高二英语教材知识点总结及重难点解析Unit13-14.docVIP

高考网 高二英语教材知识点总结及重难点解析Unit13-14重点句型1. Life in the oceans range from the tiniest plants all the way up to giants like sharks and whales.2. Water is actually quite simple, but the way the water molecule is formed gives water its unique properties.3. They form a polar molecule, that is, one with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end.4. The salinity of the earths oceans is about thirty-five parts per thousand, meaning that there are about 35 grammes of dissolved solids and gases in one kilo of water.5. Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree centigrade.6. Water, which seems ,so simple and common, is what makes life possible.7. Freedom fighters can be found everywhere and they are of all times.8. From the late eighteenth century to well into the nineteenth century different people struggled for their rights. 重点词汇1. sailor n. 水手2. transport n. & vt. 运输3. range vi.& n. 变动4. hydrogen n. 氢5. oxygen n. 氧气6. relative adj. 相对的7. solid n. 固体8. freezing adj. 冰冻的9. pure adj. 纯净的10. relationship n. 关系11. float v. 漂浮12. decrease vi. 变小13. centigrade adj. 摄氏温度的14. absorb vt. 吸收15. stable adj. 稳定的16. steady adj. 平稳的17. trust vt. 信任18. nursery n. 保育院19. freedom n. 自由20. civil adj. 国内的，公民的21. murder vt. & n. 谋杀22. revolution n. 革命23. slavery n. 奴隶制24. soul n. 灵魂25. arrest vt. 逮捕26. race n. 人种；赛跑27. marriage n. 结婚28. forbid vt. 禁止，不许29. political adj. 政治的30. demand vt. & n. 要求31. lawyer n. 律师32. act n. 法令33. politics n. 政治34. religion n. 宗教35. independence n. 独立36. abolish vt. 废除37. chapter n. 篇 重点短语1. benefit from 从得益2. all the way 一直3. take advantage of 利用4. give off 释放5. a variety of 种类繁多的6. put.in prison 把投入监狱7. join hands 联手8. set an example to 为树立榜样9. from then on 从那时起10. start with 以开始11. regardless of 不顾12. at first sight 乍一看13. call in 召集 交际用语1. What is it that makes the ocean such a great place to live?2. The nutrients is whatever falls into the ocean will quickly become available to other living things.3. What happened first was that .4. One of the reasons why . is .5. . is often followed by . 词汇短语6. absorb v. 1) 吸收 Use the cbth to absorb the ink. 用布吸干墨水。 She is a good student and absorbed new ideas quickly. 她是一个好学生，吸收新思想很快。 2) 常用被动，be absorbed in全神贯注于；专心致志 His business absorbed him. / He is absorbed in his business. 他专心处理业务。 fabsorbing = very interesting 非常吸引人的；引人入胜的 absorbed (人) 精神集中的 absorbent 能吸收水分等的1. benefit vi. 受益 n. 益处 1) benefit from / by sth. = receive benefit from 受益 于；得益 Who will benefit from the old mans death? 那位老人死后谁将是受益人? He hasnt benefited from the experience. 他虽有体验却无长进。 2) benefit vt. 使受益；有利于；有益于 = do good to, to be useful to Such foolish behaviour will not benefit your case. 这种愚蠢的行为不会对你的情况有利。 3) n. 优越条件；利益；好处，相当于“pmfit, advantage, good effect”，通常与以下例句中所示的动 词及介词连用。 She had the benefit of a good education. 她受过良好的教育，这是她的优越之处。 It is of great benefit to everyone. 这对于每个人都有极大的好处。 Because of illness, she didnt get much benefit from her stay abroad. 她呆在国外因病而没得到多大的收获。【考点1】benefit的用法搭配： benefit from 从中受益 for the benefit of 为了某人的利益句型： be of (great / much) benefit to.= be (very) bene ficial to 对有利有益benefit sb / sth 使获益【考例1】The book is of _ benefit _ us. A. great; for B. much; for C. very; beneficial D. great; to考查目标考查搭配与运用。答案与解析D be of (great / much) beneit to.=be (very) beneficial to 表示“对有利有益”。13. demand v. & n. 要求，需要 1) n. 要求，需要 It is impossible to satisfy all demands. 有求必应是不可能的。 Teachers are in great demand in this area. 在这个地区很需要教师。 2) v. 要求，需要 I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要约翰马上去那儿。 This work demands your patience. 这项工作需要你的耐心。【考点3】demand的用法搭配： supply and demand 供需 refuse / reject ones demand(s) 拒绝某人的要求 satisfy / meet / fulfill ones demand(s) 满足某人的 要求 demand a reasonable (an immediate) explanation / answer 要求合理(立即)解释答复 make strict demands on sb in sth 严格要求某人= be strict with sb in sth 句型： sb demand to do sth 要求做某事 sb demand that主语 + (should) do sth 要求某人做 某事 sb demand of sb to do sth = demand ones doing sth 要求某人做某事 make the demand that主语 + (should) do sth 要求 某人做某事 sb. demand sth of / from sb (不容否定地)向某人要 求某事某物 sth demand sth 需要 sb / sth be in great / high demand (in sp.)(某地)急 需 There is much / a great / no demand for sb / sth (in sp.) 某地急需不需要辨析：demand；require两词均意为“需要，需求”，但demand指大胆地、权威性地要求对方或自己认为有权利向某人提供某物或提出做某事其后不接动名词，可接名词或不定式，被要求人小直接作demand的宾语。require指因有需要或有权要求某物或做某事。含有权威性和公正性的语气。【Ir指根据事物内在原因提出的要求。demand，require后接宾语从句时都要用虚拟语气。 友情提示：(1) 禁止使用demand sb to do sth 结构。(2)“某地急需”还可表达为 sth be in great need in sp. sb / sp. be in great need of sth sp. is short of sth 紧缺【考例3l She _ us to go there at once. A. demanded B. hoped C. required D. refused考查目标 动词的常见结构及用法。答案与解析C demand和hope，refuse都只能直接接to如作宾语，而不接sb to do sth结构。【考点9】discuss的用法 构词：discussion讨论；议论；辩论；论述；商议 搭配： discuss sth in groups 分组讨论某事 (be) under discussion (作表语或后置定语) = (be) being discussed (正)在讨论巾 take part in a discussion (on sth)参加(某事的)讨论句型： discuss sth (with sb) (和某人)讨论某事 discuss (with sb) wh- + to do sth / wh- + clause / how sth should be done discuss doing sth 讨论干某事 Discussion(s) be going on among sb about sth 某人 就某事展开了讨论 sth come up for discussion 某事(被)提出讨论 have / hold a (+形容词) discussion about / on / o- ver sth (with sb) (和某人)如何讨论有关某事常见形容词有heated (热烈)，hot (热烈)，stormy (激烈的)，further (进一步)，friendly (友好)，long (长时间)，much (多)，brief (简短的)，full (充分的)；haveanother discussion about / on sth 再次讨论有关某事友情提示：discuss是及物动词，后面不能再跟about，但用名词discussion表达讨论某事时，则必须跟about或on.【考例9】After the meeting，you should _ aboutthe topic of the subject with the famous scientist. A. discuss B. quarrel C. debate D. fight考查目标 考查动词的词义与辨析。答案与解析A discuss 表示“讨论”；quarrel表示“争吵”；debate 表示“争辩”；fight 表示“打斗”。【考点lO】end的用法 构词： ending n. 结尾；结局 endless adj. 无穷尽的；无休止的 endlessly adv. 无穷尽地；无休止地 搭配： at the end (of) 在最后；在尽头 end up 结束；终结；告终 end up with 以告终 end in success / failure 以成功失败而告终 put an end to sth (=end sth) 结束 sth come to an end (= sth end) 结束了 sth draw to an end 接近尾声 bring sth to an end 使结束 call for / demand an end to sth 要求结束 in the end 最后；终于 at the end 最后 at the end of + (时间段或地点名词) 在末尾 by the end of 到为止(强调时间的段) at the other end of. 在的那一头 at either end of 在(两者)的任一头 fight to the end 战斗到底 句型： by the end of + 过去时间(主语 + had + pp.); by the end of + 将来时间(主语 + will have + pp.) sth end (up) with.；sb end up.with. 以结束 sth end (= sth be over). 结束了 end sth 结束辨析：complete；end；finish该组词均有“完成，结束，终止”之意。但end为普通用词，指一种活动因达到目的而自然结束或因某一原因突然终止，可以用来作业、演讲、争论、旅行、战争或生命等的结束、终止。还可用作名词。finish为常用词，指完成一件事或一个动作，强调圆满地结束已着手的事情，可与名词、动名词搭配，但不能与不定式搭配。complete正式用语。与finish基本同义。着重指完成预定的任务多用来指完成整个计划、工程系统。一个作家可以说 complete 或 finish (写完) 他的小说，而一个读者只能说 finish (读完) 一本小说。complete 可以表示使某事物完善，补足缺少的部分，使之成为一个整体。而 finish 则不能。例如：He ended his letter with good wishes to the family. 他以向全家问好结束他的信。He has finished writing a speech. 他写好了一篇发言稿。He completed the whole job in two days. 他用两天时间做完了全部工作。【考例10】(2003上海春招) By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ ln Beijing. A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed考查目标 考查时态的具体运用。答案与解析D By the end of last year 暗示要使用过去完成时态。11. equal adj. n. & v. 1) adj. (the same in size, amount, number, degree, etc.) (大小、数量、数目、程度等) 相等的；同样的。常 与to或with连用。 There should be equal pay for equal work. 同工应同酬。 2) n. (person or thing equal to another) 相等的人或 物；匹敌；相等物。 Is he your equal in strength? 他的力气和你一样大吗? Let x be the equal of 6, then 3x is 18. 设x与6相等，那么3x与18相等。 Mix with your equals or betters. 与同你相等或比你好的人相交。 3) vt. be equal to 等于；使相等。 He equals me in strength but not in intelligence. 他和我力气相等，但智力不等。 If x equals 7, then 4x equals 28. 设x等于7，那么4x等于28。9. forbid vt. forbid 是一个不规则动词(forbad / forbade, forbidden)，其词义为order (sb.) not to do sth.； order that sth. should not be done; not allow 禁止；不 许。forbid 的常见用法有： 1) forbid 后跟复合结构。 My parents forbid me to stay out at night. 我的父母不许我在外面过夜。 2) forbid 后跟名词或代词作宾语。 The government decided to forbid the meeting. 政府决定禁止这次集会。 3) forbid 后跟动名词作宾语。 The manager forbids smoking during office hours. 经理不许上班时抽烟。4. freezing 1) adj. 极冷的，冰冻的 On a freezing night the old man was found dead. 在一个冰冷的夜晚，人们发现那个老人死了。 2) adv. 极冷地，冰冻地 It is freezing cold outside. 3) n. 冰点，凝固点 It was five degrees below freezing. 温度是零下5度。 The air temperature was now well above freezing. 气温高出冰点好多度。【考点4】happen的用法 搭配：happen onupon偶然发现 句型： sth happen (不能用于被动语态)发生某事 sth happen to sb / sth 某人出发生了某事 sb happen + 不定式(不定式可根据时间关系选用to do sth；to be + n. / adj. / adv. / prep. phrase；to be doing sth；to have done sth。其否定形式可在 happen前加dont或didnt，也可在不定式前加not) 碰巧 Do you happen to know.? 你可知道? It (so) happened that clause 碰巧 as it happens 碰巧；偶然 whatever happens 无论发生什么情况 There happened to be. 碰巧有辨析：happen；take place；occur；come about该组词均表示“发生”，均为不及物动词或动词短语。该组词均含“发生”之意，但happen多指具体的、不可预料的事情的发生，强调偶然性，表示具体事情的发生时可与occur互换。另外happe还有“碰巧”之意。takeplace意为“发生，举行”，多指预先计划或预料之中的事情，没有偶然性。occur用法较正式，即可指自然发生，也可指有意安排，常与happen换用，但更强调突然性。come about往往注重事情发生的原因，常与how连用。例如：No matter what happens，you should keep calm. 无论发生什么事，你都要保持冷静。ln 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.1919年，中国发生了“五四”运动。Dont let the mistake occur again. 别让这样的错误再次发生。Tell me how the accident came about. 告诉我这起事故是怎样发生的。【考例4】(2004辽宁)l dont know whether you happen_, but Im going to study in the U. S. A. thisSeptember. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard考查目标 非谓语动词在语境中的时态中的运用。答案与解析D happen后面必须接动词不定式，而t ohave heard 强调影响和结果。【考点1l】kind 的用法 构词： unkind adj. 不仁慈的；刻薄的；无情的；不亲切的 kindness n. 仁慈；善良；和蔼，慈祥；好意 kindly adj. 亲切的；友善的；友好的，和蔼的 kindly adv. 和蔼地；仁慈地；亲切地 kind-hearted adj. 好心(肠)的；仁慈的 kindliness n. 好心；仁慈搭配： a kind of 一种；一类；可以说是 all kinds of 各种各样的 kind of 有点儿；几分 be (very / so) kind to sb. 对某人(非常)友好；对某人 (非常)和蔼 out of kindness 出于好意句型： sb be (very) kind to do sth 多谢某人做某事 Its (very) kind of sb to do sth 多谢某人做某事 Thats (very) kind of sb 某人真太好了 Will / Would you be so kind as to do sth? Will / Would you be kind enough to do sth? Will / Would you kindly do sth? Will / Would you have the kindness to do sth? Please have the kindness to do sth? Will / Would you (please) do sth?以上均为邀请或请求对方做某事的表达。 What kind of + 单数名词?哪一种?辨析：kind；sort；type三者都是名词，都有“种类”的意思。kind是指属于同种类的东西，有极相似的特质。sort表示比较笼统、模糊的大体上相似的东西。在实际使用时，两者没有什么区别。type表示“类型”，比较具体、肯定。例如：What sort of book do you want? 你要一本什么样的书?We have bought some new types of planes. 我们买了几种新型飞机。【考例11】_ to have invited us to the party.A. They will be very kindB. Its very kind for themC. Its very kind of themD. Its very kind that they考查目标考查句型。答案与解析C Its very kind of sb. to do sth 某人做某事真是太好了。表示人的性质或特征要用介词o，。【考点8】mean 的用法 构词： meaning n. 意义；意思，含义 meaningful adj. 有意义的；意义深远的 meaningless adj. 无意义的 搭配： be meant to 必须；不得不 be meant for sth 注定适于某种用途 mean no harm 不怀恶意 mean what sb say 说话算数 句型： sb mean to do sth 打算干；意欲干 sb meant to do / have done sth = sb had meant t0 do sth 某人本打算干 didnt mean to do sth 不是故意干某事的；本不想干 某事的 mean doing 意味着 mean sb to do sth 打算要某人做某事 mean sth / that意思；表明；表示 I see what you mean. 我明白知道你的意思。 What do you mean by (doing) sth? 是什么意 思? What does.mean? = Whats the (English / Chi nese) meaning of.? = Whats.in English / Chi nese? = Whats the English / Chinese for.? = What do you call.in English / Chinese? = How do you say / express.in English / Chinese? 英语汉 语是什么意思? It means (that) clause 那就意味着 Do you mean to say (that)? 你的意思是? You mean. 你的意思是说【考例8】2001京、皖春招- Why havent you bought any butter?- I _ to but I forgot about it A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected考查目标 本题考查mean的词义。答案与解析C mean后跟不定式的时候意思是“打算做某事”。在简答句中用mean to。【考点5】provide的用法句型： provide sb sth 提供 provide sb. with sth 给某人提供某物 provide sth for sb. 给某人提供某物 provide that. 规定 providing that. 如果，倘若辨析：give；offer；provide；supply该组词均有“供给，供应”之意，它们之间的主要区别在结构上。 give 常见结构有：give sb. sth = give sth to sb； offer 强调“主动提供”。常见结构有：offer sth；offer sb sth = offer sth to sb；offer to do sth provide 常见结构有：provide sth；provide sb sth； provide + 供应品for + 人或机构；provide + 人或 机构with + 供应品； supply常见结构有：supply + 人或机构 with + 供应 品；supply + 供应品 to / for + 人或机构；be sup plied with sth 装配着The trip in the U. Sgave me great pleasure. 美国之行使我非常快乐。He offered me his help. = He offered his help to me. =He offered to help me. = He made an offer to help me.= He made an offer of help to me. 他主动提出要帮我。The school provides the children with breakfast. = Theschool provides the children breakfast. = The schoolprovides breakfast for the children. 学校向孩子们提供早餐。The government supplied money and clothes to the peppie in the flooded area free of charge. 政府向灾区人民免费提供钱款和衣物。 友情提示：当牵涉到金钱时，provide往往意味着“免费供给供应”，而supply则不明确，一般说来“给某人提供某物”时须给钱。【考例5】The villagers provided the soldiers _ food. means The villagers provided food _ thesoldiers. A. with; with B. for; for C. with; for D. for; with考查目标 考查动词固定短语的搭配。答案与解析C provide sb with sth = provide sthfor sb.2. range v. & n. 1) v. 在范围内变化；变动 Prices range from 5 dollars to 10 dollars. 价格自五美元至十美元不等。 The increase ranged from several to several dozen times. 增长几倍至几十倍不等。 2) n. 行列，范围 We discussed a very wide range of questions at the meeting. 会上我们讨论了十分广泛的问题。【考点2】range 的用法搭配： range of vision 视野 a range of buildings 一排排建筑物 within range 在范围内 out of range 在范围外；在射程外【考例2】(2001上海)- Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?- No, its out of _. A. range Breach C. control D. distance考查目标考查固定搭配。答案与解析A 没能射到鸟的原因是鸟在射程外(out of range)。12. separate a. & vt. 1) separate 可用作形容词，意思是“单独的；分开 的”。 The children sleep in separate beds. 孩子们都睡在各自的床上。 They lead separate lives. 他们各自单独生活。 2) separate 还可用作动词，意思是“(使事物或人与 人)分离；分开”，常与介词 from 搭配。 This patient should be separated from the others. 这个病人应该隔离。 England is separated from France by the Channel. 英国和法国之间隔着英吉利海峡。【考点7】speak的用法构词： speaker n. 说话人；演讲人，演说家；演说者；扬声器； 喇叭 loudspeaker = speaker 扬声器；喇叭 speech n. 演说；演讲 spoken adj. 口头的 English-speaking (countries / secretary) 说英语的 (国家秘书)；spoken English 英语口语 搭配： speak of / about sb / sth 谈到，提及，谈及，谈论 speak to / with sb (about sth) 对某人讲某事，与某 人谈某事 speak out (尤指沉默后)大胆公开地说出来 speak loudly = speak in a loud voice 大声地说 speak / tell the truth 说实话；讲真话 speak English 说英语 speak very well / highly of 称赞；赞扬 speak ill / poorly of 说某人坏话对某人评价不好 speak ones mind 说心里话；直言不讳；坦率地说出自 己的想法 so to speak 可谓，可以说 speak on TV to sb 在电视上对某人讲话 speak on / over the radio 在收音机中讲话 speak at the meeting 在会上发言 generally / properly / frankly / strictly / exactly / honestly speaking 一般大体坦白严格精确诚实 说来 常用电话用语- Who is that (speaking)?- This is(speaking). = .speaking.- Whos that? 你是哪位?- This is Mary speaking. 我是玛丽。May / Could / Can I speak to.? 请找接电话好吗? 友情提示：后接(某种)语言时为及物动词。其余多为不及物动词。【考例7】(NMET 1995)- What did you think of her speech?- She _ for one hour but didnt _ much. A. spoke; speak B. spoke; say C. said; speak D. said; say考查目标 考查动词的辨析与搭配。答案与解析B speak表示说话的能力，可以用作vt./vi.；say sth (to sb.) 表示“对某人说”。10. speech speech 用作可数名词时，意为“演说”(talk or address given in public)。 搭配 make / deliver / give a speech 发言；演说 He made a very boring after-dinner speech. 他在宴会后的讲话很枯燥。 speech 作不可数名词用时，意为“语言；说话的能力； 方式”等 (power, manner, act of speaking)。 It is said that speech is silver while silence is gold. 人们说占语是银，沉默是金。8. trust vt. & vi. 相信；信任，信赖；有信心 Dont trust him-hes not telling the truth. 不要相信他，他说的不是真话。 We trust him because we know he has never deceived anyone. 我们信任他，因为我们知道他从来没有欺骗过任何人。【考点6】wait的用法 构词： waiter n. (餐厅)男服务员；侍者 waitress n. (餐厅)女服务员；(女)侍者 waiting room n. 候车室；候诊室；候机室 await v. 等待 (比wait正式) 搭配： wait for sb. / sth 等待等候某人某物 wait ones + n. 等待 wait ones turn 等待轮到某人 wailt ones chance / opportunity / time / hour等待时 机 wait ones arrival 等待某人的到来 wait ones convenience 等到方便时 wait on / upon sb 伺候；服侍；侍候 wait in line 排队等候 wait a minute 等一下 句型： have a long wait for. 长时间等 wait to do sth 等着做某事 wait for sb. / sth to do sth 等待某人某物干某事 Wait and see. 等着看；你很快就会知道明白清楚的 cant wait to do sth 希望；盼望；急于想干某事；迫不 及待地十某事；一心想干某事【考例6】(2004北京) _ in the queue for half anhour. Tom suddenly realized that he had left his walletat home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited考查目标考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。答案与解析C Having waited 的动作发生在谓语动词realized之前。牛刀小试 l用所给单词的适当形式填空：(act, benefit, wait, happen, speak, mean)1. - What has _ to him, do you know? -I hope nothing has happened to my friend.2. However late he i