第三章民族的形成.doc

Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation (1066 1381)I. 本章知识点1.重点： Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror Contents and the significance of the Great Charter Origins of the English Parliament The Hundred Years War with France and its consequences Consequences of the Black Deathparley2.难点、考点： English feudalism: Domesday Book（土地清帐册） Great Charter English Parliament .课本内容i.Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror （pp27-29）1. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. The barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.Class structure （等级结构）：the King; baronstenants-in-chief; lesser nobles, knights, and freemen; villeins/serfs（补充: barons oath of allegiance （誓词） for the king: “We who are as good as you swear to you, who are no better than we, to accept you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.” 国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐。）2. Replace the Witan with the Grand Council （大议会） William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on which they were required to serve when summoned.3. Domesday Book: record of lands, tenants, and their possessions, for taxes. Not unlike the Book of Doom （末日审判书）In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.注：William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.But he took care to maintain his own independence.4. Henry II, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty （金雀花王朝）, ruled for 35 years. Henry, founder of the Angevin dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years.In Henry IIs reign a common law, which over-rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another. The common law is the unwritten law common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only sections of it, and is “case-made”, i. e.，based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.In Henrys day the jury system-whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle.ii.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter （pp32-33）1. Crusades （十字军东征） The result was confrontation between King John and his barons in 1215.2. Magna Carta, 1215The barons charter, or Magna Carta as it came to be known, was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor.3. Contents63 clauses: No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.4. Significance: regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spiritthe limitation of the powers of the kingiii.Origins of the English Parliament （pp.33-35）Parley1. King John and his son Henry III defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled. King John defied Magna Carta.The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry IIIs brother-in-law, rebelled.2. Provisions of OxfordGrand Council of 24 members, half to be nominated by the barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act. A civil war broke out between the kings supporters, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort.1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner.3. the earliest Parliamentin 1265, 2 knights from each county, 2 burgesses （citizens） from each town.The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as parliament.4. Met only by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice. At this point Parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions.5. Under Edward I, Wales was conquered. The Statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne Under Edward I, Henry IIIs son, Wales was conquered （1277-1284） and came under the English Crown. The Statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law end Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.iv.The Hundred Years War with France and its consequences （pp35-37）1. the intermittent war, 1337-1453The name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form 1337 to 1453. 2. the causes: partly territorial and partly economic3. Edward III declared war.When Edward III（1327-1377） claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV.In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. There were three outstanding stages of the war.4. England was successful at first, but was defeated at last. Joan of Arc（圣女贞德）After his death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France.5. By 1453, only CalaisBy 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.6. a blessing for both countries: good for the development of separate English and French national identity.The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.v.Consequences of the Black Death （p37）1. deadly bubonic plague （淋巴腺鼠疫）, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350.2. It killed between one half and one third of the population; reduced Englands population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14th century. 3. Consequences: much land was left untended, and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The government tried to keep down wages. The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of t