城市地下空间的应用.doc

ON THE USE OF THE CITY UNDERGROUND SPACEZhao jingwei , Zhang xiaowei , Wei xiutingArchitecture Department, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao,Shandong, 266510AbstractThis paper studies the construction and the use of underground space in cities of China in recent decades and makes a profound analysis on the use of city underground space involving its urgent need, stress and the relationship with city planning.Keywords: city underground space, polymer, sustainable, development, resourceThe construction and use of the underground space can be traced to the early history of our civilization. At that time, human beings used caves as their shelter to against the bad weather and wild animals. With the development and progress of the society, more and more underground space was put into use for various purposes ,and then our history witnessed the appearance of underground buildings and building complex of large scale. The 21st century sees the faster development of underground space. Some scholars even predict the arrival of a new era for the construction of the underground space. Up to now, we human beings have succeeded in using numerous widespread underground spaces for business, transportation, working, living, entertainment, health and shortage, etc.At the very beginning of 21st century, it is quite necessary for us to consider how to balance the surface and underground space, how to construct the citys underground space in an orderly reasonable way, and how to keep the sustainable development of a city and its underground traffic facility. All the factors would have profound impact on the sustainable development of our society and the improvement of the urban environment.Research of the city underground space has been conducted in many countries across the world, but no theories have been established so far. In November 2003, up to 180 scholars from 80 working units home and abroad attended the International Conference on City Underground Space in Beijing for a heated discussion of relevant problems arising from the city underground development. The author of this paper also attended the meeting. Based on the result of the conference. Some relevant problems are considered with the authors knowledge, research result and practice.1. The Urgent Need of City Underground Construction As a special kind of spatial resources, the underground space has its disadvantages, that is, its construction and use are influenced by the surface building. As a huge polymer, a city is faced with gave challenges such an bad environment and traffic, crowded buildings, high sky-scrapers and poor living standards, etc, which can only lead to the declination of city center.Within certain periods, most cities in the world would still depend on the horizontal extensive expansion which, though, may bring about more challenging problems like the declination of arable land, reduction of crops, and fast growth of population. Beijing, the capital of china, for instance, can it expand the area to numberless rings, say, and seven or eight rings? Practice shows clearly that such kind of expansion only works for a certain period rather than forever.When a city develops, it may cover larger area, but it also means a heavier burden and a waste of the underground space. The faster it develops, the larger the area becomes. So, it is of vital importance to plan the development. To make full use of the land, it is of great necessity to expand the underground space while improving the surface. Otherwise, it would be harmful to the sustainable development of a city. Four years have almost passed since the new century approached, and the urgent need to expand the underground in a city already stands out. The author holds that it is a must to make the city planning to make better use of space, planning the underground first and the surface next, leaving space for successive construction, giving priority to infrastructure construction and protecting environment.2. Stress of City Underground Space ConstructionWhen we consider the history and present condition around the world, we cannot neglect the emphasis. Generally, the emphasis attached to the construction of underground business, traffic, building complex and public facility.2.1 Underground business constructionAs an addition to the surface business area, the underground business construction has attracted the people in city. Certainly, it is more important to make customers satisfied with the kinds of commodity, signs for direction, temperature, humidity, and lighting etc. Some people may think that the underground business area may be more harmful than the surface business. Actually, concerns of this kind are groundless and unnecessary. If more people come to the underground business area, they would have more chances to visit the surface business. As is said by Michel Boisvert, rather than curb the development of surface business, the underground business area would help the surface business develop faster, attracting more people to the city center.2.2 Underground traffic facilityAs early as 1920s, Ie Corbusier held that traffic system of a large city should be dimensional, with skyways, surface ways and underground ways. As an important part or city traffic system, the underground traffic has its unique role. It can help relieve the traffic perssure, make the road less crowded and the air fresher, and leave most space for parks and grass lots to provide better chance for people to the chosen to nature. The subway, for instance, not only saves people time and space but puts people at ease by its efficiency and safety. The underground parking areas also make drivers feel easier to park and drive their cars. Practice shows clearly that the underground traffic facility would only be helpful to the sustainable development of a city. 2.3 Underground building complexAs one important part of a city, the underground building complex came into appearance since 1960s. Now, it is symbolic of the full use of a citys space, when a city is faced with problems of crowded city center and high buildings, it is necessary to construct underground building complex. Many can be found in cities like Manhaton, New York, Chicago, Toronto, Tokyo, and Montreal etc. The construction started from the end of century in china. So, in the new 20st century, more underground building complex of large scale should be constructed in cities of China.2.4 Underground storageBecause of the function of earth and rock, the underground warehouse boats the advantages of keeping warm, heat protection, quake-proof, keeping fresh, low energy waste, low lost: little material, saving space, etc. The Chinese history tells us that people used underground warehouse for food protection for long history. For example, an early as 5500 years ago, Chinese invented a kind of warehouse, which was quite spacious inside though the opening was rather small. In 605, Emperor Yang-guang of Sui Dynasty had his men construct underground warehouses in Luo Yang, like Hanjia Reserve and Xingluo Reserve.In todays city, more and more materials like water, food, gas, petrol and other daily necessities need to be stored. One ideal place is the warehouse underground. For example, the newly launched China War Time Oil Reserve Plan calls for the construction of oil reserve places, and some scholars hold that the underground storage of oil for wartime use in the four places alone, Dalian, Zhenshan, Zhoushan aoshan, Huangdao, will save at least 3 billion Yuan (RMB) apart from saving land. If an underground warehouse of 3 million m3 is constructed in Huangdao for reserving oil, compared with the surface constructed 40 meters below the surface, it will save money by at least 30% and land by 95%. Moreover, if it is constructed 40 meters below the surface, it will be safer, less polluted and more economic.2.5 Other facilities undergroundUnderground facilities for education, administration, culture, entertainment and physique, etc should also be constructed in different places to meet various demands of people.3. Including the Use of Underground Space in City Planning SystemSince the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, especially from 1960s to 1980s, the construction of underground space is mainly used for civil air defense. As a result, the planning and construction are not good. From the end of 1980s to the mid-1990s, we reconstructed the civil air defense works. From the end of 1990s; cities of middle or large scale developed fast, more civil air defense works are constructed mainly for daily use.Though it is an important part of a city space, the underground construction, for a long time, has been used for civil air defense rather than for part of city planning system. According to the Law of City Planning in Peoples Republic of China, the planning and construction of the civil air defense works cannot be separated from the planning and construction of a city. To meet the demand of use, the reasonable and comprehensive use of city underground space should be taken into full consideration. The design of civil air defense works defines the underground street as the place used in the civil air defense works as a dispersal passage with business facilities in one or two sides. All the construction under cinemas, auditoriums, dancing halls, net bars, garages, hospitals and the like are part of the civil air defense works. This shows that for many years our underground construction is mainly used for civil air defense.Nowadays, the world is comparatively peaceful, what is, the purpose of underground construction? To satisfy the need of civil air defense or city development, we need not go to extremes to find answer. But, one thing is certain. For decades of years, no planning is made of the underground space in most cities of China because of the stress on civil air defense only rather than combining city development with air defense. This has become an obstacle to the sustainable development of a city.In conclusion, the planning of underground space should be concluded in the planning system of a city. Based on the und