营养学家认为这八种氨基酸是必需的.doc

24Difficult Language Points and Key to Part of the ExercisesDifficult Language Points and Key to Part of the Exercises, Reading Course, Book 3UNIT ONEPassage 1A White Heron1. (Line 5) Sylvia felt a part of the gray shadows and the moving leaves.felt a part: felt to be part of2. (Line 21) But she said her name, and dropped her head like a broken flower.dropped: lowered3. (Line 32) “You might do better if you went out to the road a mile away”do better: have more success4. (Line 35) Sylvy, step round, and set a plate for the gentleman!step around: hurry up5. (Line 72) If she climbed it early in the morning, she could see the whole world.the whole world: for miles6. (Line 87) Sylvias face shone like a star.like a star: happilyKey to Exercise II1. The girl was living in the woods with her grandmother.2. He was a scientist who collected birds. He was looking for a heron.3. It was love.4. Because the girl could show the man where the heron was.5. Yes, she knew the forest well.6. The bird was living happily in the forest and was as much part of nature as she herself. They had together watched the sun rise from the top of the tree. She could not tell its secret and give its life away.Passage 2The Nutrients in Food1. (Line 22) If adults eat too many carbohydrates and fats, they can add another 45 kilograms.another: more, in addition2. (Line 32) Nutritionists call eight of these amino acids essential because the body does not manufacture them.call: consider to bemanufacture: produceTranslation: 营养学家认为这八种氨基酸是必需的，因为人体不能自己制造它们。3. (Line 72) Their hearts beat faster so their bodies can get more oxygen.so: with the purpose (that)4. (Line 81) Vitamin A in the diet comes from deep yellow fruits and vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, and whole milk.Key to Exercise II1. Because they provide the body with heat and energy.2. Milk and hard cheese.3. Proteins are necessary for life. They can build and repair body tissues. They are an important part of muscles, organs, skin and hair.4. Some nutrients provide fuel for energy, some build body tissues and some help control different processes of the body.5. If a person does not have enough iron, the person will get a disease called anemia.Passage 3Creativity Will Dominate Our Time1. (Line 8) Then, in the latter decades of the 18th century, as the industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, there was another transition in which the symbols of work were no longer the hoe and plow; they were replaced by the mill and the assembly line.latter: recent, belonging to the endTranslation: 在18世纪后半叶，英国工业革命的开始带来了一个变革：工作的象征不再是锄头和犁耙，而代之以作坊和生产线。2. (Line 20) With the Industrial Revolution, machinery powered first by steam, then by electricity and internal combustion engines took over the hard physical tasks and relieved the strain on human and animal muscles.take over: accept the duties or responsibilities 3. (Line 29)day after day there is always the sour sense of endless doing something unpleasant under compulsion, something that stultifies ones minds and wastes ones life.under compulsion: because one must （被迫地）Translation: 日复一日，总有一种被迫做无止境的不愉快事情的感觉，做这种事会使大脑迟钝，会浪费生命。4. (Line 37) The electronic computer, invented in the 1940s and improved at breakneck speed, was a machine that, for the first time, seemed capable of doing work that had until then been the preserve of the human mind.at breakneck speed: at a dangerously fast speed5. (Line 68) In the first place, the computer age will introduce a total revolution in our notions of education, and is beginning to do so nowin the first place: firstly （首先）cf. in the second place（其次）, in the last place（最后）6. (Line 71) It will undoubtedly turn out that the “average” child is much more intelligent and creative than we generally suppose.turn out: prove to be in the end7. (Line 78) Granted, now that the problems of unemployment and education will be the way toward solution, what kind of work will there be aside from what is involved in that solution?aside from: apart from8. (Line 108) Nor will this have to be done on the spot.on the spot: immediately, then and there9. (Line 133) We will be building factories that will be turning out products making use of these properties, products that could be turned out only with difficulty, if at all, on Earths surfaces.if at all: if those products could be turned out at allKey to Exercise II1. 历史上周期性地出现一些大的转折时期，在这些转折时期“工作”的含义发生了变化。2. 现在我们正处在一个变革的边缘，这个变革将是最伟大的，因为古老意义上的工作将会彻底消失。3. 事实上，21世纪将因为它所有的进步，成为人类历史上最伟大的开创时期，因为人们将在全新的条件下，以全新的方式做全新的工作，冒着全新的风险去获得全新的胜利。UNIT TWOPassage 4I Have a Dream1. (Line 14) So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.dramatize: describe or represent dramatically2. (Line 19) they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall missory note: literally it means a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated amount to a particular person at a specified date or on demand. Here in the text it is used figuratively to refer to the rights guaranteed in the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence of the United States.fall heir: become heir (成为继承人)3. (Line 45) Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.blow off steam: allow steam to escape forcibly; to get rid of superfluous energy in a noisy wayrude awakening: a sudden disillusionment (突然觉醒)4. (Line 56) We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.on the high plane: on the high level5. (Line 95) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creedlive out: fulfill全文参考译文我有一个梦马丁路德金一百年前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言，今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。这一庄严宣言犹如灯塔的光芒，给千百万在那摧残生命的不义之火中受煎熬的黑奴带来了希望。它之到来犹如欢乐的；黎明，结束了束缚黑人的漫漫长夜。 然而一百年后的今天，我们必须正视黑人还没有得到自由这一悲惨的事实。一百年后的今天，在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的下，黑人的生活仍然很悲惨。一百年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物质繁荣的汪洋大海所包围的贫穷孤岛上。一百年后的今天，黑人仍蜷缩在美国社会的偏僻角落，感到自己是自己国家里的流放者。今天我们在这里集会，就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公之于众。 就某种意义而言，今天我们是为了要求兑换诺言而汇集到我们国家的首都来得。我们共和国的缔造者写下宪法和独立宣言中气壮山河的词句时，就是向每一个美国人许下了诺言。他们承诺给予所有人以生存、自由和追求幸福的不可剥夺的权利。就有色公民而论，美国显然没有实现她的诺言。美国没有履行这种神圣的义务，只是给黑人开了一张空头支票，支票上盖着“资金不足”的印章退了回来。但是我们不相信正义的银行已经破产。我们不相信，这个国家巨大的机会之库里已没有足够的储备。因此今天我们要求将支票兑现一这张支票给予我们宝贵的自由和正义的保障。我们来到这个圣地也是为了提醒美国，现在是非常急迫的时刻。现在绝非奓探冷静下来或用渐进主义的镇静剂的时候，现在是实现民主的诺言的时候。现在是从种族隔离的荒凉阴暗的深谷登上种族平等的光明大道的时候。现在是向上帝所有的儿女开放机会之门的时候。现在是把我们的国家从种族不平等的流沙中拯救出来，置于兄弟情谊的磐石上的时候。倘若美国忽视时间的紧迫性，低估了黑人的决心，那么，对美国来说，这将是致命的。自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来，黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。一九六三年并不意味着斗争的终结，而是开始。有人希望，黑人只要消消气就会满足；如果国家安之若素，毫无反应，这些人必会清醒过来。黑人得不到公民的权利，美国就不可能有安宁或平静。正义的光明的一天不到来，反叛的旋风就将继续动摇这个国家的基础。 但是对于等候在正义之殿门口的人们，有些话我是必须说的。在争取合法地位的过程中，我们不要采取错误的做法。我们不要为了满足对自由的渴望而抱着敌对和仇恨之杯痛饮。我们斗争时必须永远举止得体，纪律严明。我们不能容许我们具有崭新内容的抗议蜕变为暴力行动。我们要不断地升华到以精神力量对付物质力量的崇高境界中去。现在黑人社团充满着了不起的新的战斗精神，但是我们却不能因此而不信任所有的白人。因为我们的许多白人兄弟已经人生到，他们的命运与我们的命运是紧密相连的，他们的自由与我们的自由是息息相关的。他们今天参加游行集会就是明证。我们不能单独行动。当我们行动时，我们必须保证向前进。我们不能倒退。有人问热心民权运动的人：“你们什么时候才能满足？”只要黑人仍然遭受警察难以形容的野蛮迫害，我们就绝不会满足。只要我们在外奔波而疲乏的身躯不能在公路旁的汽车旅馆和城里的旅馆找到住宿之所，我们就绝不会满足。只要黑人的基本活动只是从小贫民区转移到大贫民区，我们就绝不会满足。只要密西西比仍然有一个黑人不能参加选举，只要纽约有一个黑人认为他投票无济于事，我们就绝不会满足。不！我们现在并不满足，我们将来也不满足，除非正义和公正犹如江海之波涛，汹涌澎湃，滚滚而来。我并非没有注意到，参加今天集会的人中，有些受尽苦难和折磨；有些刚刚走出窄小的牢房；有些由于寻求自由，曾惨遭疯狂迫害，曾遭受警察暴行。你们时人为痛苦的长期受难者。坚持下去吧，要坚决相信，忍受不应得的痛苦是一种赎罪。让我们回到密西西比去，回到亚拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到乔治亚去，回到路易斯安那去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去，要知道，这种状况是能够也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不能自拔。朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想深深扎根于美国的梦想中。我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。”我梦想有一天，在乔治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹、压迫成风、如同沙漠般的地方，也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色、而是以他们的品格优劣来评价他们的国度里生活。我今天有一个梦想。我梦想有一天，亚拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。我今天有一个梦想。我梦想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降，坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光显露，满照人间。这就是我们的希望。我怀着这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之山采凿出一块希望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家的刺耳争吵之声，变成一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祷告，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们知道，终有一天，我们会获得自由。Passage 5Books1. (Line 23) We often find in books what we thought and felt, could we have expressed ourselves.could we: if we couldTranslation: 如果我们能清楚地表达自己的想法和感受的话，在书中我们时常会发现自己所想过的和感受过的东西。2. (Line 25) We discover one feature in Emerson, an expression in Homer, a glimpse of ourselves in Dante, and so on until we spell out our whole individuality. Spell out: make clearTranslation: 我们在爱默生的书里发现一个特点，在荷马的诗里发现某种表情，在但丁的诗里憋见我们自己的某种形象，如此等等，一直到我们清清楚楚地明白我们自己的整个个性。3. (Line 41) We cannot escape the influence of what we read any more than we can escape the influence of the air that we breathe. notany more than 和同样不Translation: 正如我们不能避免受呼吸的空气的影响一样，我们也不能避免受所读书籍的影响。4. (Line 76) The conversation of a man who reads for improvement or pleasure will be flavored by his reading; but it will not be about his reading. flavored: given taste to Translation: 为了进步或乐趣而读书的人， 读书会使他的谈吐增添风趣；但谈话的内容并不涉及他所读的书。5. (Line 82) He is the best reader who consumes the most knowledge and converts it into character.Translation: 最会读书的人能消化最多的知识并将之转化为自己的品质。Key to Exercise II1. 世上或许没有别的东西像书籍那样有这种力量使穷人摆脱贫困，使不幸者脱离悲伤，使肩负重担者忘掉负担，使病人忘掉痛苦，使伤心人忘掉忧伤，使受压迫的人忘掉屈辱。2. 确实，从朋友那里我们可以获得许多有关自己的令人愉快的意见，从敌人方面得知自己许多缺陷，从世界各个方面一点点了解到自己的特性；但在书里我们会平静而公平地发现自己的大部分情况，我们的优点、弱点、博大、局限、观点、爱好、融洽和不协调，以及诗意或平淡的品质。Passage 6Ecosystems in and out of Balance1. (Line 27) A well-balanced system will change very slowly, perhaps unnoticeably, in the course of direct human experience. in the course of: in the process of 在的进程中2. (Line 31) It follows that if a change is made in one or more of the factors that affect balance, the ecosystem itself will also change. It follows: it occurs as a consequenceTranslation: 其结果是当影响平衡的一种或多种因素发生了变化，生态系统自身也会发生变化。3. (Line 44) Given favorable conditions, every species has a biotic potential to increase its population. given favorable conditions=if every species is given favorable conditions4. (Line 122) The result is that extinctions are occurring at a distressingly fast rate, a rate which is more than likely to increase in the future. more than likely: very likelyTranslation: 灭绝正以令人担忧的速度发生，这种速度很有可能在将来继续加快。5. (Line 156) This is overgrazing in a figurative sense, but if carried to the end point, the results will be just as fatal. to the end point: to the final stage of a process or periodKey to Exercise II1. 一个物种的生物潜能是其自身的繁殖能力；从广义上讲，是指适合物种繁殖的所有因素的集合。2. 农业生产通过大量使用农药来控制害虫才得以微弱的平衡，而这些农药又造成了生态平衡并使害虫问题变得更加严重。3. 总之，人类不可避免地要面对适用于其他物种和生态系统的最终生态制衡。UNIT THREEPassage 7Kid with a Knife (Part I)1. (Line 17) I knew my old muscles were no match against his youth, but I had no intention of giving him anything without a struggle. match against: something equal to Translation: 我知道我这把老骨头根本不是这小子的对手，但我也绝不想让他轻易抢走我的东西。2. (Line 20) For a moment the surprise action caught him off guard. caught him off guard: made the young man unable to deal with the sudden attackTranslation: 这突然的举动让他在一刹那间有些不知所措。3. (Line 30) Struggling to my feet, I managed to make it to the couch, where I sat a few moments to shake the cobwebs from my addled brain. managed to make it to the couch: succeeded in trying to reach the couch to shake the cobwebs from my addled brain: to try my best to make my old mind clear about what had happened just nowTranslation: 我努力地站起来，设法挪到沙发跟前。我在沙发上坐了一会儿，努力地想从昏乱的脑子里理出个头绪来。4. (Line 58) Eddie helped me straighten up the apartment and calculated my losses. straighten up: to tidyTranslation: 埃迪帮我收拾了房间，并计算了我的损失。5. (Line 68) I promised to act my age and to come down and look at mug shots later. “Act my age” here refers to doing things according to the old mans age. In other words, he should try to avoid anything too violent.Translation: 我答应不再莽撞，并会去警察署辨认犯案盗贼的照片。6. (Line 78) He had worked with his hands most of his life. worked with his hands: Here it means Sam had been a craftsman in his whole life. He was a wood carver.Translation: 他大半生都是在做手艺活。7. (Line 82) He had been frugal all his life and had plenty to see him through, even with inflation the way it was. had plenty to see him through: had plenty of money to live till the very end of his life even with inflation the way it was: although inflation was so highTranslation: 他一生节俭，有充裕的生活费用，尽管通货膨胀一直居高不下。8. (Line 118) Now, as the thought took form in my brain, I realized that I might be able to help a few youngsters who were traveling down a path to certain imprisonment or an early death. as the thought took form in my brain: when the idea had become clearer in my mind who were traveling down a path to certain imprisonment: who were becoming worse and worse and would soon end up in prisonTranslation: 现在，随着这个想法在我的脑子里变得清晰，我意识到我可以帮助一些误入歧途的青年，甚至救他们一命。Key to Exercise II1. Because be hated to be robbed, especially when robbed by a youngster.2. On his carpet.3. Between the table and the couch.4. No, he wasnt happy because he thought it too risky for the old man to fight back when being robbed.5. Less than one year.Passage 8Kid with a Knife (Part II)1. (Line 9) The next morning, I went down to the police station and plowed through the mug books. plowed through the mug books: (fig.) to try hard to find the picture of the young robber from many pictures of robbersTranslation: 第二天早上，我去了趟警察局，在一大堆罪犯的照片里翻了好半天。2. (Line 28) where he bought pastries of some sort and then returned to his room. pastry: pie of meat, fruit, jam, etc. enclosed in pastry and baked without a dishTranslation: 在那里，他买了一些馅饼类的食物，然后回到他的房子。3. (Line 92) I thought youd be satisfied with conking me over the head and breaking my leg. conking me over the head: hitting me on the headTranslation: 你砸了我的头，打断了我的腿，我想你该满意了吧。4. (Line 103) You set me up! “Set up” means to plan something in order to deceive somebody or to trap somebody into doing something. “You set me up” means “It was you who got me into a trap”.Translation: 是你陷害我！5. (Line 108) “Well, Uncle George, hes our boy, isnt he?” “Hes our boy” means he is the boy who has robbed you in your house a few weeks ago and now he should be taken to the police station and placed under arrest.Translation: “怎么样，乔治叔叔？他就是我们在找的男孩，对吗？”6. (Line 127) Oh, Ill explain everything to him once the kid gets straightened out. straighten out: to remove difficulties, esp. bad behavior or worries, in ones life.Translation: 噢，一旦那孩子改邪归正，我一定会向他解释明白。Key to Exercise II1. 因证据不足，对他的两起小偷小摸的指控被取消；但他曾因袭击和抢劫而被判监禁。2. 看到周围没人，我便迅速把我新弄来的维萨卡塞进他的口袋里，然后匆匆走进街角的一家商店里，打电话叫来了一辆救护车。3. 我坐在一把椅子上，从那儿可以看清他的脸。然后，我从衣袋里掏出了那只木刻松鼠。4. 在我介绍了约翰史密斯就是那位雕刻松鼠的男孩后，他们俩便聚精会神地讨论起了木雕，把我全忘了。Passage 9You Call This a Mugging?1. (Line 1) Leftover drops to rain dribbled from greening leaves onto the soggy yellow ones that seem to inhabit the Spring as a reminder of Fall. soggy: completely wet; heavy and usu. unpleasant with wetnessTranslation: 残存的雨滴从绿意萌发的树叶滴到湿透的黄树叶上，这黄树叶好像是为了让人们想起春天里还有那么一丝秋意。2. (Line 28) Scared excitement started welling up inside of me and I thought that maybe I should grab the old schoolbooks and make a run for it before it was too late. well up: (literary) spring upTranslation: 恐惧和兴奋开始涌上我的全身。我想我应该拿上我的破课本尽早逃离这里才对。3. (Line 72) I threw my raggedy Kleenex on the ground and looked carefully at my mugger who was shuffling the junk from my purse on the wet sidewalk. raggedy: (also ragged) old and torn; with uneven edges or surfaces shuffling the junk: moving the worthless thingsTranslation: 我把手里皱巴巴的克里内克丝面巾纸仍到地上，然后仔细看着这个劫匪，他把我钱包里那些并不值钱的东西倒在潮湿的人行道上，正在翻找。4. (Line 90) I shouldve given him a karate chop or hit him with my five-pound English literature book when he wasnt looking. karate: Japanese system of unarmed combat using hands, feet, etc. , as weaponsTranslation: 我本可以用我的空手道去猛击他，或者在他不注意的时候，用我那五磅重的英国文学课本去砸他的脑袋。Key to Exercise II1. i 2. e 3. g 4. j 5. d 6. b 7. h 8. a 9. c 10. fUNIT FOURPassage 10Man Searches for Life in Space1. (Line 9) If it is, dose this preclude some form of life that man has never dreamed of? preclude: restrain, prevent, rule outParaphrase: If the previous question has a positive answer, does this rule out the possibility of certain forms of life on Jupiter that man has never imagined?2. (Line 11) Now, for the first time, man is beginning to grasp the almost magic key that may unlock the mystery of whether or not life in some form exists on the other planets of our solar system.Paraphrase: Today, humankind is able to begin to make use of the technology of space travel to try to find out whether there is any form of life on the other planets of solar system.3. (Line 25) Scientists know that organisms like it flourished and multiplied almost two billion years ago. organisms: living beings, creatures“It” refers to the “microscopic plant”.Translation: 科学家们知道在近二十亿年以前就有这种藻类有机体繁殖生息了。4. (Line 31) Life itself, they have decided, began spontaneously a little later about four billion two hundred million years ago. spontaneous: occurring without external cause 自然的，自发的e.g. spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling 强烈感情的自然流露5. (Line 82) Since this happened on earth during its earliest days, it is more than likely that it also happened on other planets. more than likely 是常见的一种搭配，它由more than + 形容词或副词构成，如：I am more than happy to help you. 我非常高兴能给你帮点忙。6. (Line 109) Cultures, microscopes, and other devices will search out microbes and organisms. culture: within this context, culture refers to the growth of bacteria for scientific studyKey to Exercise II1. 目前已知的最古老的化石是一种极微小植物的化石。它的形状与池塘和湖泊中常见的水藻相似。科学家们知道类似的生物在将近20亿年前曾经在地球上郁郁地生长和繁衍过。然而水藻是一种比较复杂的生物，所以比它简单的生物肯定在这之前就已经出现。2. 通过施加能量，产生了简单的有机分子。虽然这并不意味着这些分子具有生命，然而它们由构成生