高一必修一unit4.doc

必修一 Unit4Unit4 Earthquakes1.have time to do 有时间做某事2.happen to do 碰巧做某事3.shake hands with sb 握手4.burst into tears/ laughterburst out crying/laughing突然哭/笑起来5.in ruins 成为废墟6.cut across 穿过、横穿7.blow away 吹走、刮走8.fall down 倒塌9.rescue workers 救援人员10.be pleased to do 乐意做某事11.make/ give a speech 发表演说12.judging.from 根据来判断13.tens of thousands of 成千上万14.dig out 挖掘15.a great/ large number of =a great many/good 大量的16.be trapped in/ under 陷入/ 陷在下面17.the high school speaking competition 高中演讲比赛 18.have sb do sth= make sb do sth= let sb do sth 让某人做某事19.come to an end (vi) = put/ bring sth to an end = put/ bring an end to sth 结束某事20.be proud of / take pride in 以而自豪21.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事22.think little of 对评价低23.invite sb for/ to sth24.think highly of 对评价高25.one-third 1/3 two-thirds 2/3seventy-five percent 75%26.agree with sb give out 发出（气味等）；分发；耗尽 agree to sthagree to do sthagree on sth 达成一致意见27.give off 发出（气味等）give away 赠送；泄露give back 归还28.right away= right now= at once= immediately 立刻as you know 正如你所知道的29.be known as 作为而知名as is known to all 众所周知be known for 因而出名30.as could be expected 正如可以预料到的 31.it is useless doing sth 干某事是无用的happen= take place= come about= break out偶发 有计划 偶发 战争等爆发1. It is always calm before a storm.2. Now, imagine there has been a big earthquake. 此句为There be 句型3. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide. 现在分词表伴随4. It seemed that the world was at an end.5. Water, food and electricity were hard to get.句型：主语+ be + adj + to do 其中to do 用主动形式表示被动含义6. All hope was not lost. all 与not 连用 表示部分否定7. Its never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。附：分词用法 之 作定语falling leaves 正在落的叶子 boiling water 正在沸腾的水fallen leaves 已经落在地上的叶子 boiled water 开水Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.分数的表达法分子用基数词来表达，分母用序数词表达。 当分子式1时，分母用序数词原形，如分子大于1，分母序数词用复数，分子和分母中间可以用连字符，也可不用。1/3 one/ a third; 2/3 two thirds/ two-thirds【点拨】1/2和1/4分别用a/one half, a/one quarter表示【拓展延伸】百分数的表达法：百分数由“基数词+percent”构成。53%读作fifty-three percent【点拨】1）percent无复数形式；2）分数和百分数都不能直接接名词，后面应该与of 连用，往往名词前加特殊限定词 the,ones等来表示特指意义的名词。3）分数和百分数即可修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词，谓语动词的数要依据后面的名词单复数而定。Four fifths of the people died. 这些人中的五分之四死了40% of the people were killed in the fire.30% 的人在火灾中丧生【典型例题】My daughter told me that of her homework had been finished.A. two-fifth B. two-fifths C. second-fifth D. second-five【答案】B 考查分数的表达方式。【点拨】此种考查较易，在复习中掌握表达法即可。但要重视主谓一致性。 tens of thousands of 数以万计的典例 1). Tens of thousands of people were watching the game in the stadium when it began to rain heavily.短语归纳hundreds of数百的hundreds of and thousands of 成百上千的thousands of数千的millions of数百万的dozens of许多； 大量scores of 许多； 大量练习 选择填空1). Every year foreign visitors come to China.23A. tens of thousands ofB. ten thousands ofC. over ten thousandsD. thousands upon thousands2). There were people in the hall.A. two scores ofB. scores ofC. two and score D. two scores答案: 1). A2). B数 词高考重点要求：1掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。2掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。（一）基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：范 围特 点实 例112无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319以teen为结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety2199十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine101999百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five（美语中常将and省略）千以上 6275six thousand two hundred and seventy-five；1200twelve hundred（二）序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：范 围特 点实 例119各基数词尾加th其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, 其余，如：four forth, six sixth, nineteen nineteenth20,3090把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st twenty-first, 110th one hundred and tenth（三）数词的用法：1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表示例英语表示法2001630June 30,2001 30June,2001 30thJune, 20017：25seven twenty-five twenty-five past even12:54twelve fifty four six to one9:15nine fifteen a quarter past nine2:30two thirty half past two21:50twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m.第21twenty-first第123one hundred and twenty-thirda half two and two-fifths 20%20 per cent 20 percent第七路公共汽车Bus Number Seven第201房间Room 201人民路153号153 Renmin Road 4+8 =12Four plus eight is twelve11-7=4Eleven minus seven is four.65=30Six times five is thirty.205=4twenty divided by five is four.ABA is more than B.ABA is less than B.ABA is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to B.ABA is not equal to B.2.约数表示法列表含义英语表达例句大于某数more than He has lived here for more than twenty years.overshe is over fifty.or moreTherere thirty people or more in the meeting-room.小于某数less thanI have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.underChildren under seven are not allowed to enter.belowHe would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.or lessThe coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.大约（某数）nearlyShe is nearly fifty now.almostIts almost three oclock.up to Up to ten men can sleep in this tent.or He spent four or five days writing the article.or so The distance is twenty miles or so.aboutI visited that village about three years ago.someTheir team has some four or five players.more or lessThe container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.around/roundLets make it round/around eight oclock.3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表被修饰名词的数英语表达汉译修饰可数名词dozens of 几十、许多scores of 许多many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词)许多、大量hundreds of 数以百计thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万millions of 数百万billions of 亿万修饰不可数名词much , a great (good)deal of ,a large amount of ,large amounts of 许多、大量修饰可数名词或不可数名词a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of , large quantities of 许多、大量练习、数 词1. Two died of cold last winter.A. hundreds old peopleB. hundred old peopleC. hundreds old peoplesD. hundred old peoples2. He was only in at the time.A. his 20s B. the 20sC. his twenties D. the twenties3. The two great men wrote those letters in . A. 1870s B. 1879s C. the 1870s D. the 18704. I wonder if I can ask him time. A. four B. fourth C. the fourth D. a fourth5. He came out in the track events. A. first B. one C. the first D. the one6. It was in 1939 that broke out. A. World War Second B. the World War Second C. Second World War D. World War II7. Youll have to spend writing your report here. A. one day or two days B. one day or two C. a day or two D. two days or one8. He cut the cake . A. in halves B. in half C. into halves D. into half9. The earth is nearly the moon. A. 50 time the size of B. 50 times the size of C. 50 times as size as D. 50 times as that of10. Either you or the headmaster the prizes for these gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing in B. are to hand out C. are handing in D. is to hand out11. of the population here are peasants. A. 20 percents B. 20 percentC. the 20 percent D. the 20 percents12. Its about , the thickness of a human hair. A. two-fifteenth B. two-fifteenths C. two fifteen D. two fifteens13. The price of such material was reduced . A. by 18 percent B. to 18 percent C. at 18 percent D. for 18 percent14. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth water. A. is B. are C. was D. were15. They sold boxes of such sweets last week. A. four dozen B. four dozens C. four dozens of D. four dozen of16. It took me days to finish drawing a beautiful horse. A. a half dozen B. half a dozen C. haft dozens D. half dozen17. people were sent there to help fight against the flood. A. Three scores of B. Three score of C. Three score D. Three scores18. Dont leave you work, . A. done half B. half done C. a half done D. done a half19. Nobody can do two things well . A. at one time B. at once C. one time D. once20. He has books in his study. A. several thousands B. some thousands of C. some thousands D. some thousand of21. On National day people take part in all kinds of celebration.A. hundreds of millions ofB. millions of hundred ofC. hundreds millions ofD. millions hundreds of22. He has lived at for 30 years. A. No. 101 Heping Street B. 101 Heping StreetC. Heping Street 101 D. Heping street No. 10123. You can find him in . A. Room 201 B.201 Room C. the Room 20 D. the 201 Room24. Its walk from here to my school. A. two - hours B. two hours C. two - hour D. a two - hour25. It was in when he was already in that he went to Yanan. A. the 1940s, the 40s B. the 1940s, his fortiesC. 1940s, his forties D. the 1940s, his 40s26. He went to the market and bought eggs and some meat. A. three dozen ofB. three dozenC. three dozens D. three dozens of27.Shortly after the accident two police were sent to the spot to keep order. A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of (MET92 29)28.Mr Smith me to buy several eggs for the dinner. A. asked, dozen B. suggested, dozens of C. had, dozen D. persuaded, dozens of (94上海)29. of the land in that district covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths, are (2000上海)30.Two died of cold last winter.A. hundreds old peopleB. hundred old peopleC. hundred old peoplesD. hundred old peoples31.It is not rare in that people in fifties are going to university for further education. A.90s,the B. the 90s, / C.90s, their D. the 90s, their (99上海 6)32.-Have you seen many sheep in the distance ?-Yes, .A. thousand of themB. two thousands of themC. two thousand of themD. two thousand them数 词1B2. C 表示几十的数字的复数与所有格代词一起来用以表示人的年龄，本句为二十多岁。3C 定冠词the和数的复数形式在一起表示年代。4D 序数词前面加不定冠词表示又一次(已经四次了)5A 这里first有人说起副词作用，可以看成表语，也可以看做一种取得第一名的习惯用法。6D 序数词和名词共同构成的专有名词还可以是thc Second World War的形式。7C 只有C项为正确的表达方式，或者也可以写成one or two days再如：one hour and a half或one and a half hours8B in half表示分成一样大小的两半。也可以说cutin two9B 再如twice the height(depth，width，weight，etc)of10D eitheror连接主语用就近原则。be to hand out the prizes意为要颁发奖品。11答案为B。百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数。12答案为B。分数做定语，分子用基数词，分母为序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数，本题中，其它表达方式均不正确。13答案为A。表增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by+百分数表示。14答案为A。不可数的名词的百分比用单数；可数名词的百分比则用复数。C项时态不对，另如：90 percent of the population here are peasents这个句子中population的意思是people15答案为A。dozen与数词或many，several等词连用时复数一般不加s，故B、C两项不选。此外，dozen与数词连用做定语，一般也不加of当然也有例外：Place them in dozens on the tabledozens表数量很多。Two dozen of these are wanteddozen后面有of因为有限定词these，the等。Dozens of people were heredozens of也表示很多。16答案为B。半打的表达方式一定要用hall a dozen。17答案为B。score做定语修饰名词用a(three)score of，而不用复数形式；常用scores of为其复数形式，意为大量，但有：three score and ten，a score or more18答案为B。hall起副词作用，修饰过去分词done，因为这个过去分词表状态，故half应在done前。再如：well done，well known，不用a half修饰done，故不选C、B两项。19B意为同时，不是立刻。20B2lA 如：tens of thousands of(小数在前，大数在后)thousands and thonsands of(两数一样大)。22B 居住的门牌号用介词at+号数+街道名。23A24答案为D。walk作为名词，常与不定冠词连用。注意：在表数量的合成词中，名词部分为单数，如：a two-year-old boy 25答案为B。在20世纪40年代，必须有定冠词the此外，年代后要加s或s。他已经40多岁了要用in his forties。26答案为B。dozen与数词或多或少several, many连用时，复数不加s。dozens of表示数量很多，在修饰有these，the等词限定的名词时，可用dozen of的形式。如：three dozen of these eggs. 27.C 28.A 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.C1. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.老鼠跑到地里找地方躲。 解释 这句话中的looking for places to hide 是作ran out of the fields 的伴随状况，这是动词的现在分词形式的一个用法。现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 （1）现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。（2）现在分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 （3）现在分词短语作结果状语。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。 （4）现在分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如： They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。（5）现在分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如： A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 注：现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。（6）“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+现在分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如： His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。 练习 中译英1). 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 2). 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。 答案:1). Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him.2). Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.现在分词与过去分词的两大差别1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。 3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提 1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。 Wrong: Girls frighten snakes. Right: Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls. 牢记: tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat, puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使”之义。 2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。 分词的逻辑主语 逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。 分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的, 而是“活”的随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。 （1）作状语时 Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up. the students是seeing的逻辑主语 Heated, the metal expands. the metal是 heated的逻辑主语 结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。 （2）作宾补时 I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的逻辑主语 His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是 dyed的逻辑主语 结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。 （3）作表语时 The film is moving. the film是 moving的逻辑主语 The visitors looked surprised. the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语 结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。 （4）作定语时 This is an interesting book. book是 interesting的逻辑主语 The moved children looked serious. children是 moved的逻辑主语 结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。 （5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中） With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air. the task是 completed的逻辑主语 It being Sunday, they had no classes. it 是being的逻辑主语 结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤 （1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分 （2）找准逻辑主语 （3）判断主、被动关系 （4）选定现在或过去分词 1. There was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。 2. The Olympic Games, in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games是动词 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题选C。 3. Whats the language in Germany? A. speakingB. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken 4. Most of the people to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited 5. The first textbooks for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being writtenD. written 简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written （四）分词作表语共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。 不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生. 1. The news sounds . A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 简析：根据语法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ；The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。2. How did Bob do in the exams this time? Well, his father seems with his results. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 简析：根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。3. How did the audience receive the new play? They got very . A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting 简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。 （五）分词作宾语补足语共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。 不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。 1. The next morning she found the man in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。 2. Good morning. Can I help you? Id like to have the package , madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作宾补，补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词