山西大学语言学与作文2012年考研专业课真题及答案.docx

点这里，看更多考研真题考研学习中，专业课占的分值较大。报考院校专业的考研专业课真题是专业课复习中必不可少的资料。中公考研为大家整理了山西大学语言学与作文2012年考研专业课真题及答案，并且可以提供山西大学考研专业课辅导，希望更多考生能够在专业课上赢得高分，升入理想的院校。626语言学与作文2012年真题回忆版Part one : linguistics没有判断，其他题型都没有变，其中名词解释再次出现“Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis”。第一题：名词解释1. Allophones2. Syntax3. Duality4. Perfomatives5. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis第二题：填空（十个）1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _. 2. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ed in the word learned is known as a(n) _. 3. I bought some roses_I bought some flowers. 4. Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of_. X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? 5. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. 6. In a speech community people have something in common _a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.7. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _ rules.8. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a _ morpheme.9. A _ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as and, but, or.10. _is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.第三题：分析题：1. Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. Thefirst said“唉，几点了？”and the second said“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您带表了吗？”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and whywould you make them? 2. A sentence may be ambiguous.用所学理论画树状图分析句子含义，类似于下面含有歧义的句子“The mother of the boy and girl will arrive soon.” 3. What are the possible contexts in which the given sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts?(1). The room is messy.(2). I cant work under untidy circumstances.(3). It would be good if she had a green skirt on.4. 分析一下Grammar Translation Method与Communicative Language Teaching两种教学方法的区别。第四题：小作文：给了56个Linguistics定义，参考所给材料，表述你对Linguistics定义的观点 (200words)Part two: composition1.一篇表格作文：关于各个国家的人口结构，体现出来的特点是老龄化。（250Words）2.把孩子培养为principled好呢，还是creative的好。(300 words)4.3.1 真题解析及技巧指导第一题：名词解释1. Allophones : The phones representing a phoneme are called its allomorph,i.e., the different members of a phoneme ,sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof.考察范围：phonology相关概念：phones, phonemes2.Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.考察范围：Syntax相关概念：Phonology, Morphology, Semantics, Pragmatics3. Duality means the languages property of having tow levels of structures: the system of sounds, which is the meaningless level of the language system,and the system of meaning.考察范围：features of language.相关概念：Design features of language： The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.(1)ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.(2)DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(3) CreativityCreativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.(4)DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.4. Perfomatives: They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe s state and are not verifiable, in other words, performative are utterances that perform an act“do things”.考察范围：Pragmatics5. omit第二题：填空（十个）1. human languages in general 2. inflectional morpheme3. entails4. relation5. morphemes 6. linguistically7、sequential 8、free 9、coordinate 10、Interlanguage第三题：分析题1. To the first person I would assume that he has performed his speech act of asking for thetime (direct speech act of inquiring), and his presupposition is that I will tell him the time or I cantell him the time. If he is friendly, I will tell him the time. Otherwise I will not. Or if I dont know the time (for instance, if I dont have a watch or cell phone with me), I will not. To the second person, I would assume that he performed his speech act of asking for the time (indirect speech act of inquiring by performing the direct speech acts of interrupting and asking ifI have a watch.) I will tell him the time if I can. If not, I will help him by proposing him to see the cabled TV program or asking other passengers for help. Perhaps the crucial distinction in the use of these two types of speech acts is based on the factthat the indirect demands or requests are simply considered more gentle or more polite in oursociety than direct commands. Exactly why they are considered more polite is based on some complex social assumptions. In China, the second person is more regarded as more polite than the first person. The secondis trying to save his own face as well as the hearers face than the first. So the second personsindirect speech act can more often be fulfilled. In contrast, the first person can be impolite, and hedoes not save his face, neither can he save the hearers face, as a result his expectation is not fulfilled more often. 考察范围：语用学中的语言交际中的策略问题。对于陌生人，尤其是请陌生人帮忙时，最好使用表达间接言语行为的表达方式，大方而不失礼貌。直接用表达直接言语行为的表达方式，显得不礼貌，而且很被听话者拒绝，因此也没有完成交际目的，交际失败。间接言语行为表达的礼貌级别都很高。2.S NP Aux VPNP NPThe mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon SNP Aux VPArt N PP The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon考查范围：What is IC analysis? What are immediate constituents(and ultimate constituents)? “IC analysis” is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two(or more) segments. This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are . What remain of the first cut are called “immediate constituents”, and what are left at the final cut are called “ultimate constituents”. For example, “John left yesterday” can be thus segmented: “John| left | | yesterday”. We get two immediate constituents for the first cut (|), and they are “John” and “left yesterday”. Further split(|) this sentence generates three “ultimate constituents”: “John”, “left ” and “yesterday”.3. Possible contexts:(1). a. Amild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room. b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”. c. The room was wanted for a meeting.(2). a. Arequest to someone to tidy up the circumstances. b. It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there. c. It is the speakers habit.(3). a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a ladys appearance. b. A regret that the customer had not taken the dress. c. That she wore a red skirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.小结:考察范围是Pragmatics, Speech Act Theory中的contextual meaning.Pragmatics是重点章节，其中的每一个概念都必须弄懂，记住，会应用。4. Grammar Translation Method（1）Principal Features As its name suggests, this method emphasizes the teaching of the second language grammar; its principal technique is translation from and into the target language. (2) Theoretical Assumptions Target language is primarily viewed as a system of rules to be observed in texts and sentences and to be related to first language rules and meanings. Language learning is regarded as intellectual activity which provides students with good mental exercises to develop their minds. (3) Objectives Reading and writing are the major concern. It is mainly a book-ooriented method of learning the grammatical system of language. (4) Syllabus The syllabus is based on grammar and vocabulary. Grammar rules are presented, illustrated and to be practiced through translation exercises. Vocabulary selection is based on the reading texts and vocabulary. (5) Learner and teachers roles The classroom is teacher-centered. Learners are viewed as passive receivers of knowledge.Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)（1）Principal Features CLT lays emphasis on meaning of language and the interdependence of language and communication, makes communicative competence the goal of language teaching. (2) Theoretical Assumptions The primary function of language is for interaction and communication. (3) Objectives a. an integrative and content level;b. a linguistic and instrumental level;c. an affective level of interpersonal relationships and conduct; (4) Syllabus CLT is based on notional-functional syllabus or some other communicatively organized syllabus. (5) Learner and teachers rolesCommunicative classrooms are earner-centered. The learner is negotiator between the self, the learning process and the object of learning. 小结：考查范围是应用语言学中的语言教学，语言教学是重点。第四题：小作文：给了56个Linguistics定义，参考所给材料，从不同的角度先描述、总结。表述你对Linguistics定义的观点。Part two: composition1.Omit2. 培养孩子的话题要多注意。4.4 827英美文学与翻译2012年真题Part one literature新增：第一题：填空10个1. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe. 2. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the authors tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more_.3. Dreisers Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and_ .4. The impact of Darwins evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American_ .5. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms -the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse -with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of _farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.6. Apart from the dislocation of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include_, symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.7. One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain a major literary figure in the 19th century America is his use of_ . 8. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “_”.9._masterpiece, The Pilgrims Progress, is an allegory, a narrative in which general concepts such as sins, despair, and faith are represented as people or as aspects of the natural world. 10. Satan is the hero in Miltons masterpiece _. 第二题：解答题1. Walter Scott 与Oscar Wilder比较2. 给了一篇Poe的散文，要求总结Poe的写作特点。3. 要求总结Emily Dickinson诗的特点。4. John Milton和Thomas Hardy二选一评论。Part two: translation汉译英：周国平关于爱国主义的文章中的一段。爱国要有平常心。过去我们在大国心态和弱国心态的双重支配下，自大又自卑，排外又媚外，出尽了洋相，也吃够了苦头。今天仍有相当多的青年，一面高喊过激的爱国口号，一面费尽力气要出国定居，这应该怪不当的引导。做人要自爱自尊，作为民族也如此，而自大和自卑都是自尊的反面。两极相通，狭隘民族主义是很容易变成民族虚无主义的。正是在日益全球化的今天，我们更应该、也更有条件用全球的、人类的眼光来看中国，更好地辨别中国文化的精华和糟粕，认识中国的过去、现在和未来，从而建设一个更伟大的中国。在我看来，这才是真正的爱国。 两种完全不同的爱国主义：诗意的，自然的，低调的，其实质是对土地和人民的感情；意识形态的，做作的，高调的，其实质是受权力操纵的表演。 判断爱国主义境界高低的标准：有没有普世价值作为其内涵和基础。 我心目中的“中国”概念：一个我们祖祖辈辈繁衍和生长的地方，一个生我养我的地方。无论走到哪里，我的身体里总是流着中国人的血。无论到什么时候，我的子子孙孙的身体里永远流着中国人的血。总之，是民族的概念，血缘的概念，制度会变，意识形态会变，这个东西不会变。英译汉：1.讲一个医生的感受 2.一个大学毕业证的翻译,上面有必修课、选修课的成绩。4.4.1 真题解析及技巧指导：Part one literature第一题：1. Ishmael2. pessimistic3. The Stoic 4. Naturalism5. New England6.multiple points of view 7. vernacular 8. the American Renaissance 9. John Bunyans10. Paradise Lost第二题：解答题1.（分析：可以从时代背景，贡献，写作风格，相同与不同点考虑。）Answers omit.相关知识链接：Walter Scott is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. Scootts novels give a panorama of feudal society from its early stages to its downfall.Scott is a romantic. His historical novels paved the way for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th .Scotts literacy career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the19th.Scott is a tory,i.e. a conservative in politics. He regards the compromise as the best means in solving social contradictions.Oscar Wilder is a spokesman for Aestheticism. His main idea is “Art for Arts sake”2. 先总结选段大意；然后表述自己考前准备的作家的写作风格、特色。 Answers omit.相关知识链接：3. Answer omit.相关知识链接：Emily Dickinson1. Dickinsons life and writing:Miss Emi1y Dickinson was born into a Calvinist family of Amherst, Massachusetts. She attended Amherst Academy for seven years and suffered serious religious crisis. After affected by an unhappy 1ove affair with Reverend Charles Wadsworth, she became a total recluse, 1iving a normal New England village life only with her family. Her private life was pretty much in order. She wrote poetry, and read intensively by herself. Her favorite writers were Keats, the Brontes, the Brownings, and George E1iot; classic myths, the Bible, and Shakespeare were what Emily drew commonly on for allusions and references in her poetry and letters. She also drew intellectual resources from her contemporary American, Thoreau and Emerson. In general, Dickinson wanted to live simply as a complete independent being, and as a spinster.Dickinsons poetry writing began in the early 1850s. Altogether she wrote 1,775 poems, of which only seven had appeared during her 1ifetime. Most of her poems were published after her death. Her fame kept rising. She is now recognized not only as a great poetess on her own right but as a poetess of considerable influence upon American poetry of the 20th century.2. Dickinsons poems:Her religious poemsShe wrote about her doubt and be1ief about religious subjects. While she desired salvation and immortality, she denied the orthodox view of paradise. Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence. Her poems on death and immortalityHer poems concerning death and immortality: These poems are closely related to her religious poetry, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. She showed her ambiguous attitude towards death and immortality. She looked at death from the point of view of both the living and the dying. She even imagined her own death, the loss of her own body, and the journey of her soul to the unknown. Perhaps her greatest rendering of the moment of death is to be found in I heard a Fly buzz - when I died -, a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.Her love poemsLove is another subject Dickinson dwelt on. One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause. These poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience, closely related to her deepest and most private feelings. Many of them are striking and original depictions of the longing for shared moments, the pain of separation, and the futility of finding happiness. The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire, in which Dickinson dealt with, allegorically, the influence of the male authorities over the female, emphasizing the power of physical attraction and expressing a mixture of fear and fascination for the mysterious magnetism between sexes. However, it is those poems dealing with marriage that have aroused critical attention first and showed Dickinsons confusion and doubt about the role of women in the 19th century America.Her nature poemsHer nature poems: More than 500 of her poems are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed. On the one hand, she shared with her romantic and transcendental predecessors who believed that a mythical bond between man and nature existed, that nature revealed to man things about mankind and universe. On the other hand, she felt strongly about natures inscrutability and indifference to the life and interests of human beings. However, Dickinson managed to write about nature in the affirmation of the sheer joy and the appreciation, unaffected by philosophical speculations. Her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive, from sketches of flowers, insects, birds, to the sunset, the fully detailed summer storms, the change of seasons; from keen perception to witty ana1ysis.3. Features:Themes:Dickinsons poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.Artistic featuresHer poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis.Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter.