英语写作之Paragraph.ppt

PartFourTheParagraph ContentsofThisPart I CriteriaofaneffectiveparagraphII StepsinwritingaparagraphIII Waysofdevelopingparagraphs Whatisaparagraph Aparagraphisaunitofthought Paragraphsvaryinlength CriteriaofanEffectiveParagraph unifiedcoherentwelldeveloped Unity Coherence Transition Development Unity Aparagraphisacomponentpartofanessay Eachparagraphhasonlyonetheme sowhatiswrittenshouldbecloselyrelatedtothetheme Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinthetopicsentence Placeoftopicsentence beginning middle end implied Pleaseidentifythetopicsentenceineachparagraph Sample1CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamelaws However theyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife MobilityhasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders Sample2Sample3 Beginning End Implied Middle Howtowriteagoodtopicsentence 1 Atopicsentenceshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific Ifitistoogeneral thereadercannottellexactlywhattheparagraphisgoingtodiscuss Ifitistoospecific thewritermaynothaveanythinglefttowriteaboutintherestoftheparagraph 主题句既不能太笼统 也不能太详细 前者会使要讨论的内容不明确 后者会影响开展下文 Example Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy 油腻的 becauseAmericansusetoomanycanned frozenandprepackagedfoodsandbecausetheyfryeverythinginoilorbutter Americanfoodisterrible Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy Toospecific Good Toogeneral 2 Donotinvolvetoomanyrelatedideasinyourtopicsentence ifyoudo yourparagraphwillnotbeunified 主题句中不应包含过多的意思 以免影响段落的统一性 SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate itsmanytouristattractionsanditscosmopolitan 世界性的 atmosphere SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate manytouristattractions cosmopolitanatmosphere Toomanyideas Good Homework Task3Supplyatopicsentenceforeachparagraph Coherence Thesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear logicalorder Aparagraphiscoherentwheneachsentenceinitnaturallyleadstothenextsentenceinexplaininganddevelopingthecentralidea Sample4 Transition GoodtransitionsshouldbeusedtomakeonesentencerunsmoothlytoanotherWaysoftransition Transition Waysoftransition usingparallelstructuresrepeatingwordsorwordgroupsusingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentencesbeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns andthetenseofverbsusingtransitionalexpressionsDetailsonPage68 Transitionalwords Addition also again aswellas besides coupledwith furthermore inaddition likewise moreover coupledwith togetherwithConsequence accordingly asaresult consequently forthisreason forthispurpose hence otherwise sothen subsequently therefore thus whereforeGeneralizing asarule asusual forthemostpart generally generallyspeaking ordinarily usually Exemplifying forexample forinstance suchas markedly namely including foronething illustratedwith inthiscaseEmphasis aboveall chiefly especially specifically withattentionto particularly inparticularDirection here there overthere beyond nearly opposite under above totheleft totheright inthedistance Exception asidefrom besides except exceptfor excluding exclusiveof otherthan outsideofRestatement inessence inotherwords namely thatis thatistosay inshort inbrief toputitdifferentlyContrastandComparison comparatively identically likewise similarly incontrast conversely instead ononehand ontheotherhand onthecontrary rather yet but however still nevertheless Sequence atfirst firstofall tobeginwith inthefirstplace atthesametime fornow forthetimebeing thenextstep inturn lateron meanwhile next then soon themeantime later while earlier simultaneously afterward finallySummarizing allinall allthingsconsidered brieflyspeaking byandlarge inanycase inanyevent inbrief inconclusion onthewhole inshort insummary inthefinalanalysis inthelongrun tosumup tosummarize StepsinWritingaParagraph Step1 Giveatopicsentence Thinkofthethemeormainidea andexpressitinacompletesentence Step2 Thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea Step3 Workoutanoutlinetoarrangethedetailsorexamplesorfactsinlogicalorder Threemainpartsofaparagraph GO TopicSentenceContinue SupportingSentenceStop ConcludingSentence Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans Inaddition itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers Don targuewithparents theywillthinkyoudon tlovethem Don targuewithchildren theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized Don targuewithspouses theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate Don targuewithstrangers theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly Mymother srules infact canbesummedupintwowords Don targue Whatisthebesttopicsentence 1 Mexicoisaninterestingcountry 2 HismanyreformsmadeMexicoafairer moremodernsociety 3 Benito 1806 1872 isanationalheroinMexico Functionofaparagraph主题 atopic 作者的观点 anopinionorstatement Thebenefitsofparticipatinginsportsarenumerous Myfavoriteprogramis Friend Ienjoytheprogramsaboutrealpeopleandrealexperience Thetwopurposesofatopicsentence 1 tostatethetopic togivethemainidea2 tograbthereader sattentionsothereaderwantstogoonPeopleviewmoneydifferently Somepeopleconsidermoneytherootofallevil Featuresofthetopicsentence 1 itshapestheentireparagraphbydefiningitscontents2 itestablishestheparagraph sorganization3 ithasmanyforms Featuresofthetopicsentence1 主题句应具有概括性 而扩展句需要具体 Eachprogramwillfocusonaparticularfriendwhocanbeeitheracelebrityoraneverydayperson Friendisaverypopulartalkshow Thecostofmakingfakeproductsisusuallylowerthanrealones Wehavetowonderwhyfakeproductsaresoprevalent 2 主题句应是一种观点而不是一个具体的事实 Manycollegestudentsdopart timejob Manycollegestudentsdopart timejobsforvariousreasons Manypeoplebuypiratedproductsbecausethepriceismuchlowerthanlegalones Thereasonwhypeoplebuypiratedproductsisvarious Commonformsforparagraph 1 肯定句 AffirmativeSentence Example Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore 2 反诘句 RhetoricalSentence Example Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection 3 不完整句 Fragments Example Andtheworkingman Supplyatopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingparagraphs Red forexample isthecoloroffire heat bloodandlife Peoplesayredisanexcitingandactivecolor Theyassociateredwithastrongfeelinglikeanger Redisalsousedforsignsofdanger suchasstopsignsandfireengines Orangeisthebright warmcolorofleavesinautumn Peoplesayorangeisalivelycolor Theyassociateorangewithhappiness Yellowisthecolorofsunlight Peoplesayitisacheerfulcolor Theyassociateyellow too withhappiness Greenisthecoolcolorofgrassinspring Peoplesayitisarefreshingcolor Itistheroadwhichdeterminesthesitesofmanycitiesandthegrowthandnourishmentofall Itistheroadwhichcontrolsthedevelopmentofstrategiesandfixesthesitesofbattles Itistheroadthatgivesitsframe worktoalleconomicdevelopment Itistheroadwhichisthechannelofalltrade and whatismoreimportant ofallideas Initsmosthumblefunctionitisanecessaryguidewithoutwhichprogressfromplacetoplacewouldbeaceaselessexperiment itisasustenancewithoutwhichorganizedsocietywouldbeimpossible thustheroadmovesandcontrolsallhistory SupportingSentence 主题句的后面必须要跟上几个支持句用来进一步阐述 解释 说明主题句 可以用具体的事例 证据或进一步论证的手法来达到支持主题句的目的 一个段落的支持句有主要支持句 majorsupportingsentences 和次要支持句 minorsupportingsentences 之分 例1 主题句 Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate 推展句1 Onefactoristhemountofsunlightreceived 推展句2 Altitude ortheheightabovesealevel alsodeterminesclimate 推展句3 Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacentland 推展句4 Inaddition climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphere 主题句 Idon tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme 主要推展句1 TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving mechanic carpenter writer 主要推展句2 Forme teachingisared eye sweaty palm sinking stomachprofession 次要推展句1 Red eye becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing 次要推展句2 Sweaty palm becauseI malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam 次要推展句3 Sinking stomach becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual 习作评析CanMoneyBuyHappiness有人认为金钱是幸福之本 sourceofhappiness 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源 rootofallevil 我的看法 myopinion Somesaythatsocietytodayisbasedonmoney Thereisno 主题句 questionthatmoneyisimportantinourlives Peopleview 主题句 转折句 moneydifferently Somepeopleconsidermoneyasourceof 主题句 happiness Tothem moneyiseverything Theydreamof 主要支持句 次要支持句 luxuryhomes clothes jewelry etc Inotherwords they 次要支持句 dreamofaluxuriouslifestyle Theycannotimaginelife 次要支持句 withoutmoneyandmaterialthings Task10Topicsentence Philatelyisaninterestinghobby Theoutlineis 1 Therearebeautifulpicturesonpostagestamps 2 Thereareportraitsofhistoricalfiguresonthem 3 ItisalwaysadelighttogetastampIhaveneverseenbefore 4 IcanlearnsomethingbylookingatthestampsIhavecollected PlanningaParagraph Philatelyisaninterestinghobby EverytimeIopenmyalbumsandlookatthestampsI vecollectedovertheyears Ilearnsomethingnew Onmanyofthemareprinteddrawingsorpicturesofrarebirds animals treesorflowers Underamagnifyingglasstheylookverybeautiful andtheyhelptoincreasemyknowledgeofnature Onotherstampsthereareportraitsofhistoricalfigures suchasQuYuanandDr SunYatsen GeorgeWashingtonandChesterW Nimits WheneverIseeanunfamiliarname Iwilltrytofindsomeinformationaboutthepersonbyconsultinganencyclopedia InthiswayIhavecometoknowsomethingaboutquiteafewpeoplewhoarefamousforonereasonoranother SomeofmyfriendsandrelativeswhoknowIaminterestedinstampsoftenshowmeusedenvelopes IfIseeastampwhichIhaveneverseenbeforeorIhaven tgotyet Iwillaskthemtogiveittome anditseemsthattheyarealwayskindenoughtoobligeme Itisalwaysadelighttoaddanewstamptomycollection andthemorestampsIhave themoreinterestedIaminphilately Student Whyistravelbecomingmoreandmorepopular Whataretheadvantagesoftravel Travelisbeneficialtousinatleastthreeways topicsentence First bytravellingwecanenjoy Second wewillmeet andsee whenwetravel Third travelwillnotonlyhelpus butalsowillhelpus Withalltheseadvantages AdvantagesofTravel Travelisbeneficialtousinatleastthreeways First bytravellingwecanenjoythebeautifulsceneryindifferentplaces Wewillseewithourowneyesmanyplacesreadofinbooks andvisitsomefamouscitiesandscenicspots Second wewillmeetpeoplewithdifferentinterestsandseestrangeanddifferentthingswhenwetravel Wecangetideasoftheconditionsandcustomsofotherpeople tastedifferentfoodsandlocalflavorsifwelike Inthisway wecanunderstandhowdifferentlyotherpeoplelive Third travelwillnotonlyhelpusgainknowledgeofgeographyandhistoryandotherknowledge butalsowillhelpuskeephealthyandmakeuslessnarrow minded Traveldoesbenefitusbothmentallyandphysically Withalltheseadvantages it snowonderthattravelisbecomingmoreandmorepopular Exercise Developthefollowingintoaparagraph Thepolicedepartmentcanhelppeopletodealwithmanykindsofproblems Thepolicecanalsohelpinmedicalemergencies Everycityhasaspecialtelephonenumberforpolicedepartment WaysofDevelopingParagraphs DevelopmentbyTimeDevelopmentbyProcessDevelopmentbySpaceDevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralizationDevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastDevelopmentbyCauseandEffectDevelopmentbyClassificationDevelopmentbyDefinitionDevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethods DevelopmentbyTime Todescribethingsinorderoftime earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings thefirstthingfirstandthelastthinglast Itisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing Words Phrases P73 Homework Writeaparagraphaboutyourgrowth developedbytime trytocombineyoursentenceswithwhen before after later then during since now nolessthan150words DevelopmentbyProcess程序法 Thestepswhichyouusedtoexplainhowsomethingisdonemustoccuroneafteranother theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant 程序法是按事情发生的步骤的先后顺序进行叙述的 目的是使读者清楚地了解整个事情发生的全过程 Words Phrases P76 Sample9 First Then Next Then Then Yesterday WereallyhadahardtimegettingPeteroutofthewellhehadfalleninto Firstwefashionedaropebylinkingourbeltstogether ThenweloweredittoPeter tellinghimtograsptheend Afterhehadholdofthebelt rope webegantopullhimslowly inchbyinch outofthewell Duringhisascent noonedaredspeakaword Finallywecouldgrasphisarms andwithashoutofrelief wepulledhimoutontothegrassybank DevelopmentbySpace Todecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails Tofindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthethingswearegoingtodescribeandarrangeourdescriptionaccordingly Words Phrases P78 Sample12 Inthemiddleoftherectangular shapedcourtyardstoodthreemagnoliatrees Alittlegirl amongthem Underoneofthetrees Infrontofanothertree Atoneendofthecourtyard Attheoppositeend rectangularmagnoliatreehopbudpetalflourishinglimbsniff 木兰树 花蕾 蓓蕾 花瓣 闻 嗅 吸 繁茂的树枝 矩形 矩形的 跳跃 TheworstaccidentIevensawinvolvedaschoolbusandseveralothervehicles Asmallpickuptruck 敞篷小货车 hadbeentravellingononeofthebusierstreetsinthecity andaschoolbuswasrightbehindthetruck Suddenly ataxiinfrontofthetruckcametoacompletestop Withbrakessquealing thetruckcrashedintothebackofthetaxi Thedriverofthebuscouldn tavoidthetruck sothebusendedupontopofit Asaresultoftheimpact thepassengerinthetruckwasthrownfromthevehicleintothemiddleoftheroad Thedriverofthetruckwastrappedinsidethecab 驾驶室 whichwaswedgedunderthefrontofthebus Thescenewassohorriblethatitgavemenightmaresforweeks DevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralization举例归纳 Examplesorillustrationsmakeageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear interesting memorable orconvincing Illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleoraseriesofexamples Words Phrases P82 Fromthegeneraltothespecific byexamplesorillustrations Sample14FromthespecifictothegeneralSample17 DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast比较和对比 对照 Acomparisonpointsoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass Acontrastpointsoutthedifferencesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass Inpractice comparisonandcontrastoftenappeartogether Words Phrases P88 Comparison比较 Anation likeaperson hasabody abodythatmustbefedandclothedandhoused invigoratedandrested inamannerthatmeasuresuptotheobjectivesofourtime Anation likeaperson hasamind amindthatmustbekeptinformedandalert thatmustknowitself thatunderstandsthehopesandtheneedsofitsneighbors alltheothernationsthatlivewithinthenarrowingcirclesoftheworld Anation likeaperson hassomethingdeeper somethingmorepermanent somethinglargerthanthesumofallitsparts Itisthatsomethingwhichmattersmosttoitsfutureandcallsforththemostsacredguardingofitspresent Contrast对比 Peopleathomeandabroadhavevoiceddifferentopinionsaboutbirth Ontheonehand mostpeoplesaythatweshouldturntostrictbirthcontrolasweareapproachingthelimitofthenumberofpeoplethenationcansupportadequately Ontheotherhand othersarguethat ifbirthcontrolisimposedonthepopulation thefutureoftheChinesewouldbeseriouslyendangered Theythinkthatveryintelligentpeoplewouldbemorelikelytohavefewerchildren andthiswouldbringaboutaloweringofthegenerallevelofintelligenceinthepopulation Twowaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast 1 blockcomparison blockcontrast 整体 examineonethingthoroughlyandthenexaminetheother 2 alternatingcomparison alternatingcontrast 交替 examinetwothingsatthesametime discussingthempointbypoint TherearemanydifferencesbetweencollegeandhighschoolinBritain Inhighschool youcan youcan youcan youcan youcan Whileincollege youcan youcan youcan youcan block TherearemanydifferencesbetweencollegeandhighschoolinBritain Inhighschool youcan Incollege youcan Inhighschool youcan Whileincollege you butinhighschool alternating DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect Soundreasoningorlogic 理由充分 逻辑性强 isnaturallythemostimportantqualityofanycausalanalysis Twobasicwaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect 1 Tostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses 果因分析法 2 Tostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects 因果分析法 WordsandPhrases P92 Whydopeopleliketoslimnow 结果 Therearemanyreasonsforthat 分析原因 Firstly theyhaverealizedthatfatnessisharmfultohealthbecauseitcancausediseasessuchasheartattackandhighbloodpressureoreventhestroke Secondly overweightmayspoiltheirimage especiallyforsomeyounggirls whothinktheywillnotbelovedbyhandsomeboys Thirdly agoo