的操作范围。 如果发电器让电压或频率下落到不能接受的水平和它超出UPS的操作范围，或者，如果UPS发生故障，临界荷载将通过直接地对发电器For emergency readiness, the generator should be tested regularly with at least half, but preferably a full load and should run for at least a 24 hour period so that supporting subsystem components can also be tested. Generators, UPSs and transfer switches, and other critical items of IT power distribution systems should ideally be tested carrying their actual loads. When this is not possible, they should be tested using load banks sized to approximate the loads they must carry.Next, we will look at continuous mode.为紧急情况的准备，应该通常测试发电器与至少半，但更好地满载，并且应该跑在至少一个24个小时期间，以便支持的子系统组分可能也被测试。 发电器、UPSs和调动开关和其他重要项目它功率分配系统应该理想地测试运载他们的实际装载。 当这不是可能的时，应该使用大小的装载银行测试他们接近装载他们必须运载。 其次，我们将看连续的方式。In continuous mode, local power generation, like a power plant on a college campus, is the primary source of power for data centers and network rooms, and utility mains power is used only as a backup during a shutdown or failure of the local power generation. The loads may operate from the generator, if the local power generation and the utility fails, a UPS is used to bridge time delays during system switchover. The local generator usually supplies only the critical load. In some cases, if the local power generator is oversized when compared with the load, then the power generation system may be underutilized, or operate at an undesirable point on its efficiency curve. Finally lets look at the utility interactive mode.在连续的方式，地方电力发动，象一个能源厂在学院校园，是力量的主源为数据中心和网络房间，并且公共主权仅使用作为备份在地方电力发动期间的停工或失败。 在系统大转变期间，如果地方电力发动和公共事业出故障， UPS用于跨接时间延误装载也许从发电器经营。 地方发电器通常供应仅临界荷载。 在某些情况下，如果地方发电器是过大的与装载比较，然后电力发动系统可以是利用不足的，或者操作在不受欢迎的点在它的效率曲线。 最后我们看公共对话方式。In utility interactive mode, local power generation is the primary source of power, and utility mains power is used only as a backup during a shutdown or failure of the local power generation. The local generator operates in parallel with the utility, such that any power generated in excess of the critical load feeds the utility. In this mode the excess power may simply offset other non-critical loads at the facility, or it may even reverse the power flow into the utility. Typically, a UPS is required to buffer the critical load from the raw utility power. The power generation system is normally operated at the most cost effective point on its efficiency curve.在公共对话方式，地方电力发动是力量的主源，并且公共主权仅使用作为备份在地方电力发动期间的停工或失败。 地方发电器经营与公共事业，这样平行所有力量产生超出临界荷载哺养公共事业。 在这个方式剩余力量也许简单地抵销其他不重要的装载在设施，或者它也许甚而扭转功率流到公共事业里。 一般，要求UPS缓冲临界荷载从未加工的公共力量。 电力发动系统在它的效率曲线通常被管理在多数费用有效的点。A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which the energy of a reaction between a fuel, such as liquid hydrogen, and an oxidant, such as liquid oxygen, is converted directly and continuously into electrical energy. The fuel cell converts the energy from the chemical reaction directly into electrical energy, heat, and water; it is somewhat like a battery that requires no recharging.燃料电池是反应能量在燃料之间，例如液体氢和氧化剂，例如液氧，直接地和连续被转换成电能的一个电化学细胞在。 燃料电池转换能量从化学反应直接地成电能、热和水; 它是有些象不要求充电的电池。Micro-turbine generators are small, high-speed power plants that usually include a turbine, compressor, generator, and power electronics to deliver the power. Micro-turbine generators have a high-speed gas turbine engine driving an integral electrical generator that can produce 20-100 kW of power while operating at a high speed, generally in the range of 50,000-120,000 RPM (rotations per minute). Electric power is produced in the 10,000s of Hertz, converted to high voltage DC, and then inverted back to 60 Hertz, 480V AC by an inverter.These two technologies will be compared with the traditional generator and UPS backup power modes.Lets talk first about existing fault tolerant configurations focused on dual path architecture and then look at N+1 architecture.微涡轮发电器是通常包括涡轮、压缩机、发电器和功率电子学提供力量的小，高速能源厂。 微涡轮发电器有一个高速燃气轮机引擎驾驶可能导致20-100千瓦力量，当经营在高速，一般在50,000-120,000转每分钟时的一台缺一不可的电子发电器(自转范围内每分钟)。 电力在赫兹10,000s被生产，被转换成高压DC，然后被倒置回到60赫兹， 480V AC由变换器。 这二技术与传统发电器和UPS备用力量方式比较。 我们首先谈话关于于双路径建筑学集中的现有的容错配置然后看N+1建筑学。Any of the previously discussed modes of operation can enhance the availability of power by utilizing the following approaches:With dual path architecture, the entire power generation system would be duplicated. Ideally, this duplication would occur throughout the entire power system, all the way to the critical load. This would include utility feeders, utility transformers, standby generators, UPS systems, switchgear, PDUs and dual computer power cords. The critical load itself would be configured to accept dual power inputs.In the case of N+1 architecture, the least reliable components in the power generation system would be comprised of multiple parallel units. Therefore if one component fails the other(s) would be able to sustain the critical load. For example N+1 represents the minimum number of systems required to support the load plus an additional system. If the required load is 100 kW, both of the following would be acceptable as an example of “N+1”: 1 X 100 kW unit plus 1 X 100kW unit or 2 X50 kW units plus 1 X 50 kW unit.Now that we have discussed the different modes and fault tolerance configurations, lets focus on identifying the total cost of ownership.其中任一种早先被谈论的运作方式可能通过运用以下方法提高力量的可及性： 以双路径建筑学，整个电力发动系统将复制。 理想地，这复制将发生在整个动力系统中，一直对临界荷载。 这将包括公共饲养者、公共变压器、备用发电器、UPS系统、互换机、PDUs和双重计算机电源线。 将配置临界荷载接受双重功率输入。 在N+1建筑学情况下，最少可靠的组分在电力发动系统将包括多个平行的单位。 所以，如果一个组分发生故障其他能承受临界荷载。 例如N+1代表要求的系统的最小数字支持装载加上一个另外的系统。 如果必需的装载是100千瓦，两个以下是可接受的为例“N+1” ： 1 x 100千瓦单位加上1个X 100kW单位或2个X50千瓦单位加上1 x 50千瓦单位。 即然我们谈论了不同的方式和错误容许度配置，我们集中于辨认归属的总成本。Economics may not always be the dominant driver in selecting a power generation system, but cost and expense are always a very important consideration.The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a power generation system consists of the following elements: Engineering costs Capital costs Installation/startup costs Maintenance costs Fuel costs Saved energy potential (offsetting fuel costs)Next lets look at how situational factors can effect TCO calculations.经济在选择电力发动系统不也许总是统治司机，但是花费和费用总是非常重要考虑。 归属(TCO)的总成本电力发动系统包括以下元素： 工程学费用 基建成本 设施或起动费用 维修费用 燃料费用 被保存的能量潜力(抵销燃料费用)我们其次看怎么情势因素可能影响TCO演算。There are a number of situational factors that can dramatically alter the TCO calculation, including: Fuel costs vs. electricity costs Utility stranding or backup power charges Backfeed rates and regulations Percent load on the power system A model can be constructed to estimate TCO for various technologies and operating modes. For conventional standby generators the data is readily available and reliable estimates are possible. For fuel cells and micro-turbines, forward-looking estimates of the equipment costs based on industry projections 3-5 years out can provide useful guidance regarding the future economics of these technologies. Given the cost data for equipment, installation, maintenance, and energy, the TCO calculations for a typical 10 year data center lifetime are straightforward. Please click the paperclip icon to look at a representative table of cost data and the resulting lifetime TCO calculations.Now that you have had the opportunity to look at the realistic forward-looking data in the attached table lets look at a breakdown of the lifetime TCO for a power generation system with a 250kW data center utilizing each of the power generation technologies.有可能显著修改TCO演算的一定数量的情势因素，包括： 燃料费用对 电费用 公共股或备份力量充电 Backfeed率和章程 百分之装载在动力系统 模型可以被修建估计TCO因为各种技术和操作方式。 为常规备用发电器数据是欣然可利用的，并且可靠的估计是可能的。 为燃料电池和微涡轮，设备费用的向前看的估计根据3-5年可能提供有用的教导关于这些技术未来经济的产业投射。 假使费用数据为设备、设施、维护和能量， TCO演算为典型的10年数据中心终身是直接的。 请点击paperclip像看费用数据和发生的终身TCO演算一张代表性桌。 即然您在附上桌里有机会看现实向前看的数据我们看终身TCO的故障为电力发动系统与运用每一电力发动技术的250kW数据中心。The bars demonstrate up front costs, which are represented by capital equipment costs, annual maintenance costs, and energy (fuel) cost for operation.As evidenced in this graph, with generators, the up front costs are the same for all three modes. For the standby generator, the maintenance costs are the lowest of the three but the energy costs are the highest of the three.酒吧展示前面费用，由资本器材费用、每年为操作(燃料)代表花费的维修费用和能量。 如见证在这张图表，用发电器，前面费用是同样为所有三个方式。 为备用发电器，维修费用是最低的三，但能源费用是最高三。Looking at the cost data for the fuel cells we can see that in each mode, the up-front costs are substantially greater than those of the annual maintenance and energy costs.看费用数据为燃料电池我们能看在每个方式，在最前面的费用是极大地大于那些每年维护和能源费用。This graph shows us that the different modes of micro-turbines all have the same up-front costs but that they differ in annual maintenance and energy costs.这张图表表示我们微涡轮不同的方式全部有同样在最前面的费用，但，他们在每年维护和能源费用不同。If we compare the analysis of conventional technology versus fuel cells and micro-turbines we see the following underlying patterns: The energy cost savings of fuel cells and micro-turbines are insufficient to offset the increased up-front costs of these technologies Given that the typical utilization fraction of the data center is significantly lower than 100%, continuous local power generation is the least cost effective choice when compared with either standby or utility-interactive modes. The inefficiency of local power generation nullifies most of the benefit of using lower cost fuel.There are certainly additional factors that need to be addressed. Lets take a look at some of these factors.如果我们比较对常规技术的分析对燃料电池和微涡轮我们看以下部下的样式： 燃料电池和微涡轮能源费用储款是不足抵销这些技术的增加的在最前面的费用 假设数据中心的典型的运用分数低于100%显着，连续的地方电力发动是最少费用有效的选择与备用或公共事业交互式方式比较。 地方电力发动无效用使大多数使用更加便宜的燃料的好处无效。 一定有需要演讲的另外的因素。 我们看一看在其中一些因素。The economics suggest that fuel cells and micro-turbines are not attractive for data center power generation when compared with standby generators. However, there are a variety of situations or considerations that have been suggested as potential drivers for the adoption of fuel cell or micro-turbine technologies. Exhaust emissions may be limited by local regulation, or by company mandate. The local power generation system that creates the largest emission problem is the diesel engine. The licensing of diesel engines is complex, very site specific, and in some cases impractical or impossible. The logical argument in favor of the standby use of a diesel generator is that although the emissions are high, the operating time is low so that the cumulative emissions are low. However, in practice standby diesel systems generate prodigious quantities of visible smoke on start-up, particularly when rapidly subjected to a load as they are in the standby power application. One result of this is that diesel startups often invoke complaints from neighbors, which can result in the highly undesirable situation that they may be regulated “after the fact” by the actions of local authorities. For purposes of the TCO analysis, natural gas or propane powered standby generators were assumed instead of the more popular diesels. These generators cost as much as 30% more than diesel generators but greatly reduce the emissions problem, particularly visible emissions. If a key goal is to reduce emissions, the data suggests that natural gas or propane powered generator sets are much more cost effective than fuel cells or micro-turbines. Availability is another factor that needs to be considered.经济建议燃料电池和微涡轮为数据中心电力发动不是有吸引力的与备用发电器比较。 然而，有被建议了作为潜在的司机为燃料电池或微涡轮技术的采用的各种各样的情况或考虑。 废气排放也许限制由局部规章，或者由公司命令。 制造最大的放射问题的地方电力发动系统是柴油引擎。 准许柴油引擎是复杂，非常站点具体和在某些情况下不切实际或不可能。 合理辩论倾向于对一台柴油发电器的备用用途是，虽然放射高，操作时间是低的，以便渐增放射是低的。 然而，备用柴油系统在起动实践上引起可看见的烟的巨大的数量，特别当迅速地服从对装载，当他们在后备功率应用。 此的一个结果是柴油起动经常祈求怨言从邻居，能导致高度不受欢迎的情况他们也许“在事实以后”被调控由地方政府的行动。 为TCO分析、天然气或者丙烷的目的供给动力的备用发电器假设而不是更加普遍的diesels。 这些发电器花费多达30%更比柴油发电器，但很大地减少放射问题，特殊可看见的放射。 如果一个关键目标是减少放射，数据建议天然气或丙烷发电器集合比燃料电池或微涡轮是much more花费的有效。 可及性是需要被考虑的另一个因素。The cost of downtime is very high for many data centers and network rooms. The suggestion has been made that fuel cells and micro-turbines could improve overall system availability when compared with standby generators. One statistic that is frequently cited is that a standby generator will only start 90% of the time when called upon. To accurately assess this postulate, data on the reliability of fuel cells and micro-turbines, along with the nature of the failure modes and their time-to-repair would be needed. This data is not yet available. What is known is that fault tolerance investments can be made to increase availability of any power system, such as N+1 Architecture, and Dual Path Architecture as discussed earlier. In addition, design enhancements for concurrent maintenance, improved status monitoring, and improved maintenance are known to enhance availability. The evidence at this time suggests that the TCO savings of using a standby generator system could be applied to increasing the availability of such a system in order to offset any potential (and yet-to-be demonstrated) availability advantages of fuel cells or micro-turbines.An additional consideration is the elimination of other equipment.停工期的费用为许多数据中心和网络房间是非常高。 建议提出与备用发电器比较，燃料电池和微涡轮可能改进整个系统可及性。 频繁地被援引的一个统计是一台备用发电器只将出发90%时候，当要求。 与失败形式的本质和他们的时间对修理一起准确估计这个关于燃料电池的可靠性的假设、数据和微涡轮，是需要的。 这数据不是可利用的。 什么被知道是错误容许度投资可以被做增加所有动力系统的可及性，例如N+1建筑学和双路径建筑学如及早被谈论。 另外，设计改进为一致维护、被改进的状态监视和被改进的维护被知道提高可及性。 此时的证据建议使用一个备用发电器系统TCO储款可能被申请于增加被展示的可及性这样系统为了抵销燃料电池或微涡轮的所有潜在的(和yet-to-be)可及性好处。 另外的考虑是其他设备的排除。Many discussions of fuel cells and micro-turbines suggest that this technology could eliminate other devices in the power system, potentially reducing cost, increasing availability, and increasing efficiency. Elimination of the UPS or batteries is commonly discussed.In the case of utility interactive mode operation, a UPS is still required to isolate the critical load from the raw utility. In the case of continuous mode operation, a UPS is still required to buffer the critical load from the effect of other facility load