英语五个基本句型.doc

英语五个基本句型一 动词从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。1）be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型；do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词；2）及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态； 及物动词后面一定要有宾语；3) 双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）结构和复合宾语（宾语 + 宾语补足语）结构：比较下面两个句子：My mother made me a cake.（母亲给我做了块蛋糕。）My father made me a doctor. （父亲把我培养成一名医生。）第一句是双宾语结构，即 My mother made a cake for me.第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me （to） be a doctor （I am a doctor）. 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有主谓关系.4） 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变；B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用 + to , 如上举例。请根据上述原则，（从语法角度）说出以下那种表达方式是对的：A. She needs to see a doctor.B. She doesnt need to see a doctor.C. Does she need to see a doctor?D. She needs not see a doctor.E. She neednt see a doctor.F. She doesnt need see a doctor.G. She needs see a doctor.从语法角度看，A、B、C、E是对的。5） 助动词：帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词，如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.（他昨天确实来了；我在办公室见到他的。- 表示强调）二 五个基本句型根据动词的特性，构成英语中五个基本句型：1） 主语 + 不及物动词 （+ 其他成分） 2） 主语 + 系动词 + 表语3） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语4） 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语5） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语我们在学习5个基本句型时，主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。（一）第一句型：主语 + 不及物动词 在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分：不及物动词 及物动词We started out early in the morning . Today we went out to do some cleaning . 句型的扩展： 1.主语+不及物动词+状语e.g. The machine works smoothly. (机器运转正常。)此外，该句型常采用倒装形式，注意辨别，主要是以下两种情况：1） 用here 或 there引导：Here comes the bus. （汽车来了。） / There rings the bell. （铃响了。）2）状语置于句首，句子要倒装：On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.（山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。）汉语 某处 有 某物英语 某物 在 某处即 某处 介词短语表地点 有表存在记心间 表示存在的动词 be / live / stand / lie 表示 出现，消失的动词 appear , disappear 某物 be / 出现消失动词+ 介词短语 A book is on the desk .A rainbow appeared in the sky . 2. 某物 stand / live / lie / appear / disappear +介词短语 介词短语 stand / live / lie / appear / disappear + 某物 A pretty little house stands on the top of the hill stands.On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.3. There be + 某物 介词短语 介词短语 there be + 某物There is a book on the desk .On the desk there is a book.4.There stand / live / lie + 某物 介词短语。There lies a school in the east of our city . 3.There +不及物动词+主语e.g. There is some milk in the bottle . There comes the bus . 拓展：主语之后可以加上定语（ 定语从句、分词、不定式）Some students are playing on the playground . There are some students ( who are )playing on the playground . 定语从句There are n. 分词 不定时解析 ：“有某人在做某事”，要用“There be sbdoing sth地点时间状语”。例如： There are several children swimming in the river河里有几个孩子在游泳。翻译1郑州位于黄河岸边。2现在村里有两家工厂和一所学校。3每年都有很多游客游览长城。4有些学生不喜欢英语5有20的学生认为我们不该学英语 。There be 句型讲解速记口诀：There be句型有特点，主语跟在be后面；单数主语用is，复数用are 也不难；多个主语并列时，be随第一主语变； 否定be后加not，疑问be在there前；介词短语表地点，有是存在记心间。基本变化：There are two pencils in the box There is a dog and two cats under the treeThere is not a map on the wallAre there any apples on the tree注意 在陈述句中为了强调，介词短语可放在句首。例如：In the tree there are three birds注意事项：There be句型的反意疑问句，其附加疑问部分的主语仍用there（there是引导词）。例如：There is a white car on the hill， isnt thereThere are some beautiful flowers on the teachers desk, arent thereThere be句型的反意疑问句，要注意陈述部分的形式。 如果陈述部分含有little，few，no，nobody，none等否定词时，后面的简短问句中要用肯定形式。例如：There is nobody in the room，is there？ 但有的含有否定意义的形容词修饰不定代词时则仍看作肯定句式。例如：There is something unusual in the room，isnt there？ There be句型还有其他的时态变化，比如：一般将来时，一般过去时，现在完成时等。 例如：There will be a sports meeting next week There was a big tree behind the house many years ago There has been a beautiful garden in our school我们也可以根据表达的需要,在There与 be之间用上恰当的情态动词can,may,must,should,will等,构成:There will /may/must/can,etc. be. 请看: 1. There will be another bridge across the Yellow River with the quick development of the economy of China. 随着中国经济的飞速发展,黄河上将有另一座桥。 2. There must be some rules for the changes. 这些变化中一定有规律。 3. There may be some errors, but the composition, as a whole, is beyond praise. 这篇作文可能有些小错误,但总的来说是非常好的。 4. There should be some steps to prevent such accidents. 要防止这样的事故,应该采取一些措施。 若对There be句型中的主语提问，无论主语是单数还是复数，均用is。例如： There are some bags of rice on the table Whats on the tableThere be句型表示存在有，而havehas则表示拥有、占有等含义。试比较： There are some pears on the desk We have some pears on the deskThere be句型中的谓语动词还可以是某些半助动词（或形容词，过去分词）to be。常见的有： There is going to be 将有 There seems to be 似乎有 There used to be 过去常常有 There happened to be 碰巧有 There ought to be 应该有 There sure to be 肯定有 There likely to be 可能有There be句型中的be还可以用不及物动词live / stand / exist / fly / rush等表示存在、生长及位置移动等的词代替。 例如：There lived a king here many years agoThere stands a huge building by the lake常用结构：一、There is + no + Noun + in doing something 1.其中名词为表利弊、用途的抽象名词，如： There is no good in going. 去没有什么好处。 There is no harm in doing that. 那样做并无害处。 There is no use in doing it. 干此事毫无用处。 2.其中名词为表价值、意义的抽象名词，如： There is no sense in waiting here. 在这里等候下去毫无意义。 There is no point in doing so. 这样做毫无意义。 There is no disgrace in failing once. 一旦失败也不丢脸。 此结构中的介词可以省略，如：There is no use asking her- she doesnt know anything.） 特例：There is no need to do sth . There is no need to hurry . We have a lot of time . 二、There is + no + doing something 1.其中的动词（do）多为转述或认知等意义的动词，如：tell, say, know等，其后一般跟疑问句，如when，what等。 There is no saying what may happen. 很难说会发生什么事。 There is no telling when he will return. 说不清他何时回来。 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何时我们能再相会。翻译1明天下午将有一场足球赛。2今晚我校将有一场关于中国历史的报告会。3和他再讨论也没有意义。三、除此之外,如果您是一位注重课外阅读者,相信也经常可以见到 There to be 和 There being结构。 例如: 1. It was unusual for there to be so few flowers in the park. 公园里只有这么一点花是不同寻常的。 2. There being no bus, we had to take a taxi. 因为没有公共汽车,我们只好乘出租车。 接下来,我们一起探讨 There to be和There being的用法及意义: I. There to be的用法及意义: A. There to be 可以用作一个动词的宾语,我们通常称之为复合宾语,其意义常表示对将来的一种意愿或希望,但目前还没存在。例如: 1. Would you like there to be a hospital near your home 你想在你家附近有家医院吗 (事实上,目前还没有医院。划线部分作动词like的宾语) 2. We teachers dont want there to be any students staying in the classroom after school. 我们老师不希望有任何学生放学后留在教室里。 (实际上所有的学生放学后都离校) 3. She doesnt hope there to be any quarrel between me and her. 她不希望我们之间有什么争吵。(对将来的一种希望) B. There to be也可以用在句型 It be + adj. for.中。例如: 1. It is impossible for there to be any more chance. 不可能再有机会。 2. It was too late for there to be any open shops. 时间太晚了,不会有营业的商店了。 3. It is important for there to be a free school for the poor children. 给贫困的孩子建一所免费学校太重要了。 II. There being的用法及意义: A. There being可以用作一个介词的复合宾语,跟 There to be不同的是:There to be往往表示目前没有存在的事物;而There being则通常表示已经存在的事情。请看: 1. The Chinese are proud of there being the Great Wall in North China. 中国人以在中国北部有个长城而自豪。 2. No one told him about there being a meeting that afternoon. 没人告诉他那天下午有个会。 3. You were wrong about there being some misunderstandings between us. 认为我们之间有误解,那你就错了。 B. There being还可以用作副词,在语法上叫独立结构。如: 1. There being nothing to do, we went home separately. 由于没有什么事要做, 我们就各自回家了。 2. There being no teacher in the classroom, the pupils began to talk freely. 由于教室里没有教师,学生们开始自由交谈。 Exercises 句子翻译1. 你的左边是个图书馆，里边有10000本书。2 你的右边是市实验楼，我们经常在那儿做实验。3学校的西边是餐厅，我们每天都在那儿吃饭。4学校的西边有一条小溪，两边鲜花簇拥。5教学楼的后边有个操场，我们课外时间经常在那儿打篮球。6我们学校位于小山脚下，门前一条小溪流过。7操场的南边有个游泳池，我们经常在那儿游泳。Surrounded by some green trees , our library , which is big , is in the center of our school . There is a beautiful garden in the front of it and our teaching building behind it . 1. My School I study in the No. I middle school, where there are three grades and thirty-two classes. It is not big but very beautiful. In the center of the school there is a new teaching building, which is very clean and beautiful. The lab building and the library are to the east of the new building. There all kinds of book in the library. You can enioy them as many as you like. South of the new building lies a playground and its very big. On the playground, you can have sports such as football. basketball. Youd better play basketball as there are four basketball grounds in our school, You can enjoy yourself very much. There are many trees in our school.Grass is everywhere. In front of the new building there are two gardens in which, there are flowers of all colours. We are studying hard in our school, Our life is happy and interesting. I love our school very much.我的学校 我就读于一中。学校有3个年级，32个班，它并不大，但是很漂亮。 校园中央是新建成的干净、美丽的教学大楼。实验楼和图书楼在新楼的东侧。图书馆有各种各样的书，你可以随意阅读。操场在新楼的南边，它很大，你可以在操场上做你喜欢的运动，如足球、篮球。你最好打篮球因为学校共有四块篮球场地你一定会玩得十分尽兴。 学校种了许多树木，草坪随处可见。新楼的前面有两个花园；园里的鲜花五颜六色。 我们学习刻苦，生活愉快而有趣。我爱我们的学校。2. 我们的学校坐落在长春市的南部，建于1945年。它是我市著名的学校。全校有24个班。学生和老师加起来有2000多人。校园的前面耸立着一栋很高的教学楼，它的后面是实验楼。我们很多化学课和生物课都在那里上。这两者之间是3年前新建的图书馆，里面有大量的藏书。午饭后，许多学生都爱在这里看书。东边是一个足球场( field )，两个篮球场（court ）。这两个地方是我们课余间最爱去的地方。据说在西边还要修建一个游泳池。我们的学校又大又美丽，绿树成荫，鲜花盛开，很多人称它为花园学校。这真是一个我们学习的好地方。 Our school, which was set up in 1945, lies in the south of Changchun City. It is famous in our city. It has 24 classes. 8 classes in each grade. The number of the students and teachers adds up to over 2,000. In the front of the school stands a high classroom building, behind which is a lab building. We have many of our chemistry and biology classes in it. Between them is a new library built 3 years ago. There are a large number of books there. After lunch a number of students like reading there. On the right there is a football field and two basketball courts. They are our favorite places in our spare time. It is said that a swimming pool will be built to the left. Our school is big and beautiful, covered with green trees and colorful flowers. Many people call it a garden school. Its really a good place for us to study in.考点：主动表示被动1.一些与cant (不能) 或wont(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演), write(写)，cut(砍，切)，wear(穿，戴)等,用作不及物动词时，用主动表被动。只是当主语具有某种内在品质，可以促进、妨碍或阻止谓语表示的概念得以实现时，才能用这类结构。The door wont open.这门打不开。 It cant move.它不能动。 2、一些动词如sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)等与副词如well(好), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用 ,描会事物的特性，用主动表被动，结构是主语+动词+加副词。例如: The book sells well.这种书很畅销。 These clothes wash easily.这些衣服很易洗。 The pen writes well. 这笔很好写。weigh (被称得是), measure(被测得是)The room measures 5 meters across . These stones weighs 5 tons .burn / hang 常用进行时的主动形式表被动。- Where is your raincoat ?- It is hanging behind the door. open / close / begin /start / last 等The bookstore opens at nine a.m. （二）第二句型：主语 系动词 表语 1） 系动词一般为be 动词。注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作半系动词用，按行为动词方式变化，起系动词的作用。试验比较：- He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.（他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。- feel为行为动词）- You look pale. Do you feel unwell? （你脸色苍白，感到不舒服？- look / feel为系动词）一般来说，动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词，该动词为系动词， 如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.实例：Dont worry. Let me take your pulse first. Oh, it _ normal. （脉搏正常）A. is felt B. is feeling C. Feels D. felt解题思路：normal为形容词，前面应为系动词；系动词没有被动语态，故A不对； look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时，B也不对；D时态错了，故正确答案为C.The cloth feels soft.（90年会考第23题） The drink tastes good.（91年会考第15题） The flowers in the garden smell nice.（92年1月会考第19题） The animals seem dead while they are in the state of winter sleep.（92年6月会考第24题） Now,a large number of peasants in our country have grown rich on their hard work.（93年会考第 24题） The doctors advice sounds so reasonable that I have to follow it.（94年会考第20题） The story sounds true.（MET89第39题） These oranges taste good.（MET91第30题） He seemed very nervous, and every few seconds he looked towards the main entrance.（MET93第51 题） -Do you like the material? -Yes,it feels very soft.（MET94第26题）考点1.不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，结构：主语+系动词+形容词 + 不定式； 动词+宾语+形容词+不定式。如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义，如 difficult, easy, comfortable(舒适的), convenient（便利的，方便的), hard, cheap, expensive, 等，不定式用主动表被动。 The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。 The work is easy to do. 这项工作很好做。 I found the car comfortable to ride in. 我觉得这种车很好坐。 That makes poetry difficult to write. 那就使得诗很难写。2. 不定式做表语常用的结构ones hope / aim / dream / duty / plan / slogan what clause = All that sb. have to do The most important thing eg. As students , the most important thing is to study at school. What you should do first is( to) find out what makes your daughter addicted to computer games .注意：在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。下列动词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义: Who is to blame for starting the fire? 这场火灾应由谁负责? You are to blame for the accident. 你应为这事受动责备。 The house is to let.此房出租。 A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。3. remin to do 留待、尚待It remains to be seen whether he will pass .Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple , but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it . 02qgA. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen （三）第三句型：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语我们知道，名词可以做主语和宾语，非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语，作主语：Learning a foreign language is not easy.（学门外语并不容易。）To learn a foreign language is not easy. （= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.）从语法角度讲，上述两个表达方式都可以。但是，当动词处于宾语位置时，就不能这样随心所欲了，因为英语语法有以下几个规定：1）acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep （on） / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式，重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大，没有给出具体词义解释。若需要，请学生自己查字典解决。这是语法考试的一个重点，要对以上词特别敏感，例如：It is impossible to avoid _ by the stormy weather.A. being much affectedB. having much affectedC. to be much affectedD. to have been much affected解题思路：1）一看到avoid一词，便可确定正确答案在A、B中； 2）affect意为影响，及物动词，故B不对。如果做题时间来不及，此类题目若有主动语态和被动语态之分，一般选被动语态的正确率高些。2） remember / forget：后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do，但意思不一样：to do表示说话时还没有发生的事，-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆，如：我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。显然是指出门时还没有做的事，因此用to do形式；我不记得以前见过你。显然是指说话以前的事，因此用 -ing形式，即：I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.I dont remember seeing you before.因此，除了知道这个规定外，分清发生过还是没有发生是解题的关键。实例：Do you remember _ to Professor Smith during your last visit?A. to have been introduced B. having introducedC. being introduced D. to be introduced解题思路：1）第一步要确定发生过还是没有发生，即A、D还是B、C，你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗？显然是已发生的事，选B、C；2）introduce（介绍）后没有宾语，说明是被动语态：，故选C 再看一下上一节中的 解题思路3）need / want / require等解释为需要时，有两种表达方式，如：这间会客室需要打扫一下AThis waiting room needs to be cleaned. （to 被动式）BThis waiting room needs cleaning.（-ing主动式）考试时若同时出现两种选择，选B4）look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 to 是介词，后面应跟名词或动名词-ing,四）第四句型：主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语有些动词（主要是授予动词）后面需要或可以接双宾语结构，如：give, write, buy, send, make等You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.这个句子也可使用以下结构：You may send an E-mail （to him） or write a letter to him. 所以 to 和 for 是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。该句型的重点是要记住以下短语，特别是所用的介词：to cure of（治愈）to accuse of（谴责）to convince of（说服）to inform of（通知）to notify of （通知）to clean of （清除）to warn of / against （警告）to cheat of（欺骗）to rob of（抢劫）例如：We have to inform the family of the patients condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patients condition? （我们得尽快将病人的病情通知其家属。/ 已经将病人的病情通知其家人了吗？）注意下面句子的结构变化：May I ask you a question? May I ask a question of you?直接和间接宾语的位置与上面短语有何不同？五）第五句型：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语先回顾一下本讲第一节中有关宾语和宾语补足语的概念。这个句型也是考试的重点，主要有三个难点：1） 要不要 to的问题：The director wants you to come right now. （主任要你马上就来。）句中to come 是宾语you的补足语。也就是说，当宾语补足语是动词时，一般要用 to连接。但是，以下情况例外：make, let, have等使役动词，如：Shall I have him come here?（要我叫他来吗？）I wont have him cheat me. （否定式，表示容许：我决不容许他欺骗我）上述句型变为被动语态时，一般要加 to，如：The nurse made the patient eat something. （护士让病人吃了点东西。）The patient was made to eat something.有时，宾语补足语也可用 -ing形式，如：His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. （他的笑话使我们笑了几分钟。- 注意后面的时间状语for a couple of minutes）记住下面重要表达方式：to have / get （something） done， 如：I am going to have （get） my watch repaired.（我去修一下表。）see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感觉动词：使用原则与上述大致相同。2） 要不要 it的问题:先看两个句子：We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. （有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。）该句的原始结构可理解为：We sometimes find （to get rid of a bad habit） difficult. 括号部分（动词不定式）为宾语，difficult为宾语补足语The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.（医生已经跟你说得很清楚了，你的胃没有什么问题。）该句的原始结构可理解为：The doctor has made （there is nothing wrong with your stomach）clear. 括号部分（句子）为宾语，clear为宾语补足语归纳：在主语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语结构中，当宾语是动词不定式或句子时，要用it（不是this, that或其他任何词）作形式宾语，将动词不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。考试时，判断要不要 it，主要看句子后面有没有动词不定式或句子，若有，要选 it宾语、宾语补足语倒装：当宾语（名词）较长，宾语补足语较短（往往是1个形容词，如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等）时，为了句子结构均衡，往往采用倒装，这里不存在it的使用问题, 对下句作出判断：The development of ultrasound has made _ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. （超声波的出现使许多致命疾病的早期诊断成为可能。）A. it possible B. Possible C. it is D. it该题的正确答案应为B，因为句子采用了倒装形式，原结构为：The development of ultrasound has made early diagnosis of some fatal diseases possible.宾语 补足语3） 记住以下短语：to t