外研版初二上英语知识总结.doc

第一模块语法：一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year,month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year,night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, longlong ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。三、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构：am/is/are+doing否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday, at thattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。五、现在完成时：（略，后面复习）六、一般将来时：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a fewminutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。translate into 把翻译成 translation 翻译（名词）the number of 的数字 a number of =numbers of = many 许多write down 写下，记下 write it down , write down your mistakeselse 其他 what else 还有其他的 ,anything else其他的一些， sombody elses books 其他人的书newspaper 报纸（可数）in the newspaper , on paper .each各个，每个each of us likes running . eachother 互相enjoy yourself (myself , yoursef, herself , himself , itself ,yourselves , ourselves , themselves)=have a good timea piece of一张（片，块，件，则） all the time 总是，一直borrow 借（入） lend借（出） keep借（保持）why dont you = why not you为什么你不 in class 在课堂上next to靠近，旁边 should 应该（情态动词）Its +adi.+ to do sth. 做某事怎么样。 Its interesting toseeEnglish movies.How about = what about (后加名词)How about doingsome shopping?try not to do sth.尝试不要做 helpsb. with sth.= help sb.(to) do sth.帮助某人某事ask for请求 ask sb. for sth.向某人请求某事enjoy doing = like doing喜欢做某事 speakto (with) sb. 和某人说话take a deep breath做个深呼吸 quickly动作迅速地，敏捷地 We get up quickly in the morning.fast速度快He can ranfast.leave离开leave Beijing 与leave for Beijing离开北京与去北京。I left my homework athome.忘记 look for寻找make friends交朋友 invite sb. to 邀请某人 invitation邀请（名词，不可）in the order按顺序 parctie doing练习做 say hello / goodbye tosb.向某人问好/说再见 learn from 向 学习remember/forget to do sth.记住/忘记了做某事（事情还没做）remember/forget doing sth记住/忘记做某事（事情已经做了） Remember to goto the post office afterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。 Dont youremember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?makemistake犯错误 adivce (名词) advise(动词)建议excellent= very good 出色的;杰出的;优等的 hear from 收到某人来信第二模块语法：现在完成时 have(has) + done 表示“已经”、“曾经”everHave you ever been to Shanghai?Yes, I have . /No, I havent ( No, never.)experience经验（不可），经历（可）I know from experiencethat there will be rainy tomorrow.据我的经验，今天要下雨。 He had many interesting experiences while travelling inAfrica.他在非洲旅行时，有很多有趣的经历。kind 种类all kinds ofanimals各种动物 kind仁慈的，和善的 Itskind of you to invite me to your party你太好了邀请我参加你的晚会。 kind of 有点儿,有一些 Beihai Park is kind of quiet . 北海公园有点安静。come true成为现实 abroad 在国外（副词） be abroad 在国外go abroad去国外 one day 某天 all over China 全中国more than = over超过 sell out卖光 be frome= come from来自another 又（一）个，再一（个）（指三个以上）another apple ，another two applessend sb. sth.= send sth. to sb.送某人某物 travelaround the world 环游世界the price of 的价格Whats the price of the book ?=How much the book ?take off 起飞；脱下 land土地；着落 enter进入，参加What do you reckon ?= What do you think ? 你是怎么认为的？exciting 令人兴奋的excited 感到兴奋的 Are you excited about going to Beijing? 你要去北京了，感到兴奋吗？ He told us anexciting story yesterday. 他昨天给我们讲了一个使人激动的故事。其他类似的词，surprising/sruprised ；interesting/interestedgo to sleep 睡觉=go to bedbe asleep 睡着的=fall insleepby plane 坐飞机take a plane =on aplane fly to sw.=go to sw. byplane 坐飞机到某地at the end 结束时 in the end最终，终于 get up 站起来；起床beside , next to ,near三个词都是在旁边，在附近，靠近的意思：但是表示远近时候还是有区别的。从近到一般近到最近为到：NEAR BESIDE NEXT TOcook sth. for sb. 为某人做什么饭菜=cook sb.sth. buy sth. for sb. =buy sb.sth.为某人买什么 problem（需要solve解决）的问题question（需要answer回答的）问题yet （迄今）还，已经(用于否定句和疑问句中).Has the bell rung yet?- It has not rung yet.已经敲钟了吗? -还没有. Anne has already finished.安妮已经做完了how to do sth. 怎么样做某事Can you tell me how tolearn English well?=Can you tell me how I can learn Englishwell?before 以前；在之前 （常用完成时） ago以前（过去时） His parents died tenyearsago他父母十年前都去世了。 I have never been there before我以前从来没有去过那里Inever saw him before我以前从未见过他。第三模块语法：现在完成时 刚刚、过、还（未）、最近justalready yetrecently时间状语 since forWhat are you up to ?= What are you doing?你在做什么？the latest news最近的消息 severalmonths 几个月 not yet 还没有It take(for sb.) +时间+to do sth.（某人）做某事花了多少时间Ittook me two hours to do my homework yesterday. (扩展) I spent two hours (in)doing my homeworkyesterday.I spent two hours on my homeworkyesterday. The homework cost mytwo hours yesterday.spend与cost与pay一样还可以表示“花钱”。have been to 与have gone to havebeen to 是曾进去过某地方，但已经回到说话现场have gone to 是在去某地的旅途中或去了某地还没回来。例： I havebeen to Guangzhou twice.(我去广州两次了，此时该人不再广州）He hasgone to guangzhou.(他去了广州，现在在广州或在去的途中）no one=nobady 、 none 、nothingno one / nobody 常用来指人，作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式. none 可指人也可指物，作主语时，如和 of连用指不可数名词时，谓语动词要用单数形式；指可数名词时，谓语动词用单、复数均可。nothing常用来指物，作主语时谓语动词也要用单数形式；No one likes a person with badhabbits. None of them has /have seen me before. Nothing isdifficult in the world if you put your heart intoit. none 可用来回答 How many / much？ 的特殊疑问句；而 no one / nobody 及 nothing则分别用来回答 Who？ 和 What？ 的特殊疑问句。如： How many birds are there in thetree？ None. What is in the box？ Nothing. Who is in the classroom？ Noone / Nobody.take the space shuttle 乘坐宇宙飞船show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb.给某人看某物on bussiness出差 millions of几百万年（hundreds of , thousands of , billion of ）theyre coming back this evening .= they will come back thisevening .某些动词的现在进行时可以表示将来时。如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,return 等等.go around the sun围绕太阳转 也also(句中)too(句末)either(否，疑句)are called =are named 被叫做(be动词+行为动词过去分词)Lao Sheare called a language master in China.along 与lonely 独自，孤独 along是指独自一人，单独，它是副词而lonely则是指孤独，寂寞，荒凉，它是形容词 along多指表面上一个人的，lonely是指心灵上的孤寂。she lives along,but she doesnt feellonely. 她一个人住，但是她不感到孤独。most of 大多数的 once 一次（twice两次three times 三次）discover找到（未知） find找到（已知） look for 寻找 look out找出（真相）space station太空站 come back回来 next year明年 so far 到目前为止asas 和一样Daming lears English as well(原形)asLingling .finish doing 做完某事write tosb.写信给某人 write back回信sothat太以至于 tooto太而不能enough to足够.而能做某事通常来说，这三种句型可用于同义句转换，具体如下： too.to.=not 反义词 enough to =so.that否定句 例：He is too young to go toschool. = He is not old enoughto go to school. = He is so young that he cant go toschool. must与have to都有必须、应该的意思。但二者有区别： must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必须，have to则侧重客观上的必须，可译为不得不。must与have to经常可以互换使用。Imust/have to go to schoolnow.现在我必须上学了。 We must help eachother. Mysister is ill, my mother has to look after her. 注意must表示推断或猜测: Yoursister must be a doctor in thishospital.（一定）你姐姐一定是这家医院的医生。 否定 dont have tohaventto表示不必mustnt 表示禁止be afraid todo害怕做某事 be afraid of sth.害怕某样东西prefer 1 prefer to do/doing喜欢做2 prefer A to B比起B更喜欢A 3 prefer doingA to doing B比起做B更喜欢做A 4prefer to do A rather than B比起做B更喜欢做A第四模块现在完成时：从过去持续到现在。 since (时间点) for (时间段)I havestayed in the hotel for aweek. I havestayed in the hotel since lastMonday. 并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I stayed in the hotel for a week last summer.上年夏天我在这个旅馆呆了一个星期。 I will stay in the hotel for a week next month.下个月我要在这旅馆呆一个星期。瞬间动词（点动词）与延续性动词 瞬间动词（点动词）表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。 He has died for three years. 可改为：He has been dead for threeyears. 将终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词举例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave,begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over,joinbe in/be a member of, catch a coldhave acold。小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1) (对)Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to studyRussian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harryhas got married for six years. = Harry began to get married sixyears ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harrygot married six years ago.How soon 多久后（将来时）How long多长 How often多长时间一次How soon will you go to school? Tenminuteslater. 你多久后要去上学啦?十分钟后. How long is the rope? About five miles. 这条绳索多长? 大概5米. Howlong is the you holiday? Two months.你有多长的假期?两个月. How often do yougo to swim? Once a week.你多长时间去游一次泳呢?一个星期去一次.teach sb. sth. 教某要某事 Mr. Liuteaches us English.head teacher校长 hearabout/of 听到，听说drop out of school 退学get on (well) with 与相处（融洽） Hegets on well with his new classmates.他和他的新同学们相处得很好take partin与join takepart in是参加规模较小的团体，活动。I took part in a party lastnight.昨天晚上我参加了一个派对。join也是参加，可是参加大是比较正式，大型的团体，活动。 I joined the Partylast year.我去年参加了一个党派。付钱pay，cost，spend I paid three dollars for a hamburger. 我花了三美圆去买个汉堡 The hamburgercost me three dollars .这个汉堡花了我三美元 I spent threedollarson ahamburger我花了三美圆买了个汉堡 maybe相当于perhaps,放句首。probably副词 Maybe shell come this afternoon. Perhaps shell come thisafternoon.她可能今天下午来。 It will probably be finetomorrow明天大概会是晴天。 maybe和may be可相互转换。 He may be inthe office. = Maybe he is in the office. 他或许在办公室。luck幸运（名）lucky幸运的（形）luckily幸运地（副）I had a lot of luck in that exam. you are so lucky to pass theexam！ Luckily，I got to the station in time.health健康（名词）healthy健康的（形）Smoking is not good for yourhealth.吸烟对你的健康没有好处。 I likeeating heathy food .我喜欢吃健康的食物。到达reach，arrive（小地方at，大地方in），get to注意：与here there home abroad 搭配的时候不能加介词，如gethome. When did youarrive?你什么时候到达的？have some concerts =do some concerts举行演唱会 in fact 事实上Speaking Chinese is very difficult .说汉语是非常困难的。（动名词作主语）He is an eight-year-old boy.他是一个8岁的男孩。 He is eight years old .Heis a boy of eight years old. 他8岁。stop doing与 stop to do When Mr.He came in clssroom , everyone stopped talking.当何老师走进教室，每个人停止了谈论。When you are tired , you muststop to have a rest. 当你疲倦时，你必须停下来休息。with the help of 在的帮助下。 Wefinished the work with the help of theteacher.我们在老师的帮助下完成了这个工作。一些 a few （可数） alittle(不可数) without 没有（后接名词）因为，由于because 与because of Shedoesnt go to school because she is ill.She doesnt go to schoolbecause of ill.她因为生病没有上学。high school 高中 primary school小学 get aneducation接受教育in the last 14 years在过去的15年中 wear穿着，戴着（put on 穿上）Project Hope希望工程 same同样的 We are in the same class.我们在同一个班级。We do the same work as they（do） 我们和他们干同样的活第五模块反意疑问句：陈述句后加上一个简短问句。 She often has lunch at school, doesntshe? Youdont like sports, doyou? You cant do it, canyou? They are very late for the meeting, arentthey? They have known the matter, haventthey? 要注意的一些句子：It is impossible to learn English, isntit? She never tells a lie, does she? （这样的词语还有little, few, never,hardly, seldom，no, nothing, nobody）Im as tallas your sister，arentI? Everything is ready, isnt it?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you inthe reading-room, will you?Close the window, please, will you? There will not be any trouble, willthere? Mr Smith isnt American, is he ? yes, he is.(不，他是美国人) No, he isnt.(对，他不是美国人)。traditional 传统的(形) traditona传统（名）on earth究竟,在世界上on the earth 在地球上inthe earth在地下die死，去世（动） dead 死亡的（形）His mather died in1985.His mather has benn dead for 10 years.maybe = perhaps 可能,也许与maybe Maybe Sally is hersister. Sally may be hersister. western music / pop music/classical music/modernmusic 西方的音乐/流行音乐/古典音乐/现代音乐whos it by? 它是由谁（写）的？Im not sure.我不确定be born （in /on）出生 the capital city ofAustria奥地利首都 also too either也 neither两者都不 Im also astudent. Ima student too. Im not astudent either. 一般用neither很少。 Neither Ronald nor Sammy is astudent.music音乐musician音乐家make sb.+adj. 让某人 His waltzesmade him famous all over Europe.succeed动词successful形容词success名词 Ourplan hassucceeded. He will be successful with the help of us. Its a great success tofinish the work .not only but also不但.而且. 要遵循“就近一致原则”，Not only thestudents but also the teacher was invited.a beautiful old city一个美丽的古城 take sb. around带着某人周游give concerts 开音乐会at the age of在。岁时 a pieceof music / pieces of musicplay the piano弹钢琴 in additionto (besides) 除之外(be)famous for以什么著名 a part-time job 一份兼职工作 onholiday 度假decide to do sth. 决定做the restof其余的 have a rest 休息一下go on sth. / go on doing / go on todo继续 after dinner, he went on to learnEnglish.做完家庭作业，他继续学英语 afterresting for a few minutes, he went on doing hishomework.几分钟后，他继续做家庭作业one of + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数 one ofthe most popular singersVienna is a beautiful old city on the riverDunube.维也纳是在多瑙河边的一个美丽的老城市。 a large group of一大群 belong to 属于live 居住lively 活泼的lovely 可爱的at the age of在岁的时候of course 当然Module 7语法：表感和知觉的系动词 look smell taste soundfeel lookpretty看上去漂亮tastesalty尝起来咸 feeltight 感觉有些紧smellsour 闻上去酸 sound noisy 听上去吵闹so much food 这么多食物 so many(可数)so 这么；因此get the foodready（for）(为)把食物准备好 cant waitto do sth.迫不及待地做某事hear from sb.收到某人的来信 shakehands 握手be proud of 为自豪 have a party 开聚会the firsttime 第一次 family member 家庭成员have a try 试一试 try to do sth.努力做某事try dong sth.尝试做某事introduce sb. tosb.把某人介绍给 getangry with sb. 对某人生气be afraid恐怕 be afraid of sth./sb./doing sth 害怕某事/某人/做某事.beafraid to do sth .害怕做某事 be excited about doingsth.做某事感到兴奋 do somethingwrong做错事ride abicycle 骑自行车 wouldlike to do sth. 想要做某事makecookies 做小甜饼 Whats the matter with you? 你怎么了？ whats wrong with you ?What she like?她为人怎样？(性格)What does she looklike? 她长的怎样？（外表）quiet 安静的quick 迅速的quite十分，相当pretty 漂亮；十分，相当both 两者都（复数）all(三个及以上)都 neither两者都不 must 必须；一定 一般疑问句must I do my homework now?Yes, you must .No, you dont have to . (No, youneendnt .)a bit 有点儿，稍微与a little , a great deal , a lot, much 可放在比较级前I am a bit taller than Lingling.还可以放在不可数名词前 There is a bit of food in thebridge . 注：Im not a bit tired . 我一点也不累。 Im not a little tired.我非常（不是一点儿）累。have gone home 已经回家了（路上或到家） too strong （味道）太浓了Im a teacher , too.我也是一个老师。strong强壮的，强大的much better 好多了You seem much better .你好象好多了。have a look看一看 see youlater 一会见 wear glasses 戴眼镜wear 穿着，戴着 put on 穿上 glass玻璃（不可），杯子（可）as well也也I enjoy sports aswell .work hard 努力学习（工作）hard努力地,辛苦地,艰难地,猛烈地/坚硬的，困难的get bad marks 得到糟糕的分数（成绩不好）at first 开始leave for a few days离开几天 travel a lot 经常旅行Module 8语法：问路Where is thepark? How can I get to thepark? Can you tell me the way to thepark? Is there a park nearhere? Do you know the way to the park?表方位的介词 at , in , on , under ,behind , in front of , near , on the left/right , on the corner of, next to , oppositearound town 环城（旅行）sit around table围着桌子坐around nine 大约9点go（walk）along 沿着-走 turnleft/ right -向左/右转on/at the corner of(在)拐角处外in the corner of 内between-and-在-和-之间 on the left of-在-的左边opposite the market在市场的对面byboat乘船take theboat乘船 on aboaton a clear day 在晴朗的日子里 the way to-的路the best wayto do sth.(做某事)最好的方法 get off 下（车，船）go past走过 go for awalk 散步have a walkbuy things you need 买你需要的东西 go swimming 去游泳get something to eat 买些吃的东西 be fullof 装满了-=be filled withmost of大多数 swimmingpool游泳池 overthere在那里go straight ahead一直向前走 do someshopping 购物in the middle of 在中间 as 当的时候(相当于when ) As you go along the river , you can see the the LondonEye. as作为Hecame to China as a tourist five years ago.welcome to欢迎来到 “在上”与“在下”：over under , above below , onModule 9语法：动词不定式 to +动词原型 应注意的句子：1.Its sad to think about those animals in danger.这是一个its+adj.+to do sth.的结构。也可以说成To think about those animals in danger issad. 2.The surprising thing was to how many animals indanger. 3.Our government isworking hard to save pandas .也可以说成To save pandasour government is working hard.4.I have nothingto eat . 5. Try not totranslate every word .6. How to learnEnglish?动词不定式省to 的情况：一感二听三让五看半帮助feel / hear, listento/ let , make , have / watch, look at , see, notice , observe/help例：Iheard someone come in. We help him (to) learnEnglish.(注：在被动结构中，都必须带to) 注意下面这句话，不要死记 Lets go to the supermarket to buy something .濒危动物animals indanger =endangered animals 没有喝水withoutdrinking了解learnabout 干某事很悲伤Its sad to do sth为了而杀死killfor 没有地方住no places to live in(注意in不能去掉)没有足够吃的食物no enough food to eat这水对饮用不好The water isnt good todrink带走它take itaway 决定不做某事: decide not to do变得很严峻: become veryserious 以为生:live on照顾look after(them, her) =take care of =carfor越来越少less and less “比较级+比较级” “the 比较级the比较级”越越The harder he worked, the more he got.他工作越努力,得到的就越多。最著名的科学家: the best-knownscientist 标志（象征） the symbol of例如: for example(逗) / suchas（无逗） Elephants and whalesare examples of animals indanger. situation情况（可数）as well当“也”讲，相当于“too”或“also” as well as 是“以及”的意思，类似与“and”aswell放在句尾 as well as放在句中 He is a worker，and a teacher aswell He can speak Spanish aswell as English干某事的一个计划: a plan to do sth 设计海报design a poster保持地球的干净: kee