英语试题-2007.doc

ENGLISH EXAMINATIONFOR PHD CANDIDATES OF 20072007.5Part I. Vocabulary and Structure (1 point each)20%Section ADirections: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Radiation from the sun is by the Earths atmosphere.A. pricked B. distendedC. attenuated D. oxidized2. If you describe a collection of objects, ideas as , you mean that they are wide-ranging and come from many different sources.A. eccentricB. eclecticC. elastic D. elective3. Sit down, straighten your legs and your feet.A. suffocateB. flexC. inflate D. affront4. Silver easily and turns black if not polished regularly.A. snookers B. stews C. tarnishes D. douse5. The Grand in the USA is 1900 meters deep and 25 kilometers wide at its maximum.A. CanyonB. FordC. Abyss D. Quarry6. The statue of the dictator was over by the crowds.A. toddled B. toppledC. aggrandizedD. aggregated7. The governor was for wrongful use of state money.A. implanted B. impended C. imbued D. impeached8. The announcement will the rumors of a takeover that have plagued the company for the past 18 months.A. append B. scotch C. exhort D. exhale9. He thinks about nothing but playing chess. Hes completely to it.A. addictedB. ascribedC. tempted D. overcome10. Shortly after the boat docked, the passengers .A. dismounted B. disembarkedC. dispersed D. disgruntledSection BDirections: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set ofwords underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closet in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11. Thus, if this process occurred, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere.A. fluctuation B. crisis C. diminution D. partition12. The interests of the consumer should be paramount.A. supreme B. unbending C. superfluous D. tangible13. Mark seems to have a very lenient teacher this year.A. helpful B. friendly C. intelligent D. permissive14. There were intervals when the sun broke through the clouds, because the showers were intermittent.A. slight B. periodic C. enduring D. temporary15. It is not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice as a little bordering upon cruelty.A. meticulous B. contemplative C. imprudent D. trifle16. When he stays up all night to study for his test, he can be quite petulant.A. tired B. grouchy C. amenable D. exhausted17. We tried to negotiate but they were adamant.A. disagreeable B. confident C. hostile D. unyielding18. The Party always inculcates the duty of loyalty on the young people.A. precludes from B. imbues with C. furnishes with D. resorts to19.The policemen are perambulating the streets.A. percolate B. permute C. perjure D. patrol20. The mouse that used to pilfer from our pantry was caught by a giant cat at last.A. felicitate B. filchC. frayD. floutPart II. Reading Comprehension (1.5 point each)30% Directions: In this part, there are four passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and make the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. Text AThe beauty of Hopi painted pottery is known throughout the modern world; so also was it known and highly valued in the aboriginal world of the North American West. Until approximately A.D. 1300 pottery in the Hopi country was simply a regional variation on the wares of other parts of the Pueblo area. Then, with the advent of the fourteenth century, came an artistic explosion. The black-on-white designs, beloved of archaeologists but relatively undistinguished, were superseded by brilliant, black-on-orange designs and orange polychromes. These in turn were superseded by black-on-yellow types quite different in design, layout, and execution from any other Pueblo ware. By the addition of red to this, a polychrome was produced. Its modern counterpart is in constant demand in shops throughout the country. It is called Sikyatki Polychrome after the first major archaeological excavation in the Hopi country.In contrast to the almost exclusively geometric nature of other Pueblo wares, the late prehistoric Hopi yellows and polychromes are characterized by startling, sweeping curvilinear motifs; bird, animal, floral, and human representations; and religious masks and ceremonial scenes. Their freedom of rendition is completely at variance with the canons of all other prehistoric Pueblo schools of pottery design, except for the contemporary Mimbres ware in western New Mexico, which shared some, but far from all of the freedom from established tradition.21. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The techniques used by the Hopi to market pottery.B. The pottery artifacts found in an archaeological excavation at Sikyatki.C. The diverse designs and colors used by the Hopi in painting pottery.D. The relation of Hopi pottery to that designed by the Mimbres.22. The word “it” in the first sentence refers to the .A. North American WestB. quality of a kind of potteryC. Hopi cultureD. modern world23. In the first paragraph, what is said about Hopi pottery made before A.D. 1300 ?A. It was transported ail over the world.B. Its high cost made it difficult to purchase.C. Its black-on-white designs were uncommon.D. It was very similar to other Pueblo pottery.24. According to the passage, when did the greatest artistic advancement in Hopi pottery take place?A. During the years just prior to the thirteenth century.B. During the first few decades of the thirteenth century.C. In the beginning of the fourteenth century.D. In the middle of the fourteenth century.25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a design used for Hopi painted pottery?A. Bird representations.B. Common weapons.C. Ceremonial scenes.I). Human figures.Text BNo woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such virtue.The Problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better or worse part of my life. Being rich wouldnt be bad either, but that wont happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianitys seven deadly sins. However until quite recently, most People had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, Wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and nigh morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the Opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat or even only somewhat overweight is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over weight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem too much fat and a lack of fiber than a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop -paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory26. In the eyes of the author an odd phenomenon nowadays is that .A. the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtueB. looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneC. being thin is viewed as a much desired qualityD. religious people are not necessarily virtuous27. Swept by the prevailing trend, the author .A. had to go on a diet for the greater part of her lifeB. could still prevent herself from going off the trackC. had to seek help from rich distant relativesD. had to wear highly fashionable clothes28. In human history peoples views on body weight .A. were closely related to their religious beliefsB. changed from time to timeC. varied between the poor and the richD. led to different moral standards29. The author criticizes womens obsession with thinness .A. from an economic and educational perspectiveB. from sociological and medical points of viewC. from a historical and religious standpointD. in the light of moral principles30. Whats the authors advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?A. They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.B. They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.C. They should gain weight to look healthy.D. They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.Text CThe University in Transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrows universities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today.The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University - a voluntary community scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have any advantages, such as easy scheduling, efficient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the worlds great libraries.Yet the Internet University poses dangers too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a “college education in a box” could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving them out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education that does not mean greater uniformity in course content - or other dangers- will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are at work.Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivanailojevic dares to dream what a university might become “if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?”Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows tomorrows university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would function much like todays faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them. A third new role for faculty, and in Gidleys view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismatic sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems.Moreover, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be “enrolled” in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between - or even during - sessions at a real-world focused institution.As co-editor Sohai Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant technology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities. .31. When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University,A. he is in favour of it. B. his view is balanced.C. he is slightly critical of it D. he is strongly critical of it32. Which of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University?A. Internet-based coursed may be less costly than traditional ones.B. Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobs.C. Internet-based courseware may lack variety in course content.D. The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot of publicity.33. According to the review, what is the fundamental mission of traditional university education?A. Knowledge learning and career building.B. Learning how to solve existing social problems.C. Researching into solutions to current world problems.D. Combing research efforts of teachers and students in learning.34. Judging from the three new roles envisioned for tomorrows university faculty, university teachers A. are required to conduct more independent research.B. are required to offer more courses to their students.C. are supposed to assume more demanding duties.D. are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty.35. Which category of writing does the review belong to?A. Narration B. Description C. Persuasion D. ExpositionText DMost Americans think of vegetarians as a minority, as food faddists. In fact, in this country 7eople who include meat in their diets are the majority; but throughout the world, meat eaters are, and have been, the minority themselves. Though archaeologists can demonstrate that humans have kept animals for food for thousand of years, meat was generally for the rich: the poor in most countries are vegetarians. And the followers of many religions are also vegetarians. The Hindus, the Buddhists, the Sufis, and other groups do not eat meat.In fact, religion is a major reason still for choosing a vegetarian diet; many religions teach that eating meat weakens ones spirit. Adam and Eve were told to eat fruits and vegetables, according to Genesis. When Daniel was facing the lions, he followed a vegetarian diet, so he could remain pure.Other vegetarians believe they are healthier than people who eat meat. Though this has never been scientifically proved, popular works on vegetarian diets often promise better health. There is evidence to show that vegetarians have greater stamina, and many people on vegetarian diets live long lives.Some people do not eat meat for economic reasons; meat is expensive and, in many parts of the world, very scarce. The most common reason for choosing a vegetarian diet, though, is the ethical one. Why do humans feel that they must kill other beings in order to eat well? Most vegetarians admit that they find eating the flesh of dead animals revolting. In fact, they refer to “flesh-eaters” as we might refer to cannibals and also use the zoo label “carnivore” interchangeably.Because choice of diet is a cultural and ethical matter, not all vegetarian diets are alike. Ovo-vegetarians eat vegetables, but will allow themselves eggs. The lactovegetarian eats vegetables mainly, but adds dairy foods such as milk and cheese. These two categories of vegetarians feel that eggs and dairy products are permissible; taking these products does no harm to the cow or chicken. Strict vegetarian ways are represented by the Vegan Society, whose members prefer the label “vegan.” Vegans live “on the products of the plant kingdom.” Not only do vegans avoid meat; they also avoid eggs, honey, and milk in any form. They reason that it is as cruel to rob animals as it is to kill animals.A vegetarian must be careful to maintain a balanced diet; and of course a carnivore or omnivore, really, because most people in America eat both meat and vegetables must be equally careful. Excellent nutrition is important, whether for vegetarians or the rest of us (many people who eat meat