英语写作 如何写summary.ppt

SummaryWriting 英语七班吕静 DefinitionandfeaturesofasummaryUsesofsummarywritingProceduresofwritingasummary WhatisSummary Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition Itreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible Whenonewritesasummary oneshouldnotinterpretorcomment Allonehastodoistogivethegistoftheauthor sexactandessentialmeaning 缩写是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述 它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题 FeaturesofSummary BrevityObjectivityCompleteness Usesofsummarywriting Summarywritingisaverygoodexerciseforimprovingreadingcomprehension Somestudentsreadcarelessly andgainonlyavagueideaofwhattheyhaveread Summarywritingcanforcethemtotrytounderstandwhattheyread becausesummarizingrequiresonetoreadwiththemind aswellaswiththeeye onthepage Usesofsummarywriting Summarywritingisalsohelpfultocompositionwriting Whenwritingasummary onehastoworkwithinstrictlimits Onemustexpressacertainmeaninginafixednumberofwords Soitisimportanttochoosewordscarefully tomakesentenceswithaccuracyandbrevity andtowritewithsummaryinlogicalorder Usesofsummarywriting Summarywritinghaspracticaluses Theabilitytograspquicklyandaccuratelywhatisread orheard andtoreproduceitinaclearandconcisewayisofgreatvaluetopeopleofmanyprofessions Proceduresofwritingasummary a Readingb Writingc Revision Reading Firstreadthepassagethroughcarefullytogetthegistofit ifreadingitonceisnotsufficienttogiveyouaclearunderstandingofit readitoveragain Themoreyoureadit themorefamiliartoyouwillbeitssubject andwhatissaidaboutthesubject 认真阅读给定的原文材料 如果一遍不能理解 就多读两遍 阅读次数越多 你对原文的理解就越深刻 Giveatitletoyoursummary Thinkofsomeword phraseorshortsentencethatwillsumupbrieflythemainideaofthepassage Sometimeswhatiscalledatopicsentencemaybeused Thetopicsentencemaybefoundatthebeginningorattheendofthepassage Tofindasuitabletitlewillhelpyoutodefinewhatexactlythesubject ormaintheme ofthepassageis 给缩写起一个标题 用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词 短语或短句子作为标题 也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题 主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾 一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想 Reading Youshouldnowbeinapositiontodecidewhatpartsofthepassageareessentialandwhatpartsarecomparativelyunimportantandcanbeomittedwithoutmuchloss现在 就该决定原文中哪些部分重要 哪些部分次重要了 对重要部分的主要观点进行概括 Reading Jotdowninbriefnotesthemainpoints thesubject thetitle andthedetailswhichyouconsideressentialorimportant 简要地记下主要观点 主题 标题 细节等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西 Reading Writing Asummaryshouldusuallybeaboutone thirdtoone fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage Socountthenumberofwordsinthepassageanddivideitbythree Youmayusefewerwordsthanthenumberprescribed butinnocasemayyouexceedthelimit 缩写应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长 因此首先数一下原文的字数 然后除以三 得到一个数字 缩写的字数可以少于这个数字 但是千万不能超过这个数字 Writing Thesummaryshouldbeallinyourownwords Itmustnotbeapatchworkmadeupofphrasesandsentencesquotedfromtheoriginalpassage 缩写应全部用自己的话完成 不要引用原文的句子 Writing Youshouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage ifpossible anddesirable Ideasandfactsneednotberearranged 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序 这样你就不必重新组织观点 事实 Writing Thesummaryshouldbeself contained thatis itmustconveythemessageoftheoriginalfullyandclearly sothatyourreaderneednoreferencetotheoriginaltounderstandwhatitsmainideasare 缩写必须全面 清晰地表明原文所载的信息 以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意 Writing Summarywritingisanexerciseincompression Inwritingasummary youmay 缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧 Writingskill Omitthedetails Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout 删除细节 只保留主要观点 Writingskill Reducetheexamples Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassageoneortwomaybechosenforthesummary therestaretobeomitted 选择一至两个例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子 你只需从中筛选一至二个例子 Writingskill Simplifythedescriptions Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject itwillbeenoughtokeeponeortwointhesummary 把长段的描述变成短小 简单的句子 如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子 那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可 Writingskill Eliminateallrepetitions Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary Sometimesanideaisrepeatedindifferentwords Suchaveiledrepetitionshouldalsobeavoided 避免重复 在原文中 为了强调某个主题 可能会重复论证说明 但是这在缩写中是不能使用的 应该删除那些突出强调的重述句 Writingskill Compresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowords Hereareafewexamples 压缩长的句子 如下列两例 Writingskill Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion like 可以概括为 Hewasverybraveinbattle Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor 可以概括为 Hewasinfinancialdifficulties Writingskill Youmayalsomakephrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentences Hereisanexample 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句 请看下面的例子 Writingskill BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai LushanMountain andMountHuang werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast Today betterwages holidayswithpay newhotelsonthesemountains andbettertrainandbusservices havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago 可以概括为 BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople aretodayaccessibletomany thankstobetterwages paidholidays newhotelsandbettertransportationservices Writingskill Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords Hereisanexample 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词 比如 Writingskill ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation 可以概括为 Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation Writingskill Usetheshortestpossibletransitions Forexample but then thus yet andfor canbeusedinplaceoflongertransitionslikeatthesametime ontheotherhand etc Oftenthesemi coloncantaketheplaceofatransitionalwordorphrase 使用最短的连接词 比如 可以使用but then thus yet though 不能使用atthesametime inthefirstplace becauseofthese ontheotherhand等较长的连接词 通常 使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果 Writingskill Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech Thisisadvisablebecauseindirectspeechcanbemadeverybriefwhileitisdifficulttoabridgedialogues Hereisanexample 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称 从而把大段的对白简化 比如 Writingskill KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood Paul it snotgoodforyou Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned Whyonearthnot Ifyoudidn thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful likeeatingcardboardorsand justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt Katewaspatient Shedidn twanttoquarrelwithPaul Shewantedtopersuadehim Shesaidfirmly Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron heart attacks Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt andwhichwehavel