V-ing形式做主语和宾语.doc

V-ing 形式做主语和宾语一V-ing的形式动词的-ing形式在句中可做主语和宾语，起一个名词的作用，我们通常称为 “动名词”。 V-ing形式有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing形式还有主动语态和被动语态。我们以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其 v-ing各种形式列表如下：动词时态v-ing形式及物动词 make不及物动词 go主动语态被动语态 主语动词 一般式 makingbeing made going 完成式having madehaving been made having gone注意：v-ing形式表示的动作与主要动词的动作同时发生或发生在主要动词动作之后，用一般式；v-ing形式表示的动作在主要动词之前发生，用完成式。Eg: What worried the child most was not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital./ Learning English well is very important to all of us./He was praised for having saved a boys life./ 二V-ing形式的基本用法1. v-ing做主语1) v-ing形式做主语: 表示抽象的概念，泛指经常性、不具体的动作；通常直接置于句首，谓语动词通常用单数。Getting up early is a good thing. / Saying without doing is of no use./Wasting a persons time is the same as killing him for his property.财产2）v-ing做主语时，如果其结构较长，可用形式主语it, 而将做主语的v-ing后置。V-ing形式多为某些形容词和名词，此类句型有：It+ be + a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的/It + is/was no good/ use doing 做是没有用的/Eg: It isnt much good writing to them again./ It is no use crying over spilt milk. 腹水难收/ 注意: 其他常见的能用于该结构的形容词还有: better, wonderful, enjoyable, interesting, foolish, difficult, useless, senseless, worthwhile等3）v-ing形式用于“There be” 结构中，此类句型有：There is no doing 无法，不予许/ There is no sense doing 做没道理/There is no use doing 干没用的/ There is/ was nothing worse than doing 没用比更糟的了/There is/was no point doing 干无意义/4）v-ing的复合结构做主语时，v-ing的逻辑主语要用名词或形容词性物主代词的所有格，通常不用名词的普通格或代词的宾格。His being late for class made Miss Green very angry. (形容词性的物主代词的所有格形式做逻辑主语) ones being + adj. = n.Marys being diligent can not be denied. (名词的所有格形式做逻辑主语)Your being right doesnt mean my being wrong. (形容词性的物主代词的所有格形式做逻辑主语)2. V-ing形式做宾语1）做动词的宾语：后接-ing形式做宾语的动词和动词短语有advise, admit, appreciate, consider, mind, suggest, fancy, avoid, deny, imagine, finish, excuse, enjoy, permit, resist, risk, stop, understand, explain, tolerate, quit, allow, forbid, miss, pardon, cant help, cant stand等。Eg: I have decided to stop smoking./ Kate dont fancy going out this evening./ He tried to avoid answering their questions./a) 有些动词后接不定式和v-ing形式做宾语时意义不同；接不定式做宾语表示尚未发生的动作，接v-ing形式做宾语时表示已经发生的动作。(如: try to do sth.企图干/ try doing sth.试着干/ mean to do sth. 打算干/ mean doing sth.意味着/ stop doing sth.停止干/ stop to do sth.停下来去做/ go on doing sth.继续干(无间断)/ go on to do sth.停止干手头上的事去做另一件事)b) 当want, need, require作“需要”含义，be worth作“值得”含义时，后接v-ing的主动形式作宾语，表示被动意义；want, need, require也可接不定式的被动式作宾语(to be done)。Eg: His car wants repairing/ to be repaired./ This book is worth reading./ c) 在allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接跟所有格及动词做宾语时，要用v-ing形式；如果后面有名词或代词做宾语时，然后再跟宾补（即构成复合宾语），其宾补用带有to的不定式。Eg: I dont allow his swimming here. = I dont allow him to swim here./We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early.d) I would like/ love/ prefer 其后只接不定式形式做宾语。Eg: I would like to have a single room with a bath./Jim would love to be taken to the theatre this evening./2) v-ing的复合结构做宾语时，其逻辑主语可用名词或物主代词的所有格形式，也可用名词的普通格或代词的宾格。Eg: Would you mind my (me) closing the door?/ 3) V-ing作介词的宾语，常用在某些短语之后，这类短语有：look forward to, insist on, think of, give up, depend on, succeed on, devote to, instead of, be busy in等。Eg: I am thinking of buying a new dictionary./ Instead of smiling, each of them made a face./ 4) “do + 限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ v-ing” , 表示“做事”之意。Eg: We often do our cleaning on Friday afternoon./Do you do any shopping every weekend./ V-ing形式做表语、定语和宾补的用法v-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，具有名词的特征，在句中可以做表语、定语、宾补和状语等成分。1. V-ing形式做表语1) 动名词形式做表语是对作主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语的位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。Eg: His duty is cleaning the playground./ My hobby is collecting stamps./2) 特殊用法：a. v-ing形式和不定式都可表示比较抽象的一般性的行为；而表示具体的某一次动作，尤其是将来的动作时，多用不定式。Eg: To obey/ Obeying the law is everyones duty./b. v-ing 形式和不定式都要有对称性：当主语是不定式时，表语也要用不定式形式；当主语是动词的-ing形式时，表语也要用动词的-ing.Eg: To see is to believe./ Seeing is believing. 眼见为实c. v-ing形式做表语时相当于形容词或名词。V-ing形式表主动，意为“令某人的”；过去分词表示被动，说明人的内心感受。Eg: We are all excited at the exciting news./ 2. V-ing形式做定语： 单个的v-ing 形式做定语时，既可放在被修饰词之前做前置定语，也可放在其后做后置定语。 v-ing形式的短语做定语，通常放在被修饰词之后做后置定语，其逻辑主语就是所修饰的名词或代词，表示逻辑主语发出的动作，相当于一个定语从句。 v-ing形式做定语所表示的动作或行为是由其所修饰的名词发出的，在意义上表示主谓关系；或者表示名词的用途，相当于for短语。 a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing/ drinking water= water for drinkingan attacking player./ A little child learning to walk often falls./ He asked an embarrassing question.难堪的问题/ Do you know the man standing at the gate? (= who is standing at the gate)注意：1）v-ing形式做定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用动词的-ing形式做定语。The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well./2) v-ing形式做定语时，指正在进行的动作，在意义上表示主谓关系；动词的-ing形式与被修饰词是被动关系，就用它的被动式，即being done, 通常表示正在进行的被动动作，常做后置定语。There are a lot of boys playing football in the field./The large building being built will be a school./ The question being discussed was presented by the headmaster.3）v-ing形式的完成式一般不能做定语，只能做状语，相当于一个状语从句。Not having completed the programme (= Because they havent completed the programme), they have to stay there for another two weeks.# 同学们在复习v-ing做定语时需要掌握以下三个方面的用法：1) 说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途；They set up an operating table in a small temple./ He may be in the reading room, for all I know./ 2) 与被修饰词为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作；There were about 200 children studying in the art school./ Who is the woman talking to our English teacher? 3) 有些动词的-ing形式已经转化成形容词，常做定语用来修饰物，表示“令人” 。此类词有：exciting, amusing, amazing, astonishing, shocking, puzzling, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, pleasing, striking, boring, tiring, touching, moving, interesting, satisfying, terrifying, frightening等。Eg: a terrifying experience可怕的经历/ an amusing success 惊人的成功/ a touching story 感人的故事3. V-ing形式做宾补的用法：动词的-ing形式在复合宾语中做宾补，它强调宾语的动作是主动的，又是正在进行的；宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。可以带这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。Eg: I saw Tom coming out of the house./ I am sorry I have kept you waiting so long./注意：动词的-ing形式与不定式、过去分词做宾补的区别：动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行或正在发生；不定式表示动作的全过程；过去分词则表示被动或完成的动作。Eg: I heard them singing that song./ I heard them sing that song./ I heard that song sung./ V-ing 形式做状语的用法V-ing形式做时间、原因、条件、让步状语时，多位于句首；做结果、方式、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。1）分词做时间状语, 相当于一个时间状语从句，Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother./a. 分词所表示的动作已经发生，谓语动词表示的动作立即发生，可以用分词短语作时间状语。Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy./b. 分词做时间状语时，分词所表示的动作在进行的过程中，谓语动词表示的的动作也发生了，用v-ing的一般式作状语，其前面一般可加when或while. 例：While working in the factory, he was an advanced worker./ While playing the drum, she got very excited. (打鼓时)c. 分词短语的动作完成之后，谓语动词表示的动作才发生，用分词的完成式作状语。We are ready for the examination, having made full preparations.2) 分词做原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时可以转化为一个原因状语从句；having done 完成形式也可用来作原因状语。 Being unemployed, he hasnt got much money.a. 分词表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用分词的一般式。例：Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over. (我只好打电话让她过来)b. 分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用分词的完成式。Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer./Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.3) 分词做方式或伴随状语, 用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可转换为并列句。例：My parents wrote me a letter telling me to change my job./ Followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest./Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 注视着天空4) 分词做条件状语，表示一种假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句。此种情况下，有时在分词短语前加上if, unless,使条件更加明确。Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed./ United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡/ Seen in the dis