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AmericanLiterature 2011 9 LectureThree TheAmericanRomanticism I I WhatisRomanticism Simplyspeaking Romanticismisaliterarymovementflourishedasaculturalforcethroughoutthe19thCanditcanbedividedintotheearlyperiodandthelateperiod Alsoitremainspowerfulincontemporaryliteratureandart Romanticism atermthatisassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness ascontrastedwithclassicism whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction Aromanticattitudemaybedetectedinliteratureofanyperiod butasanhistoricalmovementitaroseinthe18thand19thcenturies inreactiontomorerationalliterary philosophic artistic religious andeconomicstandards ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU S wasTranscendentalism TherepresentativesoftheearlyperiodincludesWashingtonIrvingandJamesFenimoreCooper andthoseofthelateperiodcontainRalphWaldoEmerson HenryDavidThoreau WaltWhitman NathanielHawthorne HermanMelville EdgarAllanPoe Internalcauses Americanburgeonedintoapolitical economicandculturalindependence Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation Radicalchangescameaboutinthepoliticallifeofthecountry Partiesbegantosquabbleandscrambleforpower andnewsystemwasinthemaking Thespreadofindustrialism thesuddeninfluxofimmigration andthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest alltheseproducedsomethingofaneconomicboonand withit atremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople II ThereasonsontheriseofAmericanRomanticism Ever increasingmagazinesplayedanimportantroleinfacilitatingliteraryexpansioninthecountry Externalcauses ForeigninfluencesaddedincentivetothegrowthofromanticisminAmerica TheinfluenceofSirWalterScottwasparticularlypowerfulandenduring III CharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism b Sentimentalism primitivismandthecultofthenoblesavagePoliticalliberalismThecelebrationofnaturalbeautyandthesimplelifeIntrospection 反省 Theidealizationofthecommonman uncorruptedbycivilizationInterestinthepicturesquepastandremoteplacesAntiquarianism 古物研究 好古癖 IndividualismMorbidmelancholy 病理 病态的忧郁 Historicalromance IV TheRepresentativesoftheearlyAmericanromanticism A WashingtonIrving 1783 1859 WashingtonIrvingwasborninNewYorkCityonApril3 1783astheyoungestof11children Hisparents Scottish Englishimmigrants weregreatadmirersofGeneralGeorgeWashington andnamedtheirsonaftertheirhero EarlyinhislifeIrvingdevelopedapassionforbooks Hestudiedlawprivatelybutpracticedonlybriefly From1804to1806hetravelledwidelyinEurope AfterreturningtotheUnitedStates IrvingwasadmittedtotheNewYorkbarin1806 HewasapartnerwithhisbrothersinthefamilyhardwarebusinessandrepresentativeofthebusinessinEnglanduntilitcollapsedin1818 Duringthewarof1812IrvingwasamilitaryaidetoNewYorkGovernorTompkinsintheU S Army Irving scareerasawriterstartedinjournalsandnewspapers Hissuccessinsociallifeandliteraturewasshadowedbyapersonaltragedybecausehisengagedlovediedattheageofseventeen Sohenevermarriedorhadchildren 1 AbouttheAuthor Afterthedeathofhismother IrvingdecidedtostayinEurope whereheremainedforseventeenyearsfrom1815to1832 In1832IrvingreturnedtoNewYorktoanenthusiasticwelcomeasthefirstAmericanauthortohaveachievedinternationalfame Betweentheyears1842 45IrvingwastheU S AmbassadortoSpain IrvingspentthelastyearsofhislifeinTarrytown From1848to1859hewasPresidentofAstorLibrary laterNewYorkPublicLibrary Irving slaterpublicationsincludeMahometAndHisSuccessors 1850 Wolfert sRoost 1855 andhisfive volumeTheLifeofGeorgeWashington 1855 59 IrvingdiedinTarrytownonNovember28 1859 Hisearliestworkwasasparkling satiricalHistoryofNewYork 1809 undertheDutch ostensiblywrittenbyDiedrichKnickbocker hencethenameofIrving sfriendsandNewYorkwritersoftheday the KnickbockerSchool TheSketchBook 1819 20asGeoffreyCrayon contains RipVanWinkle and TheLegendofSleepyHollow TheLifeofGeorgeWashington 1855 59 fivevolumes 2 HisMajorWorks 3 Evaluationtohim Americanauthor shortstorywriter essayist poet travelbookwriter biographer andcolumnist IrvinghasbeencalledthefatheroftheAmericanshortstory Heisbestknownfor TheLegendofSleepyHollow inwhichtheschoolmasterIchaboldCranemeetswithaheadlesshorseman and RipVanWinkle aboutamanwhofallsasleepfor20years ThefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame sohewasregardedasfatherofAmericanliterature TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrving sTheSketchBook ACOLLECTIONOFESSAYS SKETCHES ANDTALES ItalsomarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism B JamesFenimoreCooper 1789 1851 InhislifeCooperwroteoverthirtynovelswhichcanbedividedintofrontiernovels detectivenovelsandreferencenovels HeconsideredThePathfinder 1840 andTheDeerslayer 1841 hisbestworks TheunifyingthreadofthefivenovelscollectivelyknownastheLeather StockingTalesisthelifeofNattyBumppo Cooper sfinestachievement theyconstitute4avastproseepicwiththeNorthAmericancontinentassetting IndiantribesasCharacters andgreatwarsandwestwardmigrationassocialbackground ThenovelsbringtolifefrontierAmericafrom1740to1804 ThePioneers 1823 NattyBumppofirstappearsasaseasonedscoutinadvancingyears withthedyingChingachgook theoldIndianchiefandhisfaithfulcomrade astheeasternforestfrontierbeginstodisappearandChingachgookdies 1 HisMajorWorks TheLastoftheMohicans 1826 AnadventureoftheFrenchandIndianWarsintheLakeGeorgecounty ThePrairie 1827 SetinthenewfrontierwheretheLeatherstockingdies ThePathfinder 1840 ContinuingthesameborderwarfareintheSt LawrenceandLakeOntariocounty TheDeerslayer 1841 EarlyadventureswiththehostileHuronsonLakeOtsego NY ThecreationofthefamousLeatherstockingsagahascementedhispositionasourfirstgreatnationalnovelistandhisinfluencepervadesAmericanliterature Inhisthirty twoyears 1820 1851 ofauthorship Cooperproducedtwenty nineotherlongworksoffictionandfifteenbooks enoughtofillforty eightvolumesinthenewdefinitiveeditionofhisWorks Amonghisachievements ThefirstsuccessfulAmericanhistoricalromanceintheveinofSirWalterScott TheSpy 1821 Thefirstseanovel ThePilot 1824 Thefirstattemptatafullyresearchedhistoricalnovel LionelLincoln 1825 2 ContributionsofCooper Thefirstfull scaleHistoryoftheNavyoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1839 ThefirstAmericaninternationalnovelofmanners HomewardBoundandHomeasFound 1838 ThefirsttrilogyinAmericanfiction Satanstoe 1845 TheChainbearer 1845 andTheRedskins 1846 Thefirstandonlyfive volumeepicromancetocarryitsmythichero NattyBumppo fromyouthtooldage Heisgoodatmakingplots Allhisnovelsarefullofmyths HehadneverbeentothefrontierandamongtheIndiansandyetcouldwritefivehugeepicbooksaboutthemisaneloquentproofoftherichnessofhisimagination HecreatedthefirstIndianstoappearinAmericanfictionandprobablythefirstgroupofnoblesavages Hehituponthenativesubjectoffrontierandwilderness andhelpedtointroducethe Western traditionintoAmericanliterature 3 HisSkills V AmericanRenaissance ItalsocalledNewEnglandRenaissanceperiodfromthe1830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWarinwhichAmericanliterature inthewakeoftheRomanticmovement cameofageasanexpressionofanationalspirit TheliterarysceneoftheperiodwasdominatedbyagroupofNewEnglandwriters the Brahmins Theywerearistocrats steepedinforeignculture activeasprofessorsatHarvardCollege andinterestedincreatingagenteelAmericanliteraturebasedonforeignmodels OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalists includingEmerson Thoreauandso