国际贸易法Chapter 2.5 Remedies for Breach of Contract.ppt

Chapter2ITLContractLaws Unit5RemediesforBreachofContract Contents 5 1PrinciplesofImputation 1 5 2VarietiesofConductsofBreachingtheContract5 3BreachesandRemedies5 4Damages5 5SpecificPerformance5 6Avoidance 2 5 7OtherRemedies5 8ExemptibleCauses 1 违约的归责原则 2 解除合同 5 1PrinciplesofImputation 1 Definition2 PrinciplesforDefiningLiability 5 1PrinciplesofImputation 1 DefinitionofLiabilityofBreachingaContractWhen AftertheconclusionofacontractWhat Eitherpartyfailstoperformitsobligationsascontractedshallbearthetheirrespectiveliabilities 5 1PrinciplesofImputation 2 PrinciplesforDefiningLiability 1 PrincipleofFault 2 PrincipleofPresumingFault 3 PrincipleofNon fault 5 2VarietiesofConductsofBreaching 1 ContinentalLawFailuretoperform不履行Failuretoperformfullyascontracted不完全履行Delayperformance履行迟延Anticipatorybreach预期违约 2 Anglo AmericanLawBreachofcondition违反条件Breachofwarranty违反担保Breachofinnominateterm违反中间性条款 3 CISGActualBreach实际违约FundamentalbreachNon FundamentalbreachAnticipatoryBreach预期违约 Fundamentalbreach itresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontractunlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult AnticipatoryBreach预期违约 Beforeperformanceisdue onepartyfailstoperformasrequestedbythecontract thatisanticipatorybreachofacontract anditcanbedividedintoexplicitbreachandimplicitbreachofcontract Case 08 1SingaporeFurnitureCompanysentanoffertoaFujianfurniturefactorytoorder2000leathercases shipmentbeforeMay4th ThefactoryacceptedtheorderandthepartiessignedthecontractonFeb 10th So thefactoryarrangedtoproduce On3 25 thefactoryreceivedaFaxfromthefurniturecompany whichclaimedthattheFujianfactorywasasmallfactoryandcouldnotproduceallthegoodstheyorderedandclaimedtocancelthecontractincasethefactorywouldbreachthecontract Q Canthefurniturecompanycancelthecontract Why 2020 2 11 Chapter2Unit5BreachesandRemedies 12 是否构成根本违反合同 P190 案情 1985年2月8日 某港某电业有限公司A与珠海拱北某公司B签订购销合同 合同规定 拱北公司向香港公司订购日产佳能复印机200台 价格为CIF九州港1499美元一台 交货期限为4月15日 付款方式为信用证付款 在合同履行时 4月13日B公司收到装船电报通知 电报称所有货物与4月12日往珠海九洲港并注明合同号及信用证号 4月19日B公司收到九州港码头提货通知 码头方面向公司出示随船提单一份 提单上的装船日期为4月13日 到货是4月16日 B公司认为香港公司A未按合同交货期限规定的4月15日交货 电报所称4月12日装船不真实 因而没有马上提货 5月2日 B公司接到中国银行珠海分行承付通知 B公司提出拒付 理由是香港公司延期交货 并于当天电告香港公司 宣告解除合同 香港公司不同意解除合同并提出异议 从而产生纠纷 问题 什么叫根本违反合同 什么情况下可以采用解除合同的救济 评析 本案中B公司认为A公司延期交货一天即构成根本违反合同 因此希望采取解除车同的救济 根据公约第25条规定 如果一方当事人违反合同的结果 使另一方当事人蒙受损失 以致于实际上剥夺了他根据合同有权期待得到的东西 即属于根本违反合同 本案B公司是延迟了一天 此种延迟当然也属于违约行为 给B公司造成损害 但没有达到致使实际上剥夺了买方依合同规定有权期待得到的严重程度 对于季节性的敏感货物 迟到一天可能会导致非常严重的后果而对于复印机这种报告设备 迟到一天引起的损失一般不会严重影响守约方订立合同时期望的经济利益 因此 本案A公司的违约行为并没有达到根本违反合同的程度 因此 买方采取的救济方式不是解除合同 而应是损害赔偿 5 3BreachesandRemedies 1 PrinciplesofRemedies2 SpecificRemedies 1 PrinciplesofRemedies RemedytheactuallossRemedythepropertylossRemedy sRelativity补救的相对性 2 SpecificRemedies 5 4Damages 1 Definition2 ApplicableSituations3 ScopeofDamages4 LimitationsonDamages5 HowtoCalculate 1 Definition Themoneypaidorawardedtoaclaimant England pursuer Scotland orplaintiff US followingasuccessfulclaiminacivilaction 2 ApplicableSituations Anykindsofbreach 3 ScopeofDamages coversalmostallthelosses equalstotheactuallossescausedbythepartyinbreachandtheprofitsunearned CISGArticle74 Damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss includinglossofprofit sufferedbytheotherpartyasaconsequenceofthebreach 4 LimitationsonDamages DutytomitigateForeseeable损益相抵 Article77ofCISG Apartywhoreliesonabreachofcontractmusttakesuchmeasuresasarereasonableinthecircumstancestomitigatetheloss includinglossofprofit resultingfromthebreach Ifhefailstotakesuchmeasures thepartyinbreachmayclaimareductioninthedamagesintheamountbywhichthelossshouldhavebeenmitigated AU ScompanyconcludedacontractwithaChinesecompanyforpurchasing100tonsofironatUSD300pertonFOBTianjin shipmentbeforeFeb 1994 Aftersigningthecontract theChinesecompanyaskedtopostponetheshipmentasthedemandrose butfailed Atthebeginningof1994 theChinesecompanyaskedtoincreasethepriceagainbutfailedagain theChinesecompanyfailedtomakedeliveryascontracted ThepriceofAprilwasalmosttwiceofthecontractprice OnJune5th theU S companyaskedtheChinesecompanytopayfordamagesofthedifferencesbetweenthecontractedpriceandtherepurchasecontractedprice Q Isthedamagereasonable 1 5 HowtoCalculate 1 Liquidateddamagesbyagreement约定违约金 2 LiquidatedDamagesbyLaw法定违约金 Wherethecontractisavoided A WhenthegoodsareResoldorPurchaseothergoodsasreplacements B WhenNoResoldorReplacementPurchase Wherethecontractisnotavoided 1 Liquidateddamagesbyagreement约定违约金 TheContinentalLaw includingChineselaw liquidateddamagesprescribed actual apartymaypetitiontheCourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontodecreasetheamountasappropriate Anglo AmericanLawThecourtshouldlowertheliquidateddamagestobealmostequaltotheloss Sothattheliquidateddamagesisofnopunitivity 不具有惩罚性 CISGThereisnorelevantruleinCISG Case AChinesecompanyimportsamachinefromaFrenchcompany ThetotalvalueisRMB5million Andthecontractstipulatedthatifthesellerfailstoeffectshipmentwithin7daysafterthedateofshipment thesellershouldpaythebuyerliquidateddamagesofRMB200 000 TheChinesecompanyconcludedacontractwithaninlandcompanytosellthemachineundertheabovecontractandstipulatedthesameliquidatedclause But theFrenchcompanyeffectshipment15dayslaterthanthecontractedtimeandcausedtheChinesecompany s15dayslatedelivery TheinlandcompanyaskedtheChinesecompanyforRMB200 000forliquidated ButtheChinesecompanyaskedtheFrenchcompanytorefundRMB500 000 Q IstheChinesecompany srequirementlegal 2 LiquidatedDamagesbyLaw法定违约金 Wherethecontractisavoided A WhenthegoodsareResoldorPurchaseothergoodsasreplacements Pk Ps furtherdamagesPk ContractpricePs Substitutecontractprice B WhenNoResoldorReplacementalPurchase Pt Pk furtherdamagesPt Thepriceintheplaceofdeliverywhencontractwascanceled Wherethecontractisnotavoided repaircharges losseshappenedduringtheperiodwithoutthegoods 1 1 不能使用期间的损失 Case AChinesecompanyconcludedacontractwithaU S companyfor1000tonsofwheat AndtheChinesecompanysignedthesamecontractwithanothercompanytosellthewheatundertheabovecontract ButtheU S companyfailedtomakeshipment sothattheChinesecompanyaskedtheU S companytopay 1 Theprofitlost 2 Theliquidateddamagespaidtothebuyer 3 FaxandothercostQ IstheChinesecompany srequirementlegal PrecedentTheplaintiffs HadleyandAnor weremillersandmealmenandworkedtogetherinapartnershipasproprietorsoftheCitySteam MillsinGloucester HadleyandAnorarrangedtohaveanewcrankshaftmadeforthesteamenginebyW Joyce Co inGreenwich Beforethenewcrankshaftcouldbemade W Joyce Co requiredthatthebrokencrankshaftbesenttotheminordertoensurethatthenewcrankshaftwouldfittogetherproperlywiththeotherpartsofthesteamengine TheplaintiffscontractedwithdefendantsBaxendaleandOrs whowereoperatingtogetherascommoncarriersunderthenameW Joyce Co todeliverthecrankshafttoengineersforrepairbyacertaindate Baxendalefailedtodeliveronthedateinquestion causingHadleytolosesomebusiness HadleysuedfortheprofitshelostduetoBaxendale slatedelivery andthejuryawardedHadleydamagesof 25 Baxendaleappealed contendingthathedidnotknowthatHadleywouldsufferanyparticulardamagebyreasonofthelatedelivery 5 5SpecificPerformance 1 Commonlawandcivillaw2 TheCISG3 TheUNIDROITPICC4 ChineseContractLaw 1 Commonlawandcivillawcivillawcountries theuseofspecificperformanceisnotonlymorecommon itispreferred 2 TheCISGAcourtmaygrantSPonlyiftheconditionsaremet 1 Theseller fundamentalbreach 2 Thebuyer notresortedtoanotherremedy egavoidanceorpricereduction 3 Thebuyergavetimelynoticetotheseller 4 Thebuyerhadmadeatimelyrequest 3 TheUNIDROITPICCExcepttopaymoneydoesnotperform theotherpartymayrequireSP unless 1 Performanceisimpossibleinlaworinfact 2 Performanceisunreasonablyburdensomeorexpensive 3 Thepartyentitledtoperformancemayreasonablyobtainperformancefromanothersource 4 Performanceisofanexclusivelypersonalcharacter 5 Thepartyentitledtoperformancedoesnotrequireperformancewithinareasonabletimeafterithas oroughttohave becomeawareofthenon performance 4 ChineseContractLawTheotherpartymayrequireperformance exceptwhere 1 Performanceisimpossibleinlaworinfact 2 Thesubjectmatteroftheobligationdoesnotlenditselftoenforcementbyspecificperformanceorthecostofperformanceisexcessive 3 Theobligeedoesnotrequireperformancewithinareasonabletime CaseTwoChinesecompaniesconcludedacontractforthesaleof200tonsofironatRMB2100perton deliveryonMarch30th 2000 payadvanceRMB50 000 theliquidateddamagesisRMB10 000 Afterconsigningthecontract theplaintiffprepaiedRMB50 000 OnMarch10th therespondentaskedtoincreasethepricetoRMB2 500perton butrefused So therespondentfailedtodeliverythegoodsonMarch30th 2000 Theplaintiffsuedandrequiredtheotherpartytoperformthecontract ButtherespondentrefusedandclaimedthatthecostofthegoodswasRMB2130pertonandtheyhadalreadysignedanewcontractwithFeidaCompanytoselltheabovegoods ThecourtfoundthatthedeliverydateofthelatercontractwastheendofApril Q Canthecourtrulethattherespondentmustperformthecontract 5 6Avoidance TheCISGAbuyermayavoidacontractifeither a Thesellercommitsafundamentalbreach b Thebuyergivestheselleranoticeandthesellerrejectsitordoesnotperformwithintheperioditspecifies Case1AChinesecompanyimportedagiantmachinefromGermanin3lots Thefirstlotmettherequirementsofthecontractbutthesecondonedidnot Andthesecondoneisthekeypartofthemachine withoutwhichthemachinecannotbeoperated Q CantheChinesecompanycancelthewholecontract Why Case2ThethebuyerinU SimportedsometurkeyandChristmascardsfromChinaandtheshipmentwasoneweeklaterthanthecontractedtime Q CantheChinesecompanycancelthewholecontract Why Article73 1 Inthecaseofacontractfordeliveryofgoodsbyinstallments ifthefailureofonepartytoperformanyofhisobligationsinrespectofanyinstallmentconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractwithrespecttothatinstallment theotherpartymaydeclarethecontractavoidedwithrespecttothatinstallment 2 3 Abuyerwhodeclaresthecontractavoidedinrespectofanydeliverymay atthesametime declareitavoidedinrespectofdeliveriesalreadymadeoroffuturedeliveriesif byreasonoftheirinterdependence thosedeliveriescouldnotbeusedforthepurposecontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract 5 8ExemptibleCauses免责情形 1 ForceMajeure不可抗力2 RightofCounterplea 1 RightofCounterpleaforCo performance 2 RightofCounterpleaforPerform