大学英语精读第四册教案U2.doc

Unit 2 Deer and the Energy Cycle Lead-in1. Word Web Directions: What words will occur to you whenever we mention the word “energy”？Write down as many words as possible about it.2. Warm-up Exercises Directions: Watch the video and write down the kinds of energy mentioned. Tips: flowing water, wind, fossil, solar, chemical reaction, nuclearMICRO-HYDRO: Small-scale systems tap the energy of flowing water. These are not to be confused with big dam projects which totally transform ecosystems, wreaking environmental havoc.WINDPOWER : An ancient source undergoing a revival with modern turbine technology FOSSIL FUELS : Derived from long-dead organic and animal matter. Oil, coal, and natural gas are all fossil fuels. SOLAR ENERGY: The suns power can be harnessed in various ways: by using photovoltaic cells to generate electricity directly; by using thermal collectors to make steam to generate electricity; by using passive solar materials that maximize or retain the suns heat. BIOMASS: Biomass is vegetal or organic material including dung and plants and biofuels are the solid or liquid or gaseous fuels that derive from it. Wood, methane and alcohol are all biofuels. NUCLEAR ENERGY: Currently produced by “fission”. An atom is split using uranium and the heat produced drives steam turbines to generate electricity. 3. A Quiz4. An English SongDirections: Listen to the song and fill in the blanks. Green, Green Grass of HomeThe old home town looks the same,As I step down from the train. And there to meet me is my mamma and my papa.Down the road I look, and there runs Mary,Hair of gold and lips like cherries ,Its good to touch the green green grass of home. Yes, theyll all come to meet me, Arms a-reachinsmiling sweetly ,Its good to touch the green, green grass of home.The old house is still standing, Though the paint is cracked and dry,And theres that old oak tree, That I used to play on.Down the lane, Ill walk with my sweet Mary, Hair of gold and lips like cherries.Its good to touch the green, green grass of home.Then I awake and look around me, At the four gray walls that surround me,And I realize. Yes I was only dreaming , For theres a guard and theres a sad old padre, Arm in arm, well walk at daybreak, Again Ill touch the green, green grass of home.Yes theyll all come to see me in the shade of that old oak tree, As they lay me meet the green, green grass of home.Background Info1. Deer Directions: Listen to the following passage，write down the words you think important, then retell the story according to what youve heard.There are about 100 different kinds of deer. Some live in grasslands. Others live in forests. The female deer becomes pregnant annually in late autumn, producing one to three young in late spring or early summer. The normal lifespan is 15 to 20 years.2. Energy CrisisDirections: Listen to the following passage，write down the words youve heard.Energy crisis refers to a critical shortage in the supply of energy-producing fuels, such as gas, oil, and coal. During the early 1970s, the demand for petroleum increased sharply, and Western countries depended heavily on imported supplies . The situation became worse during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, when the Arab nations reduced to the United States and other countries that supported Israel, causing an acute energy shortage in these countries during the winter of 1973 to 1974.3. Ecological System (Ecosystem)Directions: Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the help of the words given below.Effects, ecosystem, harmful insects, natural enemies, factors, drive away, farmland, lake, multiplyA system is made up of a group of living organisms and their physical environment, and the relationship between them. A pond, a lake, a forest or an ocean may be an ecosysem . An ecosystem includes such factors as food supply, weather and natural enemies .Any change in environment has far-reaching effects on living things. The clearing of a forest, for example, may drive away birds and affect drainage (排水). Without birds to keep harmful insects under control, the insects multiply and may do serious damage to crops. Without trees to hold back rain water, erosion may set in and ruin farmland.ScanningDirections: Scan the text and discuss in pairs, list the facts about the life of deer in four seasons. 1. summer: eat as much as they can, storing the excess in the form of fat; active in growing, reproducing or storing fat adult males: grow antlers and get fatadult females: give birth to young; produce milkfawns: become less dependent on their mothers milk and begin to search for growing plants as food2. fall: continue to eat high quality food in order to deposit fat for the winter3. winter: reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and lower their metabolism; use the reserves of fat to survive the cold winter4. spring: become active againPassage AnalyzepartslinesMain ideas11-6It is energy, not love or money, that makes the world go round. 2 7-70Take the deer as an example to explain the life of wild animals round the year and how they can survive during the hard times in winter.371-74Life depends on energy, thus the cycle continues. Writing StyleThe article is both an expository and argumentative writing. The author puts forward the topic in the first paragraph (LL.16) i.e. “Energy makes the world go round.” In the following paragraphs (LL.770) the author develops the topic by describing in great detail the life of deer in four seasons and various means by which they survive the hard times in winter. These evidences show that life depends on energy. This is true to human beings as well as animals. By making a comparison (LL.5162) between mankind and white-tailed deer in North America, the author wants to lead us to pay more attention the importance of conserving the energy. And also the author develops the article by using the writing techniques such as exemplification (LL.1870), cause and effect (LL.717, LL.5162, LL.7174), comparison (LL.5162), classification (LL.2937), etc.The last paragraph is a conclusion, i.e. “Life depends on energy, thus the cycle continues.”Blank FillingSome persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isnn of love; its money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.Questions and Answers1. How do wild animals survive the hard times in winter?They eat as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and the fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce.2. What is the best time for milk production? The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available.3. What is the use of fat deer accumulate in summer and fall? Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes are difficult to reach because of deep snow.4. What changes take place in deer when winter draws near? Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker.5. What further safeguard does nature provide to help deer survive the winter? They have an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy.6. What changes take place in deers behavior when they lower their metabolism? Their behavior changes from more activities in summer and fall to less as winter progresses.7. What will happen to deer if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for a long time?Some will die.8. What is the fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animals? Only the largest and strongest are likely to survive the survival of the fittest.What conclusion does the author supply? Life depends on energy, and thus the cycle continues.TEXTIs there anything we can learn from deer? During the “energy crisis” of 19731974 the writer of this essay was living in northern Minnesota and was able to observe how deer survive when winter arrives. The lessons he learns about the way deer conserve energy turn out applicable to our everyday life.Deer and the Energy CycleSome persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isnt love; its money（另一些并不那么罗曼蒂克而更为注重实际的人则说，不是爱情，而是金钱。）.1. What does the sentence mean? Other people who are more practical say that it is money not love that makes the world go around. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive.（能量是生态系统的货币，只有当食物转变为能量，能量再用来获取更多的食物以供生长、繁殖和生存，生命才成为可能） On this cycle all life depends. It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce（差不多众所周知，野生动物得以年复一年地生存下去，主要依靠在夏秋生长旺季尽量多吃，将多余的部分以脂肪的形式储存起来，然后到了冬天食物稀少的艰难时期，就用这些储备的脂肪来维持生命。）. 1. What does “the time of plenty” mean? When there are plenty of food supply, such as summer and fall. 2. What is the grammatical function of “eating , storing , and then using ” ? They are paralleled phrases used as objects of preposition “by”. 3. Translate the sentence into Chinese.But, it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.turn of mind: adj. a characteristic tendency or way of thinkingHe has an optimistic turn of mind.因为他的想法奇怪，行为也和别人极为不同。With a very peculiar turn of mind, he behaves very differently from anyone else.convert into: 1) change into One last effort converted defeat into victory.The hotel has been converted into an office building.2) cause (a person) to change his beliefs, etc.他们已经改信佛教。They have converted to Buddhism.Collocation:convert from （使）改变; 改变原来对的信仰convert to （使）改变; 改变原来对的信仰in turn: 1) in due course or succession He that shuts Love out, in turn shall be shut out from Love. (Tennyson)将爱拒之门外的人，反过来会被爱拒之门外。（丁尼生）2) one after another He has applied for various positions in turn as an agent, an accountant and a sales manager.我们依次看望了每一个老朋友。We visited each old friend in turn.Collocation: by turns 轮流地；交替地out of turn 不依照顺序地take a turn 起变化at the turn (of the century) 在（世纪） 交替时期excess: n. 1) the part that is more than necessary An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing.饮食中脂肪过量能导致心脏病。An excess of fat in ones diet can lead to heart disease.2) going beyond the normal or accepted limitsLuggage in excess of 100 kg will be charged extra. 暴饮暴食无益于健康。Excess at table is seldom healthful.3) behavior that goes too far; violence He drinks to excess. 他的过分行为导致了离婚。His excesses led to the divorce.Collocation:in excess of 超过 to excess过度；过量reserve: 1. n. 1) sth. kept for later use 有些动物在秋季储备大量的食物，以防冬季挨饿。Some animals keep a great reserve of food in fall to keep from starving in winter.To make full use of vast reserves of talent is of great importance.2) a piece of land kept for a (stated) purpose Laws and regulations are made to protect the wildlife reserves.他在自然保护区拍了很多狮子的照片。He took a lot of photos of the lions in the nature reserves.2. vt. keep for special purposeI reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters.这些座位是留给贵宾的。These seats are reserved for special guests.Collocation: in reserve被留待后用 without reserve毫无保留地，无条件地CF：reserve, preserve & conserve 这三个动词均有“保持，保存”之意。reserve 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。preserve 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。conserve 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。Directions:Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. You can preserve meat or fish in salt. 2. If you get there early, reserve me a seat. 3. People tried to keep the thermostat lower to conserve energy. 4. It is one of the duties of the police to preserve public order. 5. Im not being lazy Im just conserving my strength for later. 6. I reserve judgment on this issue until we have more information. scarce: adj.1) insufficient to meet a demand or requirement; short in supplyFresh vegetables were scarce during the drought.第二次世界大战期间，黄油奇缺，要定量配给。During World War II, butter was scarce and was rationed.2) not easy to find or obtain; rareFood and clean water were becoming scarce.这书现在很难找到。This book is now scarce.CF: scarce, rare & uncommon这三个形容词均含“稀罕的，很少发生”之意。scarce 指暂时不易发现、不存在或数量不足，供不应求的东西。rare 指难得发生的事或难遇见的人或事，侧重特殊性。uncommon 指一般不发生或很少发生的事情，故显得独特、异常与例外。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. 1. Its not uncommon for people to become ill when they travel. 2. It was wartime and food was scarce. 3. The museum is full of rare and precious treasures. 4. Good food is scarce in winter, and costs a lot. 5. Accidents due to failure of safety equipment are uncommon nowadays. A good case in point is the white-tailed deer.Paraphrase this sentence. A good example of what is being talked about is the white-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her bodys needs but also to produce milk for her fawns.（一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，它必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁） 1. What does “a physically mature female deer in good condition” mean in this sentence? It refers to a healthy and adult or fully-grown deer. 2. What is the grammatical function of “not only to but also to ”? These two infinitive phrases are used as adverbials of purpose.The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process it requires a lot of food.Paraphrase this sentence. It is well-chosen time, because producing milk is a process of using up energy and it also needs a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources. a good case in point: a good example of what is being talked aboutHe is rather selfish. His unwillingness to help his brother is a good case in point. Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a case in point.Collocation: in case以防；如果；倘若 in case of倘使in any case无论如何in no case决不 mature: adj.1) fully grown and developed A monkey is mature in the age of 5 to 7. 果实已经成熟了。 The fruits are mature.2) typical of a fully developed mind, controlled feelings, etc.; sensible He is quite politically mature. 这孩子的判断力随着她年龄的增长而变得成熟。The childs judgment matures as she grows older. 1) become pregnant with (young) conceive: vt. 1) become pregnant with (young) Our first child was conceived in March and born in December.2) form (an idea, plan, etc.) in the mind; think of; imagine We never conceived that there are such beautiful lakes until we came here. 她认为这样做是她的职责。She conceived it her duty to do so.NB: conceive 还可以作不及物动词,构成短语 “ conceive of（构想出,设想）”，例如：Can you conceive of such cruelty? It is difficult to conceive of a plan to poverty.give birth to: bear, bring forth, produce The town has given birth to quite a few great men. The town has given birth to quite a few great men. Clintons case gave birth to a dispute all over the country.Collocation: give credit to相信；称赞；give ear / eye to仔细听或看；give effect to使实行；使实现；give place to让位于；为所替代 give way to向让步；让位于 meet: vt. satisfy Does that meet your hopes? 这条新马路实现了人们多年的愿望。This new road meets a long-felt need.Collocation: make (both) ends meet使收支平衡meet the need of满足需要meet with（偶尔）遇见，遭受meet up with结识（某人），赶上（某人）consume: vt. eat or drink; use; use up consume: vt. eat or drink; use; use up This car consumes a smaller amount of gas.As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mothers milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter（在秋天，雄鹿和雌鹿都继续进食高质量食物，贮存体内脂肪，以备过冬。）1. What does “high quality food” refer to? “High quality food” here refers to nutritious food food containing many of the substances needed for life and growth. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown malesCan you use another phrase to say “in the case of”? When we talk about / In terms of does and fawns . Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted c