中考常用时态归纳.doc

动词时态一、动词时态的基本知识与结构： 概念结构时间状语否定和一般疑问句一般现在时表示经常、反复发生的动作或者行为及目前的某种状况，还可以用来表示某个事情的特点和性质。is/ am/ are动词原形/动词单数第三人称have/ hasoften，usually，always，never，sometimes，every week，once a week，on Sundays 等主语am/is/are not 主语dont/ doesnt 动词原形Am/Is/Are主语？Do/Does 主语动词？一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或者状态，过去习惯性经常性的动作或者状态。was/ were动词过去时hadago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week/year/month/night，in 1989，just now，at the age of twelve，one day，long long ago 等主语was/werenot . 主语didnt动词原形.Was/Were 主语.？ Did主语谓语动词.？一般将来时表示将来某个时间里发生的动作或者状态，或者将来某一段时间经常发生的动作或者状态。will/shall 动词原形is/am/ are going to 动词原形tomorrow，next week/month/year，in the future等主语wont 动词原形. 主语isnt/arent +going to动词原形.Will/Shall 主语动词原形.？ Am/Is/Are 主语going to谓语动词.？过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。would/should动词原形was/were goingto动词原形the next day/ week/ month/ year等主语wouldnt /shouldnt动词原形. 主语wasnt/werent +going to动词原形.Would/Should 主语动词原形.？ Was/Were 主语going to谓语动词.？现在进行时表示说话时正在发生的动作，或现阶段进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。is/ am/ are现在分词(v-ing)now，at this time，at present，these days等主语am/is/are +not现在分词.Am/Is/Are 主语现在分词.？过去进行时表示过去某个时间里正在发生的动作或者行为。was/were 现在分词(v-ing)then，at that time，at ten last night等主语wasnt/werent 现在分词. Was/Were 主语现在分词.？现在完成时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。have/has 过去分词(v-ed)already，just，ever，before，never，yet，since，for，so far等主语havent/hasnt过去分词. Have/Has主语过去分词.？过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或者行为。had 过去分词(v-ed)by the time, before we got there, after, by the end of 等主语hadnt过去分词. Had主语过去分词.？二、动词时态的中考重点和考点： 1. 一般现在时：（1）表示经常发生的动作或者经常存在的状态。经常和表示时间的状语often，always，usually，sometimes，every day等连用。例如： My sister usually goes to school on foot. 我姐姐经常步行去上学。 We often come to school at six in the morning. 我们经常在早上六点到学校。（2）表示某种习惯或者能力，也可以表示职业、特征等。例如： My mother often gets up very early in the morning. This kind of car runs very fast. 这种小汽车跑得非常快。描述人或事物的性质和特征，如描写某个人的外貌特征和性格特点要用一般现在时。所以介绍人物、说明事物等说明文用一般现在时。例如： Our school is bigger than yours. 我们的学校比你们的大。 Our new teacher is young and outgoing. 我们的英语老师即年轻又开朗。 This is my father. He is an actor. He likes action movies. He often acts some farmers in the movies.（3）表示客观事实、客观规律或者客观真理。例如： This kind of trees never grows in the desert. 这种树从来不在沙漠里生长。 Do you know that knowledge is power? 你知道知识就是力量吗？（4）在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，表示将来的动作。例如： Theyll be so happy when I tell them. 我告诉他们时，他们会很高兴的。 If you arent here on time tomorrow, Ill write to your parents. 如果你明天不准时到，我就给你父母亲写信。注意：一般现在时的be动词不能和其它的行为动词连用，这是学生最容易出现错误的地方。例如在下句中is不能和goes连用。所以去掉be动词is。He is often goes to school on foot. 他经常步行去上学。（1）一般现在时的第三人称单数：在一般现在时中，如果句子的主语是第三人称单数形式，谓语动词用其第三人称单数形式。例如：My father often watches TV after dinner at home. 我的爸爸经常在晚饭后在家看电视。（2）一般现在时的谓语如果是实义动词，其否定句和一般疑问句要用助动词do，第三人称单数用does，doesnt来构成。例如：My little brother doesnt do his homework at school. 我的小弟弟不在学校做家庭作业。随时练：1. Jim. Youd better go home now. OK! I will go home as soon as I _ my homework.A. will finish B. finishing C. finish D. finishes2. We will climb the hill if it _ tomorrow.A. doesnt rain B. isnt raining C. wont rain D. will rain3. Whats wrong with these noodles? It _ terrible.A. is tasting B. was tasted C. tastes D. tasting4. Have you heard of the story of Holi? It _ like this: there is a bad king whoA. tells B. comes C. goes D. says5. When _ your mother _ to work every day, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; go B. has; gone C. had; gone D. did; go答案： C A C C A2. 一般过去时：（1）表示过去经常发生的动作或者过去经常存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday，just now，a moment ago，last week/ year/ night，in 1985，in those days，when I was at middle school等连用。例如：They went to college last year. 他们是去年上大学。We had a good time in the park yesterday. 我们昨天在公园玩得很高兴。（2）表示过去接连发生的一系列动作。例如：We played football first，then went boating and fishing,，and at last had a picnic there. 我们先踢足球，然后去划船、钓鱼。最后我们在那里野餐。（3）在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，表示过去将来的动作。She told me that she would not leave until I came back. 她告诉我我回来她才会离开。注意：（1）表示过去经常或反复的动作，而现在却不这样做了，也可以用used to +动词原形来表示。例如： I used to get up very late. 我过去总是起床很晚。（2）如果主句的谓语动词是现在完成时，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。例如： We have made a lot of friends since we came here. 自从我们来到这里以来已经交了很多的朋友。（3）谈论某人的出生日期经常用一般过去时。例如： When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？ I was born in 1983. 我出生于1983年。(4)一般过去时的否定句和疑问句，主语不论是第几人称、不论是单数形式还是复数形式，其否定和疑问形式都是用助动词did构成。注意不要丢掉或忘记改后面的谓语动词为原形。这是中考最容易出现错误的地方。例如： My father didnt go to movies with my mother yesterday evening. 我爸爸昨天晚上没有和我妈妈一起去看电影。（5）一般过去时的be动词was/were不能和其它的行为动词连用，这是学生最容易出现错误的地方。例如下句中was不能和did连用。所以去掉be动词was。He was did his homework after dinner last night. 他昨天晚上吃完午饭后做他的家庭作业。（6）动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式。规则变化是在动词原形的后面加词尾ed。例如： My mother worked in that factory last month. 我的妈妈上个月在那家工厂上班。随时练：1. When _ your mother _ back? About half an hour ago.A. did；come B. had; come C. do; come D. have; come2. Betty _ to school yesterday because she was ill.A. isnt come B. didnt come C. comes D. doesnt3. _ you _ take a bus to school? Yes. But now I usually go to school on foot.A. Were; used to B. Did; used toC. Do; used to D. Did; use to4. When _ your mother _ you that blue dress, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; buy B. has; bought C. had; bought D. did; buy5. Who told you to take some cameras? Our teacher _. She said we need to take many photos.A. does B. has C. had D. did【答案】 A B D D D 3. 现在进行时： （1）表示说话的时候正在发生的动作，经常与时间状语now，at present，at this time/ moment等连用。例如：The boys are playing football over there now. 这些男孩子们正在那边踢足球。My father is watching TV with my mother now. 我的爸爸正在和妈妈一起看电视。在句子中有Look!/Listen! /at this time/ Its six oclock等词句提示时，句子的谓语动词用现在进行时。例如：Look! All the boys of our class are playing soccer on the playground. 看！ 我们班所有的男孩都在操场上踢足球。（2）表示现阶段正在进行着的动作，但不一定在说话时正在进行。经常与now，these days等时间状语连用。例如： I am learning French in Beijing these days. 这些天我正在北京学法语。（3）一些瞬间动词的现在进行时可以表示一般将来时表示“即将”，常有表示将来的时间状语。常用的这类动词有come，leave，go，arrive，die等。例如： Hurry up! The bus is coming. 快点！公共汽车马上就要开了。 He is coming back tomorrow. 他明天会回来。(4)介绍人物的动作、说明某一过程，描写做某事的场面等短文多用现在进行时。例如：Its eight now. All of us are planting trees on the hill. Some big boys are digging hard. Some girls are watering the young trees. Our teacher is carrying some water from a little river. What is our monitor doing? Look! He is helping ayoung boy to dig holes. We are all working hard. 现在是八点，我们所有的人都正在山上栽树。一些大的男孩们正在努力挖坑，一些女孩们正在浇水，我们的老师正在从小河里抬水。我们的班长在做什么？看！他正在帮小同学挖坑。我们都在努力地工作。(5)现在进行时与频率副词always，again等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩 (赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。 The little boy is always making trouble. 这个小男孩总是惹麻烦。注意：使用现在进行时应该注意以下几点。（1）现在进行时不能丢掉be动词，这是学生最容易出现错误的地方。例如： He swimming with his friends in the river now. 他正在河里面游泳。（少is）（2）动词的现在分词是动词v.ing。注意一些动词的现在分词变化规则。例如： swim，run，shop，begin等重读闭音节词结尾且只有一个辅音字母的要双写词尾加ing；write，like，live等以不发音e结尾的要去掉字母e再加ing。但是see seeing lie- lying随时练：1. listen! Who _ the piano in our classroom? I think it must be our music teacher.A. plays B. is playing C. is play D. played2. Many children like eating some snacks while they _ interesting cartoons on TV.A. watching B. are watching C. watch D. is watch3. Hello! Is that John speaking? Sorry. This is Henry. John _ supper.A. is cooking B. cooked C. cooks D. cooking4. Keep quiet, please. Your father _ in the bedroom. OK, Mum.A. sleep B. sleeping C. is sleeping D. sleeps5. Do you often hear your mother _ in your room? Yes. Listen! She _ in her bedroom now.A. singing; singing B. is singing; singing C. sing; is singingD. sing; sings【答案】 B B A C C 4. 过去进行时：表示说话的过去某个时候或某一阶段正在进行的动作。这一特定时间除了有上下文暗示外，经常和表示过去时间的状语then，a moment ago，at this time yesterday，at ten last night，at that time/ moment等连用。例如：What were you doing at this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你正在做什么？I was cooking with my mother. 我正和我妈妈一起做饭。My mother was watching TV at eight last night. 昨天晚上八点我妈妈正在看电视。when引导的时间状语从句是一般过去时，主句常用过去进行时。例如：My father was watching TV when I got home last night. 我昨天晚上到家的时候，我爸爸正在看电视。as，when, while引导的状语从句，常用过去进行时为主句的谓语动作描述一件事发生的背景。 例如：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down. 他跳上跳下，弄坏了椅子。随时练：1. What _ you _ at seven last night? Oh, I was watching TV.A. did；do B. is；doing C. are；doing D. were；doing2. My mother _ when I got home.A. cook B. cooks C. cooked D. was cooking3. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes4. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was fallingD. read; fell【答案】D D C B 注意：英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时(现在进行时和过去进行时)：1.表示心理状态、情感的动词：love 、hate、like、care、please、prefer、know 等。2.表示存在、状态的动词，如：appear、exist、lie (位于）、remain、seem等。3.表示感觉的动词see、hear、feel（摸起来）、smell、sound、taste 4.表示一时性的动词accept、allow、decide、end、refuse、promise等。例如：On the foot of the mountain lies a small village. 山脚下有一个小山村。The silk feels soft and smooth. 这种丝绸摸起来又滑又软。5. 一般将来时：几种一般将来时的不同用法：表示将来发生的动作或者存在的状态。常和表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow，next week/ year/ month，this afternoon/ evening，tonight，in a few days，when he comes等连用。一般将来时的构成：1） will/shall动词原形 2）be going to动词原形。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于第二和第三人称。例如：Ill come and help you tomorrow. 我明天来帮助你。He will go to Beijing and see his father next week. 他下个星期去北京看他的爸爸。（1）will +动词原形，表示主观意愿,未经事先精心计划或打算，可用于各种人称。例如： There is someone at the door. I will go and open it. 门口有人，我去开门。 Who will go and help that poor old man? 谁去帮助那位可怜的老人？（2）be going to +动词原形，强调计划、安排要发生的事或有迹象要发生的事。例如： He is going to buy a new car next week. 他打算下周买台新车。 Look at the dark clouds. I think it is going to rain soon. 看那些乌云，我想要下雨了。（3）shall +动词原形，主语通常是I或 we并且在肯定句中常被will +动词原形构成的将来时代替，而在疑问句中Shall I./ Shall we.? 常用来征求对方意见. Shall I /we go fishing tomorrow? 明天去钓鱼怎么样？ When shall we meet? 我们什么时候见面？（4）一些动词的现在进行时的结构表示一般将来时,这些动词有come，go，leave，start，arrive等。例如：Hurry up! The train is leaving. 快点，火车马上就要开了。注意：（1）shall一般和第一人称的代词连用构成shall I或者shall we的一般疑问句，用来询问对方的意图和愿望，征求别人同意等。例如： Shall we go swimming this afternoon? 今天下午我们去游泳好吗？（2）助动词shall引起的一般疑问句征求别人同意时，回答不能用Yes, you shall或者No, you shall not，应该用Yes, please do.或者No, please dont. 例如： Shall I close the window? 我把窗户关上好吗？ No, please dont.不，别关。（3）be going to+动词原形，常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，也用于表示必然或很可能发生的事。例如：They are going to finish the work this evening. 他们打算今天晚上完成这项工作。Its going to snow. 要下雪了。随时练： 1. The TV show Home with Kids is so wonderful. You shouldnt miss it. If I have time, I _ it.A. see B. saw C. will see D. have seen2. When I grow up, I _ to make my parents live happily.A. try B. tried C. will try D. have tried3. You have left with the lights on in your classroom, Jim. Oh, I am sorry. I _ to turn then off right now.A. would B. have gone C. will go D. go4. Dont worry. I _ you as soon as I finish my work.A. helpB. will helpC. helpedD. was helping5. Mr. Smith _ us a talk on computer games next Monday.A. give B. gave C. has given D. is going to give【答案】C C C B D6. 过去将来时：一般将来时是以现在为基点看将来，而过去将来时则是说话人以过去某时为基点看将来，多用于宾语从句(包括间接引语），表示从句动作发生在主句之后。He said that he would ring me at six. 他说他将在6点钟给我打电话。表示过去某个将来时间发生的动作或者存在的状态。第一人称用should动词原形，其他人称用would动词原形。也可以用was/were +going +to 动词原形。过去将来时经常用在间接引语中，主句的谓语动词是一般过去时。I thought you would change your mind. 我原以为你会改变主意的。Your father said he was going to visit your school next week.你爸爸说他下个星期要到你的学校参观。They said they would come the next day. 他们说第二天就回来。7. 现在完成时：现在完成时是中考的重点和难点，要特别注意since和for的用法。（1）表示动作发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或者结果，而这种影响或者结果往往是说话人的兴趣所在。常用的状语有already, yet, not yet, now, just, by this time等。例如： The bus has come here. 公共汽车已经来了。 Someone has cleaned the window. 有人已经擦了窗户。（2）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去的动作。常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, this week/ month/ summer, lately, recently, these days, so far, in the past few days, since the end of last year, for a long time等。例如： We have lived here for two years. 我们在这里住了两年了。 (3) （1）since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时表示自过去某个时间以来,主句一般用现在完成时.例如：They have learned two hundred songs since they came here. 自从他们来这里以来，已经学会了二百首歌曲。（2）for和表示一段时间的状语连用，句子的谓语动词多用现在完成时。例如： My teacher has taught in this school for ten years. 我们的老师已经在这所学校教了10年书了。（3）现在完成时和for/ since时间状语连用时，其谓语动词要用延续性动词，这是学生最容易出现错误的地方。例如： He has bought the bike for three years. 他买这辆自行车已经三年了。这个句子bought不能和for three years连用，因为“买”这一动作不能持续三年，是一个瞬间动词，应改成had，表示“拥有”了三年。也可改为：He bought the bike three years ago. 他三年前买的这辆自行车。注意：（1）buy，borrow，die等非延续性动词（也称为瞬间动词）的肯定形式一般不能和表示一段时间的for短语及since短语（或从句）连用，这时要用相应的动词代替这些非延续性动词。例如：() I have bought the bike for two years. 我买这辆自行车两年了。() I have had the bike for two years. 瞬间动词与延续动词的转换：buyhave stopbe overleavebe away come backbe back borrowkeep diebe dead beginbe onfall asleepbe asleeparrivebe here get upbe up joinbe inbe a member例如：They borrowed the book two weeks ago他们两个星期前借的这本书。 They have kept the book for two weeks A month has passed since he left home. 他离开家已经一个月了。 He has been away from home for a month.（2）注意以下表示法的含义及用法：have been (to): 去过或到过（某地）（表示某人过去的经历）have gone (to)：去（某地）了 （现在可能已在某地）have come (to)：来（某地）了 （现在可能已在某地）have been in +一段时间: 已在某地一段时间了例如：He has been to Hangzhou several times. 他到过杭州几次了。He has gong to Hangzhou, so he cant help us. 他去杭州了，所以他不可能帮助我们。He has come to our city. Lets go to visit him. 他已经到我们城市来了，我们去拜访他吧。She has been in London for half a year. 她在伦敦已经半年了。（4）注意两个动词短语have been to和have gone to 的不同用法。have been to是表示“去过某地（现在已经返回）”的意思；have gone to是表示“已经去了某地”的意思。例：We have been to the Great Wall for many times.我们已经去过长城好多次了。 They have already gone to the Great Wall. 他们已经去了长城。随时练：1. Tony, _ you _ smoking? Yes. Drinking tea is my favorite now.A. will; stop B. did; stop C. would; stop D. have; stopped2. Mr. Smith speaks Chinese very well. He _ in China since 2000.A. has stayed B. stays C. is staying D. stayed3. Why wont you go to the movie with me? Because I _ it twice.A. see B. will see C. sawD. have seen4. I _ my father since I left my village. I miss him very much.A. didnt see B. havent seen C. wont see D. am seeing5. Where is your father, Mary? He _ Beijing with my mother.A. has been to B. has gone to C. had went D. went【答案】D A D B B几种时态的区别: 一、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。一般过去时只表示过去某时发生的动作和状态。现在完成时则强调到目前为止动作的完成和结果，与现在的情况有联系，对现在也有影响。需要特别注意的是：强调做过的事，用现在完成时态，当说明或者询问做事的时间、地点时，要用一般过去时。例如：He has watched the football match. She watched it last Saturday. 她看了那场足球赛，她是上周六看的。 现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等，所以不能和表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系，可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如：Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. (表示结果：已经看过了，因此了解了这部电影)When did you see it? I saw it last Sunday. (表示事实：过去做的一件事的时间)He has taught this class for two years. （现在仍教着，或者刚刚停止）He taught this class for two years. （过去教过）三、易错点点拨： 1. 助动词和实义动词混淆。She doesnt her homework at home.解析把doesnt改为doesnt do。2. 一般现在时和现在进行时混淆。Look! All the boys play games under the tree.解析把play改为are playing。3. 一般过去时忘记使用谓语的过去时形式。Where does your father go last night?解析把does改为did。4. 一般过去时和过去完成时用法混淆。We learned three hundred words in the last two years.解析把learned改为have learned。5. 瞬间动词用作延续性动词。My mother has come back for a month.解析把has come改为has been back。6. 时态在状语从句中的误用。We will call you when your father will come here.解析把will come改为comes。7. 宾语从句中的时态不对应。He asked us what we will do tomorrow.解析本题是考查在宾语从句中的时态对应。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句中一般要用相应的过去时，即从句中原来的一般将来时一般要改成过去将来时，另外还要对时间状语加以调整。所以原句应改为：He asked what we would do the next day.英语的语态一、中考要求： 动词的语态中考要求掌握：动词的主动语态和被动语态的形式与使用。二、知识要点： 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态是表示句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者。例如：我们经常擦黑板。We often clean the blackboard.（我们是擦黑板的执行者即主动语态）The blackboard is often cleaned by us. （黑板是clean的承受者即被动语态）。1. 被动语态的构成： 被动语态由be动词的过去分词构成，有各种时态。（1）一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are过去分词。例如： The song is often sung by the little boys. 这首歌经常被男孩子唱。（2）一般过去时的被动语态：was/were过去分词。例如： The school was built in 1974. 这个学校是1974年建的