三册第五单元 课文翻译及课后练习答案.doc

课内阅读参考译文我是怎样识字的海伦凯勒1 在我记忆中, 我一生最重要的日子是我的老师安妮曼斯费尔德沙利文走进我生活的那一天。至今，每当我想起这一天仍会惊叹不已，是这一天把(我过的)截然不同的两种生活连在一起。那是1887年3月3日，离我七岁生日还有三个月。2 在那个重要日子的午后，我呆呆地站在我家的门廊上，内心充满了期盼。从我母亲给我的手势和屋子里众人来来往往的忙碌中我隐约猜到将有不同寻常的事发生，于是我来到门口，在台阶上等着。午后的阳光透过覆盖门廊的忍冬花簇照射到我仰起的脸庞上。我的手指近乎下意识地抚弄着这些熟悉的叶片和花朵。它们刚刚抽叶开花，迎来南方温馨的春天。至于我的未来究竟会出现什么样的奇迹，我茫然不知。几个星期来，愤怒和怨恨一直折磨着我。这种激烈的感情争斗之后则是一种极度的疲惫。3 你可曾在航海时遇上过浓雾？那时，你仿佛被困在了触手可及的一片白茫茫中，不见天日。你乘坐的巨轮，靠测深锤或测深线的指引，举步维艰地靠向海岸，既紧张又焦急不安；而你则心里砰砰直跳，等着什么事情发生。我在接受教育之前正像那艘巨轮，所不同的是我连指南针或测深线都没有，更无从知晓离港湾还有多远。我的心灵在无声地疾呼：“光明！给我光明吧! ”而就在那个时刻，爱的光芒洒在了我的身上。4 我感觉到有脚步由远及近。于是我伸出了手，以为会是母亲。有人抓住了我的手，把我抱住并紧紧地搂在了怀里。正是这个人的到来，把整个世界展示给我，最重要的是，给我带来了爱。5 在老师来到我家的第二天上午，她把我带到她的房间，给了我一个玩具娃娃。这娃娃是珀金斯学校的小盲童们送给我的礼物，劳拉布里奇曼给娃娃穿上了衣服，不过这些是我在后来才知道的。我玩了一小会儿之后，沙利文小姐慢慢地在我的手上拼出了 “d-o-l-l”（娃娃）这个词。我一下子便对这种手指游戏产生了兴趣，而且试着模仿它。当我终于正确地拼出了这几个字母时，内心充满了孩子气的喜悦和自豪。我跑到楼下找到母亲，伸手拼出了“娃娃”所含的字母。当时我并不知道我是在拼一个单词，甚至还不知道有“单词”这么回事；我只是像猴子那样用手指进行模仿。在接下来的几天里，我就这样，虽然并不知词识义，却学会了拼写好些单词。这些词中有“别针”、“帽子”、“杯子”，还有些动词，如“坐”、“站”和“走”。但是等我懂得每样东西都有名字时，已经是我和老师在一起好几个星期之后的事了。6 一天，我正在玩我的新娃娃，这时，沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃放在我的膝上，又给我拼了一遍“d-o-l-l”，想让我懂得“d-o-l-l”这个单词适用于这两件东西。就在当天早些时候，我曾和她因“m-u-g”和“w-a-t-e-r”这两个词发生过争执。沙利文小姐想让我记住“m-u-g”是“大杯”，而“w-a-t-e-r”是“水”，但我却总是把这两个词的意思给弄混了。失望之余她暂时搁起这一话题，但一有机会她就马上旧事重提。我却对她一遍又一遍的努力感到忍无可忍，于是就抓起新的玩具娃娃，狠狠地砸在了地板上。当我感觉到脚边摔碎的娃娃时，产生了一种强烈的快感。在这种强烈的情感发泄之后，我没有一丝伤感或懊悔之情。我从没有喜欢过那个娃娃。在我所生活的那个无声、黑暗的世界里是没有柔情或情感的。我感觉到老师已把碎片扫到了壁炉炉床的一边，此时我有一种满足感，因为让我不快的东西已不复存在了。她给我拿来了草帽，我知道我将要走出屋子，到温暖的阳光下。这个想法（如果一种无法用言语表达的感觉也可以称为想法的话），使我高兴得又蹦又跳。7 我们沿着小路来到了井房，井房上布满了忍冬，它的芳香深深地吸引了我们。有人正在抽水。老师把我的一只手放到了喷水口下方。凉爽的水流过我的一只手，这时她在我的另一只手上拼写了“水”这个词。开始她拼得很慢，接着拼得很快。我站在那儿一动不动，所有的注意力都集中到她手指的移动上。刹那间，我朦胧地意识到了些什么，仿佛记起了被久久遗忘的什么东西那是一种恢复思维的激动。不知怎的，语言的奥秘一下子展现在我的面前。此刻我明白了。“w-a-t-e-r”指的就是从我手上流过的那美妙无比的凉爽的东西。这活生生的字眼唤醒了我沉眠的灵魂，赋予了它光明、希望和喜悦，使它获得了自由！诚然，障碍依然存在，但那是一些假以时日终究会被消除的障碍。8 我离开井房，心中充满了求知的欲望。万物皆有名，而每个名字又引伸出一种新的概念。在我们回家的路上，我感到我触摸到的每件东西似乎都有生机。那是因为我在用刚刚赋予我的新奇的眼光看待每样东西。进门时我记起了那个被我摔破的娃娃。我摸索着来到了炉床边，捡起那些碎片，试着把它们拼接在一起，但却徒劳无益。这时我的眼里满是泪水；因为我意识到了自己先前干了些什么，而且有生以来第一次感到了悔恨和难过。9 那天我学会了很多新词。现在我已记不清都是些什么词了，但我还记得其中有“妈妈、爸爸、姐妹、老师”。这些词使得整个世界在我面前绽放。就像有了“亚伦的神杖，开满了鲜花”，在这个重要的日子快要结束时，已很难找到一个比我更加幸福的孩子。我躺在自己的小床上，回味着这一天所给予我的欣喜；渴望着新的一天的到来，这是我有生以来从未有过的期盼。III. Post-ReadingReading Comprehension1. Understanding the General Organization of the Text 1) Introduction: the most important day in her life.(Para.1) 2) Her feelings before her teacher arrived/her education began.(Para.2-3) 3) The first encounter with the teacher. (Para.4) 4) How she discovered words.(Para.5-9) A. Her initial success in learning (Para.5): she learned the spelling of a few words. B. The difficulties encountered in learning the meanings of words and her reaction. (Para.6) C. Her new insight: Everything had a name and each name gave birth to a new thought. (Para. 7-8) D. Her feelings and her new outlook on life before she fell asleep that night after her trip to the well-house. (Para.9)2. Understanding the Details1) A. The two lives she led before and after the teacher came.B. The day when her teacher came to her.C. Before the teacher came, she lived in a still, dark world in which there was no strong sentiment or tenderness. From that day on, she began to learn not only language but also gained a new insight into life. 2) Because the day marked a turning point in her life. On that day, the teacher came to her to reveal all things to her, including love.3) A. Here being shut in the “white darkness” refers to a feeling of being lost, like a ship at sea almost incapable of finding her way in a white fog without sunshine. Helen Keller compares herself to a ship lost in thick fog, and is unable to find her way. Like the ship with her plummet and sounding-line, she is reaching out and crying wordlessly for light in the dark unknown world. B. The ship.4) She felt tense and anxious, waiting for something to happen with beating heart.5) Both the new doll and the big rag doll.6) The words and the real objects.7) Words are the names of things. / Everything has a name.8) It suddenly dawned on Helen that the word “water” referred to the wonderful cool thing flowing over her hand and the word itself became alive.9) Because the world experienced a great change in Helens mind after she discovered the mystery of words, just as “Aarons rod”, which had been a piece of dead wood, burst into flowers with Gods love. 3. “How I Discovered Words” When Helen Kellers Feelingsshe stood on the porch, waiting for the teacher to comedumb, expectantMiss Sullivan spelled doll in her handinterestedshe finally succeeded in making the letters for dollpleasant and proudthe teacher tried time and again to teach her the connection between words and thingsimpatientshe felt the fragments of the broken doll at her feetkeenly delightedshe knew she was going out into the warm sunshinepleasant/happyshe finally discovered words in the well-houseexcited, eager to learnshe tried vainly to put the broken doll togetherrepentant and sadshe lay in her crib at the close of the day.joyful and hopefulOn the afternoon of the 3rd of March, 1887, before the teacher came, Helen Keller felt dumb and expectant, hoping for something that would open up her world. The first thing her teacher gave her was a doll and then she spelt the word d-o-l-l on her hand. When Helen Keller finally succeeded in making the letters for doll, she felt pleasant and proud. But when her teacher tried to help her make the connection between words and objects, she became impatient. Helen Keller expressed her dislike by dashing the doll on the floor. At that point, she felt keenly delighted. When she realized that her teacher was taking her out into the sunshine, Helen Keller was very happy. In the well-house, she discovered that “w-a-t-e-r” meant the wonderful cool something that was running through her fingers. The mystery of language was finally revealed to her. And she became excited and was eager to learn. When she returned to the house and tried vainly to put the broken doll back together, she felt sad and repentant. At the close of the day, when she was lying in her crib, she felt joyful and hopeful.4. Group DiscussionThe differences between Helens learning process and what we usually experience HelenOrdinary peoplelearn by touching, feeling, smelling, etc.learn by seeing, hearinglearn by imitating the shape, etc.learn by imitating the soundstart from spellingstart by listening and speaking aloudlearn by herself from one teacherlearn with peers from more teachersVocabulary1. Section A1) A 2) B 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) B 7) C 8) C 9) A 10) ASection B1) renewed 2) apply 3) persist 4) succeeded 5) drop 6) revealed 7) wonder 8) keenly 9) vainly 10) impressed2. 1) unconsciously 2) expectant 3) eventful 4) immeasurable 5) imitation/imitating 6) continually 7) tenderness 8) impatient 9) wordless 10) childishTranslation1. Seeing all the people walking to and fro outside the office, I became more worried.2. In time he will see/realize who is his true friend to be relied on in difficulty.3. That scientists experiment gave birth to a new drug, a better cure for high blood pressure.4. He got used to being in this room during the winter, shut in by the 4 walls and a sloping ceiling. 5. I realized I would need to convince them at the first opportunity that I was a policeman not a politician.6. When you sweep away a feudal society, you cant overnight change the institutions of thought that have been built up over centuries. 7. By the close of this century, another 2 billion people will be born, the great majority in developing countries.8. If you long for a better future for yourself, your family and your country, stay and continue your studies here.After-Class Reading课外阅读参考译文PASSAGE I外国口音第一节1对我来说，我的确倾向于以口音来判断我所遇到的人。我并不是说自己是势利小人，只喜欢有上流社会口音的人；但是，跟一个新结识的人在一起，我从来都不会感到自在，只有在我能够根据他们说的话判断出他们是哪里人之后，感觉才会不同。如果是个英国人，我还能判断出：“啊，他是利物浦人”，或者“他可能上过公立学校”，我就会觉得更自在。这样我就知道该和他谈些什么以及他能够告诉我些什么。2（如果）对方是外国人，也一样。就个人而言，我喜欢外国人说话带点明显的口音，这样我就知道自己是在和法国人、加纳人、波兰人或别的什么国家的人交谈。所以对我来说，外国人花大力气改掉自己的本族语口音，想方设法去说标准英语，似乎是毫无意义的。如果对方很明显是法国人，我就知道没有必要（与他）谈论板球或开爱尔兰人的玩笑。坦率地说，我觉得外国口音更吸引人。我无法解释为什么，但如果说话者带有外国口音，那么即便是说最最普通的事，也会显得妙趣横生。第二节3尽管如此，（口音）得有个限度，要能让人听懂。如果口音太重，你非得费劲地去弄明白对方想要说什么，就会妨碍谈话的进行，交谈也就无法连贯，（因为）你得设法把对方的声音整理成能够明白的话语。我所指的并非是这么重的口音。而是那种让你马上明白对方是哪国人，但又不妨碍你听懂他的话的那种口音。我认为大多数外国人都有这样的口音，真的。老实说，只有极少数听觉特别灵敏、模仿能力极强的人才能说还算纯正的英国英语。即使能够那样，他们的英语听起来也会很好笑，因为他们可能学会的是一种非常明显的地方口音，甚至是与自己的气质特点完全不相称的上流社会口音。但是大多数学英语的外国人都非常热衷于去掉自己的外国口音，并且为此浪费了很多时间。第三节4换一个角度来看，我得理解他们，甚至钦佩他们，因为我自己法语说得还可以，如果别人以为我是法国人，我就感到很开心，如果别人一听就知道我是英国人，我也会感到很泄气。同样的，对我来说，带英国口音的法语实在是太难听了，而且当我听自己的同胞在糟蹋法语时，总是感到很不自在。所以我想外国人听到自己的同胞说蹩脚英语时，也会有同感的。然而，法国朋友告诉我，略带英国口音的法语丝毫不会令他们感到难受，相反，还相当动听呢。我还听说佩特拉克拉克之所以能在法国成为成功的歌手，部分原因是因为她的英国口音。所以我想，最著名的说英语的法国人之一，就是那位叫莫里斯谢瓦利埃的演员，他靠一口明显的法语口音成就了一番事业。其实若他愿意，他完全可以不带那么重的口音。5我把他和我的一个显然很有语言天赋的法国朋友进行对比。我的这个法国朋友和我一起在英国的时候，总被人误认为是受过良好教育的英国人。因为他的说话方式，我的英国朋友便以为他对英国生活的某些方面非常了解，而这些只有在英国生活多年才会了解的。因而夜里从酒吧回来以后，他经常得让我解释一些事情给他听。我不知道他花了多少时间纠正口音，但或许他更应该花时间扩大词汇量和加强对英国的了解。既然英语是这样一种国际性的语言，我认为我们应该接受更多的口音，而学习者更应该注重（语言）结构和词汇的学习而不是口音（的纯正）。Part Three Further Development1. Enriching Your Word Power1) A 2) A 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) B 7) C 8) C 9) A 10) B 11) C 12) A2. English or Englishes? STEP ONE1) neighbour (color, honor, favor, humor, labor, etc.) 2) centre (theater, meter, etc.) 3) sceptics 4) tyre 5) catalogue (dialog, monolog) 6) cheque 7) analyses (specialize, emphasize) 8) plough 9) programme 10) travellingSTEP TWO Sample1) What Bernard Shaw said is quite true. The languages spoken in UK and the United States, though both are called English, are two varieties of English. 2) They not only differ in spelling of many words, as we discussed in Step One, but also in aspects such as grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary. We can easily find grammar differences between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE). For example: “Do you have a car?” (AmE) and “Have you got a car?” (BrE). Differences in pronunciation between AmE and BrE include differences in accent (e.g. stress, thythm) and differences in the pronunciation of individual words in the lexicon (e.g. /e/, / in tomato). Probably the major difference between British and American English lies in the choice of vocabulary. For example: gas (AmE) and petrol (BrE) are different words but refer to the same thing. More examples include subway and underground, French fries and crisps, sidewalk and pavement, football and rugby, zip code and postcode, etc. 3) American English is more prevalent now because the United States has a larger population than Britain and it is a super-power economically and politically. The American film industry has contributed greatly to the popularity of American English. The dominance of one variety of language is often related to the number of speakers, economic power and the media. British English is less dominant now because Britain is no longer the world power it used to be. These factors affect how well the language variety is known and not the quality of the language itself. The prevalence of American English does not mean that it is superior to other varieties of English. As English learners, we can have our own preference in using English when exposed to varieties of English. The most important thing to keep in mind is to be consistent. If we decide that we want to use American English then we should be consistent in using the language. At the same time, we should know a little about the major differences between American English and other varieties of English, especially British English. 3. Experience in English LearningStep OneExperience in Learning EnglishSuccessFailure I love learning English. I try to memorize 15 new words every day. I think my speaking skill is good because I try my best to participate in class activities. I also go to the English Corner. My father gave me a big dictionary so I can look up words very quickly. This has helped my reading comprehension. I have exchange lessons with an English native speakerone hour of Chinese and one hour of English. This has helped me greatly with my speaking and pronunciation. I email my friends in English and as a result my writing has improved. It took time writing this way at the beginning but soon I could see my progress. I couldnt understand the listening passage at all. The people spoke too quickly and I didnt know the vocabulary. I had a lot of difficulty reading the in-class reading passage. I should have spent more time learning the vocabulary. I feel discouraged about my spoken English. I go to the English Corner but I am frightened to speak. My grammar is not as good as my classmates. I think they had better teachers in middle school. I have to work harder to catch up with them. Im poor in writing. Words left me when I needed them. When I do finally come up with a few words I dont know how to put them together to be meaningful. Step Two1) (Refer to the students book.)2) Yes, I agree we should go over what we have learned in time and regularly. As the saying goes, strike the iron while its still hot. We have to turn our short-term memory into long-term memory.3) Yes, I believe its true. According to some psychologists, when you meet an object on thirteen different occasions, youll never forget it. So we have to review our lessons regularly. Its also true with vocabulary learning. Some language professors believe that if we see a word at least six times, each time in a different context, the word will be ours. 4) It depends. Some people can memorize words well in the morning when their minds are fresh. But it doesnt apply to everyone. However, I agree that words should be learned in association with other words. For example, words belonging to the same semantic field should be learned together.5) I agree that background knowledge is indispensable to reading comprehension. When we read the title or the first sentence, wed better predict what were going to read with the help of our background knowledge, which facilitates comprehension.6) Not necessarily. If we concentrate on every word and read slowly, we may forget what we have read previously and become frustrated.4. Beliefs about Language LearningCategories:A. Role of talent in language learning: 1), 8)B. Role of practice: 2), 4), 9)C. Contribution of the learning environment: 5), 10)D. Attitudes towards errors and mistakes: 6), 9), 10)E. The role of grammar learning: 11)F. Role of native speakers: 7), 12)G. Role of formal instruction: 3)H. Role of vocabulary learning: 13)Reasons why I agree or disagree:1) I dont agree with this statement because it shows a very negative approach. Some people are more talented than others, but everyone can learn. You might have to work harder.2) I agree that the only way to learn a foreign language is to keep using it. I need to play with the language to develop a feel for how it works. The language must become a part of me rather than remain an external mechanical system. I cant manipulate the language according to a set of instructions.3) I agree that taking a course or formal learning is a way to learn a foreign language, but there are other ways to learn a language. I can study on my own with tapes and books.4) Yes, I agree that speaking with other learners can be useful. Every time I pronounce a word or use an expression I find it helpful. My classmates often correct me. That helps a lot.5) I disagree that you have to live in an English-speaking country in order to speak English well. I know many people who speak excellent English and they have never been abroad. But it doesnt mean environment is not important. Being in an English-speaking country, you can not only be exposed to the language but also learn the culture of the community. 6) I agree that I will learn English better if my teacher corrects my mistakes. If I make grammar or spelling mistakes in my compositions, I want to know them, so I can improve. But I feel embarrassed when a teacher corrects a mistake in class. Sometimes I am so embarrassed that I forget what I said and what the mistake really was.7) I agree that it is difficult to find a native speaker to practice with on a regular basis. There are so many students and so few foreigners. I go to English Corner and often find that there are too many people around the few native speakers.8) I agree that some people have a gift for learning languages. I have noticed several of my classmates who learn much more quickly than I do. It is discouraging sometimes.9) I disagree that the only way to learn a new language is by speaking even if you make many mistakes. I think it is better to wait until you learn more, otherwise you will lose self-confidence.10) I dont know whether I agree or disagree that it is not good to listen to my classmates poor English. Sometimes I think my English gets worse when I talk with them, but other times I feel I learn from their mistakes.11) Learning grammar is certainly a good way to learn a foreign language, but it may not be the best way. Knowing a few rules facilitates our reading comprehension. When we write we need to know many basic roles or structures to make meaningful sentences. 12) I disagree. Based on my own experience with foreign students and foreign experts, I think they are very kind and patient. Of course you should be thoughtful enough not to take too much of their time, especially when they are busy.13) I agree that learning new vocabulary is really the key to successful language learning. But I disagree that knowing