2011年三级语法义.doc

人大三级学士学位英语辅导资料（一）语 法 辅 导第一章 动词时态 第二章 被动语态 第三章 非谓语动词 第四章 形容词和副词 第五章 情态动词 第六章 名词性从句 第七章 定语从句 第八章 状语从句 第九章 虚拟语气 第十章 倒装句 第十一章 强调句 第十二章 附加疑问句 第十三章 主谓一致 第十四章 代 词 第十五章 挑 错 52第一章 动词时态1. 一般现在时：在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作用一般现在时：常用的连词有as soon as, when，till, if等。e.g.When he comes back, he will go and see his cousin in hospital.If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off.The porter will wait till the train arrives.2. 一般过去时：used to do sth. be used to doing sth.e.g.The architect used to take the dog for a walk after supper when he lived here.Now he is used to browsing the newspapers in the evening.3. 一般将来时：表示将来的动作或状态。a) will (shall) +原形动词：e.g. Peter will take robotics next semester.b) 某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave等的现在进行时可表示将来。e.g.The police are leaving for Brasilia tomorrow.The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight by air. Are you going to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon?c) be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。e.g.The new road to the museum is to be open to traffic before National Day.d) be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。e.g.The lecture is about to begin. 4. 过去将来时：表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。e.g.The freshmen wanted to know when the sports meet would start. 5. 现在进行时：表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。e.g.My nephew is having an English class in Beijing Normal University.The workers are building a museum near the stadium.6. 过去进行时：a) 表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断。e.gThe sailor was reading a French novel from seven to nine last night.b) when 和while 的用法e.gWhile John was eating, my brother-in-law walked to him and asked him to lend him $100.When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main buildingc) 表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。e.g.The president was leaving early the next morning.7. 现在完成时：a) 表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。e.g.Jefferson has just turned off the light.、 b) 表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。e.g.The astronaut has been engaged in the research for 30 years. Theyve known each other since childhood. c) 非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since.（过去时）英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。 e.g.It is (has been) an hour since the delegation arrived here. It is 3 years since the diver left Shanghai. d) have (has) been to 和have (has) gone to 的区别 have (has) been to:去过某地（表示某人的一种经历）可和once, twice, often, never, ever连 用。have (has) gone to: e.g.The novelist has gone to the Yellowstone National Park.The novelist has been to the Yellowstone National Park twice. 非延续性动词的用法说明：comee.g.He came here last week.He has come here. be heree.g.He has been here for ten months since last year.arrive: be herediee.g.The professor died last year. The professor has died.be deade.g.The professor has been dead for one year. joine.g.Robert joined the army in 2005.Robert has joined the army.be in the army e.g.Robert has been in the army for two years.Robert has been in the army since 2005.Its (has been) two years since he joined the army. buy e.g.Bob bought the dictionary in May. Bob has bought the dictionary.get, have e.g.Bob has had the dictionary for four months.goe.g.The delegation has gone to Japan.The delegation has been to Japan.be there, be heree.g.The delegation has been in Japan for three years. 8. 过去完成时a) 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。e.g.By the end of last year, the chemist had worked here for five years.b) 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。e.g.The meeting had been on for two hours when we arrived there.c) 在含有as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。e.g.I called him as soon as I got ticket of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. d) 过去完成时常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barely, rarely when，“一就”句型之中，句子倒装。e.g.Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 9. 将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。e.g.By the time the next train arrives, the governor will have left.e.g.The scientist will have finished writing the article by the time you get back.10. 现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时刻一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。e.g.The Rices have been waiting on the platform for ten minutes now without seeing her.历年真题：1. No sooner had she entered the house _ the telephone rang. (2004-4-44)A. when B. than C. as D. while 2. By next year he _ in New York for five years. (2004-11-30) A. has worked B. has been working C. works D. will have worked3By the time you arrive this evening, _ for two hours. (2004-11-41) A. I will study B. I will have been studied C. I had studied D. I will have been studying 4. Since he left the university, he _ in a travel agency. (2006-4-16) A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working 5. Mrs. White became a teacher in 1985. She _ for twenty years by next summer. (2007-11-43) A. will teach B. would have taughtC. has been teaching D. will have been teaching6. In another year or so, you _ all about it. (2008-4-33) A. forget B. would forget C. have forgotten D. will have forgotten 练 习：1. In this experiment, they were wakened several times during the night and asked to report what they _. A. had just been dreaming B. have just been dreaming C. are just dreaming D. had just dreamt2. Not until the game had began _ at the sports ground. A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived3. Until then, his family _ from him for six months. A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard4. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted5. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A. have found B. will be finding C. will have foundD. are finding6. If you smoke in a non-smoking section, people _. A. have objected B. objected C. must object D. will object7. Pick me up at 8 oclock. I _ my bath by then. A. will have had B. will be having C. can have had D. my have8. It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking9. The Browns _ here, but not any more. A. were used to living B. had lived C. used to live D. had been living10. Bobs leg got hurt _ the Purple Mountains. A. While he is climbing up B. while we climbed up C. while he climbed up D. while we were climbing up11. Orlando, a city in Florida, _ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom. A. which is well knownB. well known C. is well-knownD. being well known12. We _ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had13. They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _ their exams.A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing14. Joe fell and hurt himself while he _ tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played 15. One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C. slept D. was sleeping 16. He has _ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into17. The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was on C. has been onD. would be on18. No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. than B. when C. as D. while19. By the end of last month, the workers _ 20,000 trees in the science and technology park. A. had planted B.have planted C. planted D. having been plant 20. By the end of next month, the workers _ two parking lots in this area.A. had built B.have build C. have built D. will have built 21. No sooner had the boss left the company than _. A. it began rain B. it began to raining C. it began to rain D. the weather began to rain22. Hardly had he finished his speech _ the audience started cheering. A. than B.when C.while D. then 23. No sooner had Susan entered the flat _ the doctor knocked at the door. A. when B. than C. as D. while 24. By the time John gets home, his aunt _.A. will have B. leaves C. will have left D. is leavingTranslation：1. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。2. 天文学家们正在北京开会。3. 约翰过去常在河里游泳。 他现在习惯于住在巴黎的郊区。4. 到今年年底，比尔在这个石油公司工作五年了。5. 这个城市的三环路将在国庆节前通车。6. 讲座马上就要开始了。7. 我们大学的校长明天动身去纽约。8. 外宾今晚到达济南。9. 他说他想知道会议何时开始。10. 除了苏珊外，我们班所有的同学都去过迪斯尼乐园了。11. 我表妹一到澳门就给我发email。12. 外出度假的风俗习惯是最近30年形成的。答 案：历年真题：1-5 BDDAD 6 D练 习：1-5 ACDBC 6-10 DADCD 11-15 CDBAD 16-20 CAAAD 21-24 CBBC翻 译：1. He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night2. The astronomers are attending a conference in Beijing.3. John used to swim in the river. He is used to living in the suburb of Paris.4. By the end of this year, Bill will have worked in this oil company for 5 years. 5. The Third-Ring Road of this city is to be open to traffic before the Teachers Day.6. The lecture is about to begin.7. The president of our university is leaving for Greece tomorrow. 8. The agents are arriving in Hong Kong tonight. 9. He said he wanted to know when the conferenc would start.10. All of our classmates have been to the Disneyland except Susan. Many of our classmates have been to the Disneyland besides Susan.11. My cousin emailed me as soon as she arrived at Macao. 12. The custom of going away for ones holiday has grown up during the last thirty years.第二章 被动语态be done vt. e.g. The new products are made in this factory. The new products were made in this factory.The new products have been made in this factory.The new products had been made in this factory.The new products are being made in this factory. The new products were being made in this factory.The new products will be made in this factory.The new products would be made in this factory.特殊例句：1. 含有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子He gave me a book. I was given a book. 或 A book was given to me.2. 短语动词的被动语态由动词+副词、动词+介词或动词+副词+介词构成的短语动词也可以构成被动结构，但要把它们看作整体，副词或介词通常不能与动词分开或省略。e.g. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed the exam. The meeting has been put off. The children are well looked after in our kindergarten. The doctor has been sent for.3. 情态动词的被动语态:构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。e.g. The new products can be made in this factory.The work must be finished before lunch.Nothing can be seen from here. 4. 用主动表示被动:常用的及物动词有：want, need, require（此句型主语大多为物）e.g. The door needs painting. The door needs to be painted.历年真题：1. Pierre often makes himself _ by gesturing with his hands. (2004-11-45) A. to understand B. understanding C. to be understoodD. understood 2. He _ when the bus came to a sudden stop. (2005-4-33)A. was almost hurtB. was almost to hurt himselfC. was almost hurt himselfD. was almost hurting himself 3. The goods _ when we arrived at the airport. (2006-4-22) A. were just unloading B. were just been unloading C. had just unloaded D. were just being unloaded4. To succeed in a scientific experiment, _. (2005-11-17) A. one needs being patient person B. patience is to need C. one needs to be patient D. patience is what needed 5. _, a form must be filled in. (2006-4-32) A. If you want to get this job B. In order to get this job C. Making request for this job D. To ask for this job6. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (2008-4-29) A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered练 习：1. A great deal of research _ into the possible causes of cancer in recent years. A. has been done B. have been done C. have doing D. have done2. Much of London _ by fire in the seventeenth century. A. be destroyed B. were destroyed C. being destroyed D. was destroyed3. Three hundred houses _ by the end of next year. A. will have been built B .will be build C. will have been build D. will have built4. She was told that the examination _ on next Friday. A. will be give B. would be given C. would have been given D. will given 5. Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _if we leave it here. A. will be fined B. will fined C. will be fine D. will being fiend 6. The goods _ when we arrived at the airport. A. have spoken B. had just unloaded C. have been unloaded D. had just been unloaded7. John will have to go to work by bus as his car _. A. being repaired Bbe being repaired C. is being repaired D. is repaired8. English _ in many countries of the world. A. be spoken B. is spoke C. is being spokenD. is spoken9. This matter _ seriously. A. has never been considered B. has never been consider C. has never been considering D. having never 10. More experts _ to assist in the work next week. A. will be send B. will sent C.will be sent D.will being sent11. These assignments _ independently. A. must be finish B. must be finished C. must being finished D. must be finishes 12. When the power station _, thousands of people took part in the work.A. is being constructed B.was being constructed C. is constructed D. was constructed13. I think much attention _ to your pronunciation. A. must be paid B. must paying C. must pay D. must paid14. The policeman warned us that the old bridge _ away by the floods but he said that a temporary one _ soon. A. had been sweept, would be built B. has been swept, would be built C. had been swept, would be build D.had been swept, would be built15. If one _ by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance. A. is overcomed B. is overcome C. is overcame D. being overcome16. My room is in a mess. It needs _. A. to be tidying upB. tidying up C. to tidy up D. tidied upTranslation：1. 我们请人把机器修好了。2. 人们已要求牧师请人把这棵树砍掉,但到现在他一直拒绝接受这个要求。3. 上个月教练要求我们每天爬山。4. 这家公司每年生产各种各样的玩具，其中大部分销往海外。5. 货物必须九月底以前装运。6. 电视广告通常一遍又一遍地重复播放。7. 这位心理学家使用了一种特殊的仪器来研究短时记忆。8. 有人建议他练习说英语。9. 孩子们在幼儿园受到保育员很好的照顾。10. 这个博物馆是由福特博士在1998年从哈佛大学毕业后设计的。答 案：历年真题：1-5 DADCA 6 A 练 习：1-5 ADABA 6-10 DCDAC 11-15 BBADB 16 B翻 译：1. We have had the machine repaired.2. The priest has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused to accept the requirement.3. Last month, we were made to go climbing every day by our coach / our coach made us go climbing every day. 4. All kinds of toys are produced / made in this factory every year and many of them are sold abroad. 5. The goods must be shipped before the end of September.6. Television ads are usually repeated over and over again.7. A special apparatus was used by the psychologist to study short-term memory. 8. He was advised to practise speaking English.9. The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten by the nurses.10. The museum was designed by Dr. Ford after his graduation from Harward in 1998.第三章 非谓语动词非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。I. 动词不定式：在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、补足语、状语和定语。1. 动词不定式作主语e.g.To talk with him is a waste of time. It is a great pleasure to talk with him. To swim across the river is very dangerous for a young boy like him.2. 动词不定式作表语e.g.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.My job is raising pigs What we should do next is to discuss the problem.3. 动词不定式作宾语常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有decide, fail, know, plan, promise, refuse, want,wish, e.g.The athlete has decided to get the work done ahead of schedule. The mechanic promised not to tell anyone about it. The clerk told me that he wanted to study computer science abroad the next year.4. 动词不定式作宾补三个使役动词have, let,make，五个感官动词feel, hear, notice, see, watch,和help。e.g.Your mother wont let you play basketball after lunch. Jack would have me wait for him at the gate of the park.The professor heard the students read the text loudly in the classroom before class and then he praised them in class.The students were heard to read the text loudly in the classroom by the professor before class and then he praised them in class.The little boy is fat and his father makes him run on the playground every morning.The little boy is made to run on the playground every morning.5. 动词不定式作状语e.g.To get the ticket, the football fans got up very early and went to cinema by taxi. The dentist hurried to the post office only to find that she had forgotten to bring the letter. To earn more money for his family, Robert sells newspapers in his spare time. I am pleased to receive your letter of May 21st . Jim is too