periodic table of the elements-元素周期律.ppt

PeriodicTableoftheelements 2015 12 21 WhatisthePeriodicTableofTheElements DmitriMendeleevwasthefirstscientisttocreateaperiodictableoftheelementssimilartotheoneweusetoday YoucanseeMendeleev soriginaltable 1869 Thistableshowedthatwhentheelementswereorderedbyincreasingatomicweight apatternappearedwherepropertiesoftheelementsrepeatedperiodically Thisperiodictableisachartthatgroupstheelementsaccordingtotheirsimilarproperties Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheperiodictableofelements 1 TheBeginningsofthePeriodicTableBeforewrittenhistory peoplewereawareofsomeoftheelementsintheperiodictable Elementssuchasgold Au silver Ag copper Cu lead Pb tin Sn andmercury Hg Itwasn tuntil1649 however untilthefirstelementwasdiscoveredthroughscientificinquirybyHennigBrand Thatelementwasphosphorous P By1869 63elementshadbeendiscovered Between1817 1829 JohannDobereinerbegantogroupelementswithsimilarpropertiesintogroupsofthreeortriads Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheperiodictableofelements 2 PrecursorstothePeriodicTableIn1862 A E BeguyerdeChancourtoiswasthefirstpersontomakeuseofatomicweightstorevealthattheelementswerearrangedaccordingtotheiratomicweightswithsimilarelementsoccurringatregularintervals In1863 JohnNewlands anEnglishchemist proposedtheLawofOctaveswhichstatedthatelementsrepeatedtheirchemicalpropertieseveryeighthelement Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheperiodictableofelements TheFathersofthePeriodicTableLotharMeyerandDmitriIvanovichMendeleevindependentlyproducedremarkablysimilarversionsoftheperiodictableofelementsattheessentiallythesametime Mendeleevperiodictableappearedinhiswork OntheRelationshipofthePropertiesoftheElementstotheirAtomicWeights in1869 Thethinkingofgiant whenelementsarelistedaccordingtotheatomicmass somepropertiesoccurperiodicallyActualversion listedaccordingtotheatomicnumber Intuition someelementwerestilltobediscovered Thethinkingofgiant Valence olddefinition replacedbyotherslikeoxidationnumberHere thenumberofHatomslinkedtotheelement H 1 H2 He 0 Li 1 LiH Be 2 BeH2 B 3 BH3 C 4 CH4 N 3 NH3 O 2 H2O F 1 HF etc Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheperiodictableofelements 3 TheModernPeriodicTableGlennSeaborgdiscoveredthetransuraniumelements atomicnumbers94to102 Dr Seaborgandhiscolleaguesarealsoresponsiblefortheidentificationofmorethan100isotopesofelements Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheperiodictableofelements Listtheelementshorizontally gotoanewlinewhenanoble rare gasisfound placeelementswithsimilarbehaviourincolumns Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheperiodictableofelements BlockshavedimensionLL 2 6 10 14 2x 2l 1 l 0 1 2 3 Why QuantumMechanicsexplainthisfundamentalfindingThefactor2arisesfromtwopossibleorientationsoftheelectronspin duplicity Theterm2l 1arisesfromthemultiplicityoftheangularquantumnumberl goingfrom lto l Magneticquantumnumber thebasictrendsofthePeriodicTable atomicradiusoftheisolatedatom metallic non metalliccharacteroftheelement tendencytogivemoleculesintheelementalstate electronaffinityoftheisolatedatom ionizationpotentialoftheisolatedatom electronegativity definedforanatominabond seebelow chemicalreactivityoftheelement WhatisontheElementKey Eachsquareontheperiodictablegivesinformationaboutanelement Onmanyprintedperiodictablesyoucanfindanelement ssymbol atomicnumber andatomicweight PeriodsandGroups Elementsintheperiodictablearrangedinperiods rows andgroups columns Atomicnumberincreasesasyoumoveacrossaroworperiod Rowsofelementsarecalledperiods Theperiodnumberofanelementsignifiesthehighestunexcitedenergylevelforanelectroninthatelement Thenumberofelementsinaperiodincreasesasyoumovedowntheperiodictablebecausetherearemoresublevelsperlevelastheenergyleveloftheatomincreases Periods Groups Columnsofelementshelpdefineelementgroups Elementswithinagroupshareseveralcommonproperties Groupsareelementshavethesameouterelectronarrangement Theouterelectronsarecalledvalenceelectrons Becausetheyhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons elementsinagroupsharesimilarchemicalproperties TheRomannumeralslistedaboveeachgrouparetheusualnumberofvalenceelectrons Forexample agroupVAelementwillhave5valenceelectrons Theatomicradiusisdefinedfortheisolatedatom notalwayseasytoisolate describesthesizeofthesphericalelectroniccloudaroundthenucleus dependsonZ Alsodefinedforions ionicradii Decreaseforlossofelectrons increaseforgain Firstionizationenergy I E istheenergyrequiredtoextractoneelectronfromtheisolatedatom Successiveionizationenergiesarealsopossible MeasuresthetendencyofanisolatedatomtolooseelectronsI E decreaseswithincreasingZ Variationofthefirstionizationenergyalonggroupsandperiodsoftheperiodictable ElectronaffinityAistheenergyreleasedwhenanisolatedatomcapturesoneelectron someasuringthetendencytheisolatedatomhastoattractelectrons Variationoftheelectronicaffinityalongthegroupsandperiodsoftheperiodictable Electronegativity propertyofanatominamoleculetoattractelectronsofanotheratomitbindstoAtypicalatomicproperty Isameasurepossible Mullikendefinition theaveragebetweenfirstI P andElectronAffinity Compromisebetweentendencytodonateandtendencytoacquireelectrons Paulingdefinition consideringtwoatomsXandY thedifferenceinbondenergybetweenX YandtheaverageofX XandY Ygivesanotherestimateofelectronegativity ThetwoscalesmostlyCOINCIDE Remarkablefact ENcanbeconsideredasameasurablequantity ofthepotentialtype onereferencevaluemustbefixed Electronegativityandperiodictable RegulartrendofENalongthetable mostelectronegative F fluorine nextmost O N Cl leastelectronegative Cs Rb ConsideradiatomicmoleculeX Y bondelectronswillbedisplacedtowardsthemoreelectronegativeatom IfthedifferenceinENislarge say 2 themoleculeisverypolarandbecomesunstable ionicinfinitestructuresarepreferred solidNaFisconstitutedbyNa cationsandF anions Electronegativityisfundamentaltodefineoxidationnumbers Entirelyionicstructuresarehelpfulfordeterminingoxidationnumbers veryusefulinbalancingequationsandindicativeofredoxprocesses Oxidationnumberisthecharge realorapparent giventoanatominatotallyionicstructureSimpleionshaveONequaltothechargetheycarry e g Cl Ca2 Incompounds ONisthechargeeachelementwouldassumeifelectronswereonthemoreelectronegativeatominabond Arrowindicatesthemoreelectronegativeatom RulesforON 1 ElementshaveON 02 Fluorine themostelectronegativeelementshasalwaysON 1 ifnotelement 3 InmostcompoundsOxygen thesecondmostelectronegativeelement hasON 2 Exceptions i peroxides whereOxygenhasON 1 ii OF2 whereOxygenhasON 2 4 Inmostcompounds HydrogenhasON 1 Exception metalhydrideswhereHydrogenhasON 15 Incompounds alkalimetalshavealwaysON 16 Incompounds alkali earthmetals metallialcalino terrosi havealwaysON 27 ThealgebraicsumofONs i inanionisequaltothetotalchargeoftheion ii inamoleculeiszero Fundamentalcompoundsininorganicchemistry PeriodicTable Hhydrogen Lilithium Nasodium Kpotassium Rbrubidium Cscaesium Frfrancium Beberyllium Mgmagnesium Cacalcium Srstrontium Babarium Raradium Scscandium Yyttrium Tititanium Zrzirconium Hfhafnium Vvanadium Nbniobium Crchromium Momolybdenum Mnmanganese Tctechnetium Feiron Ruruthenium Cocobalt Rhrhodium Ninickel Pdpalladium Cucopper Agsilver Znzinc Cdcadminium Tatantalum Wtungsten Rerhenium Ososminium Iriridium Ptplatinum Augold Hgmercury Bboron Sisilicon Gegeramanium Asarsenic Sbantimoney Tetellurium Popolonium Ccarbon Pphosphorous Nnitrogen Ooxygen Ssulphur Seselenium Alaluminium Gagalium Inindium Tlthallium Sntin Pblead Bibismuth Ffluorine Clchlorine Brbromine Iiodine Atastatine Hehelium Neneon Arargon Krkrypton Xexenon Rnradon LanthanideSeries rareearth ActiniumSeries 1 2 3 11 19 37 55 LaLanthanum Cecerium Prpraseodymium Pmpromethium Smsamarium Eueuropium Gdgadolinium Tbterbium Dydysprosium Hoholmium Reerbium Tmthulium Ybytterbium Lulutetium Ndneodymium Acactinium Paprotactinium Uuranium Npneptunium Puplutonium Amamericium Cmcurium Bkberkelium Cfcalifornium Eseinsteinium Fmfermium Mdmendelevium Ththorium Nonobelium Lrlawrencium 87 4 12 20 38 56 88 39 22 21 40 72 23 41 73 24 42 74 25 43 74 26 44 76 27 45 77 28 46 78 29 47 79 30 48 80 31 49 81 5 13 32 50 82 6 14 33 51 83 7 15 34 52 84 8 16 35 53 85 9 17 36 54 86 10 18 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Representativevs TransitionElements Therearetwosetsofgroups ThegroupAelementsarecalledtherepresentativeelements ThegroupBelementsarethenonrepresentativeelements ClassifyingElements Nonmetals Thenonmetalsarepoorconductorsofheatandelectricity Solidnonmetalsarebrittleandlackmetallicluster Mostnonmetalsgainelectronseasily Thenonmetalsarelocatedontheupperrightsideoftheperiodictable separatedfrommetalsbyalinethatcutsdiagonallythroughtheperiodictable Thenonmetalscanbedividedintoclassesofelementsthathavesimilarproperties Thehalogensandthenoblegasesaretwogroupsofnonmetals Metalloids Mostele