八年级英语常用介词的基本用法(II)沈阳牛津版知识精讲.doc

亿库教育网 http:/www.eku.cc初二英语常用介词的基本用法（II）【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容： 常用介词的基本用法（II）二. 具体过程：（六）某些形容词和介词的固定搭配1） be afraid of 担心 be afraid for替而担心2） be angry about / at sth.因而生气 be angry with sb.对某人发怒3） be anxious for sth.渴望 be anxious about sth. / sb.担心4） be different from 与不同 be indifferent to %不关心5） be good at 擅长 be good for 对有益 be good of sb. to do sth.友好6） be strict with sb.对严格 be strict in sth.7） be popular with sb.受到欢迎 be popular in some place流行在be popular for因而流行8） be pleased with + n.或what从句；be pleased at +抽象名词 听、看到而高兴9） be disappointed at sth. ；be disappointed with sb.对失望10） be known to sb. ；be known with + n.或从句 ；be known for因而著名11） be absent from缺席12） be devoted to 献身于13） be open to 对开放14） be poor / clever / expert at 15） be sorry for 替/为后悔16） be rich in be interested in 17） be proud of (take pride in)18） be satisfied with / by be sure of / about 19） be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth. (in doing sth.)20） be late for, be ready for21） be similar to ；be wrong with （七）以to为中心构成的短语的归纳belong to, come to（苏醒）, look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to, drink to（为干杯）, object to（反对）, reply to the letter, help oneself to, sing / dance to the music（和着在声中唱/跳）, devote oneself to（八）以for为中心构成的短语的归纳ask for, call for（去接某人）, care for（关心）, go in for（从事）, answer for（对负责）, send for, pay for, praise sb. for（赞扬某人某事）, head for（向方向移动）, search for, take for （误以为）, leave for, prepare for（为准备）, thank sb. for, make a dive for（向猛冲）, make up for（弥补损失）（九）以on为中心构成的短语的归纳come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth.靠生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on as 把看作, push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍, walk on继续走, spendon 在上花费时间、金钱, operate on给动手术, take on a new look呈现新面貌 （十）吊尾介词1） 某些形容词后接不及物动词或“v+介”型短语动词的不定式形式表“反射”，常用吊尾介词。A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavy等形容词后，常用吊尾介词。e.g. The girl is easy to get along with.B) be worth doing, be worthy of being done, be worthy to be done, want / require / need doing表反射，常用吊尾介词。e.g. The problem is worth dealing with.The book is worthy of being referred to.2） 不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场所、工具、手段、方式、材料等”意义的名词时常用吊尾介词。e.g. There is nothing for us to worry about. a room to live in3） 定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，则不及物动词后要带介词，先行词被“V+介”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。e.g. He is the very man I just spoke to. This is the life he is used to.4） 以what，whose，who，whatever等引导的宾语从句、表语从句中常出现“吊尾介词”。e.g. I dont know what you do it for.5） 强调句型和特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。在上下文意义清楚时，特殊疑问句常用省简结构。e.g. It is the poor boy that we gave the books to.What for?（为什么？）Where to?（去哪儿？）Who with?（和谁去？）6） 被动语态中“V+介”短语常用吊尾介词。e.g. He was listened to come here. He has never been spoken to in this way.（十一）双重介词双重介词是两个介词的重叠使用，表达两个介词共有的更精确更明了的含义，从表达意义的角度分析，双重介词用在一个介词难以全面表达含义的场合，或者是需要从两个角度来描述其具体意义的场合，一般地，前一个介词意义含糊，后一个介词比较具体或从另一个角度对前者进行补充完善。e.g. New shoots will come up from round roots.新芽从旧根周围长出。（from和round同属地点位置范畴，但一个介词均不足以全面表意。）He wont come back until after sunset.到太阳落山之后他才回来。（until与after同属时间范畴。）He has traveled everywhere except in Japan.Water began to flow out instead of into the bottle.（十二）常用介词辨异1. about, on, of 关于on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“论文”或“演说”等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有“论及”之意。about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有“述及”之意。of作“关于”讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词know、hear、learn（听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。2. except, except for, except that, but, besides, besideexcept“除之外”，指不包括，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but，但不定式常不带to。except for“除了，只有”，意思和except一样，主要指说明基本情况后，在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。except that“除了，只是”，意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上，主要指其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其它从句。but所含“除外”的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。besides表示“除外还有”，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides可用作副词，相当于also，有“而且，加之，何况”之意。beside也是介词，表示“在附近”，只不过形似besides，容易相互混淆。【对比】如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用except，否则就用except for。e.g.This book has no blunder except a few mistakes.This book is interesting except for a few mistakes.（前面无同类词语）Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition.形容词解释：（一）只能用作定语，不能用作表语的形容词：little，wooden ，golden，many，elder 不能说The boy is little。the watch is golden/wooden（二）只能用作表语，不能用作定语的形容词：well，ill，alone, content，unable，worth，afraid，alive ,asleep, ashamed, awake, aware.an ill boy ,an alone village 就是错的短语,an ill idea “坏点子”ill当定语时是转义了,不是“有病的”了。（三）表示倍数常用的句型:He is as tall a boy as I. He is a head taller than I . He is two years older than IChina is four times as large as Europe.I am twice as old as youI am twice older than you.I am twice the age of you.My books are twice as many as yoursChina is four times larger than Europe.China is four times the size of Europe.I pay twice as much as it was worth.I pay twice as much for the house .（四）与动词有区别,表示延续状态的形容词:open, dead, still静,一动也不动,常修饰动词sit, stand The door is open/closed.不要选opened或close.有特殊意义的形容词有:closed关,close的形容词的意思是“近”,不是“关”。near, nearly, hard, hardly, most, mostly大多数（五）very修饰原级、形容词、副词，修饰v-ing，放在名词前表示强调。much 修饰动词，修饰比较级最高级，修饰过去分词 。（六）以-ly结尾的词一般是副词，但有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词，如：lonely，friendly，They talk in a friendly way. lovely，ugly，silly，likely，deadly（七）在be，seem及物当主语的look，taste，smell，feel，sound，appear等动词后用形容词，I looked at the flower. The flower looks beautiful. He appeared (出现)suddenly. He appeared(显得) happy.（八）表示主语长期的静止状态,不强调动作的sit, stand, lie 接形容词quiet, silent, still, red, peaceful等The valley lay quiet and peacefulShe sat silent. They stood still.（九）become, fall ,get, go, turn 表示变得时后跟形容词.The leaves fell/got/went/turned yellow.It fell/got/went/turned cold.（十）present 表示“出席的,到场的”的时候常放在名词后,the members present 表示“现在的”则放在名词前 the present members （十一）live有时可用作形容词: a live fish 活鱼(形容动物，不形容人 ) The broadcast comes to you live from Beijing .实况转播 That wire is live. 电线是带电的。lively 生动的，活泼的His class is often lively. （十二）the +adj表示一类人,是复数The rich should help the poor.the blind /wounded/young/old （十三）多个形容词作定语时的位置:排列顺序大致为:all/quite/such/rather限定词(包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、数词、不定代词等) + 描绘形容词(短词在前,长词在后)+ 特征形容词(包括大小、形状、新旧、年龄等)+ 颜色形容词 + 类属形容词(包括专有形容词和材料质地形容词) + 名词性定语(包括动名词)+ 名词。It is such a charming little short old round yellow如：冠抽大高老形色French oak writing table. 国.材用为方便背诵,特简化成9字诀:抽大高,老形色,国材用抽：即抽象性质如beautiful，wonderful，terrible之类较空泛的词。大：big，little，small高：tall，high，short，low老：old，new，young形：square，round等色：white，black，brown，red，gray，green，blue等国：出产地方，往往是国家的形容词。汉语总是把产地排前,其它置后：中国美酒材：wooden，plastic，brick，silk，wool等材料，很多是名词用：物品的用途writing，fishing，walking，swimming用来写字的，钓鱼的，走路的，游泳的，往往是动名词。1. She has a _ jacket(leather，brown，beautiful) 2. He has a _ car. (long，red, American)3. They live in a _ house. (old，beautiful)4. We have a _ table. (antique, small，wooden)5. He has a _ jumper. (lovely, red, woollen)6. She has a _ ring. (fabulous, new, diamond)8. It was a _ song(French，old, lovely)8. He owns a _ dog. (black，horrible，big)9. She bought a _ scarf. (gorgeous, pink, silk，)10. I saw a _ film. (fantastic, new, British)Answer:1. beautiful brown leather jacket.2. long red American car.3. beautiful old house.4. small antique wooden table.5. lovely red woollen jumper.6. fabulous new diamond ring.7. lovely old French song.8. horrible big black dog.9. gorgeous pink silk scarf.10. fantastic new British film. 注：上述原则不是放之四海而皆准的，要把普遍真理与特殊实际结合起来。一般说来，“抽色，国，材，用”的位置是较确定的，“大，高，老，形”则不太确定，它们有时归类于“抽象”的一大类，在抽象的大词类中按短词在前，长词在后的原则甚至按照读音舒服顺口原则排列。例：a tall intelligent young Chinese officer 一个聪慧的个子很高的年轻的中国军官【模拟试题】（答题时间：50分钟）（一）1. This box is_ that one.A. heavy than B. so heavy thanC. heavier as D. as heavy as 2. When we speak to people, we should be _.A. as polite as possible B. as polite as possiblyC. as politely as possible D. as politely as possibly 3. This book is_ that one, but_ than that one.A. as difficult as; expensiveB. as more difficult as; more expensiveC. as difficult as; more expensiveD. more difficult as; as expensive 4. I think the story is not so _ as that one.A. interesting B. interested C. more interesting D. most interesting 5. His father began to work_ he was seven years old.A. as old as B. as early as C. since D. while（二）1. I think science is _ than Japanese. A. much important B. important C. much more important D. more much important2. This pencil is_ than that one.A. longest B. long C. longerD. as long 3. My mother is no _ young.A. shorter B. longer C. little D. few 4. These children are _ this year than they were last year.A. more tall B. more taller C. very taller D. much taller5. It was very hot yesterday, but it is_ today.A. even hotter B. more hotterC. much more hot D. much hot 6. Mrs Black has got_ instead of getting any better.A. more bad B. a little worse C. much badly D. a lot of worse（三）1. When we arrived, we found the meeting room crowded with_ students.A. quite a few B. only a few C. few D. a few quite 2. The house is_ small for a family of six.A. much too B. too much C. very much D. so 3. Through the window we can see nothing but _ buildings.A. tall very many B. very many tall C. very tall many D. many very tall 4. Whats your brother like?He is_.A. a driver B. very tall C. my friend D. at school 5. The jacket was so_ that he decided to buy it. A. much B. little C. expensive D. cheap 6. Our classroom is_ larger than theirs.A. more B. quite C. very D. much（四）1. The earth is about_ as the moon.A. as fifty time big B. fifty times as big C. as big fifty times D. fifty as times big2. Your room is_ mine.A. twice as large than B. twice the size ofC. bigger twice than D. as twice large as3. Your room is _ than mine.A. three time big B. three times big C. three times bigger D. bigger three times4. His father is _ than his mother. A. older four years B. as four years older C. four years older D. bigger four years（五）1. Maths is more popular than_.A. any other subject B. all the subjects C. any subject D. other subject2. China is larger than _ in Africa. A. any other country B. other countriesC. the other countryD. any country3. Tom is stronger than _ in his class.A. any other boy B. any boys C. any boy D. other boy（六）1. When spring comes, it gets_.A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter2. By and by, _ students in our class came to like English.A. more and more B. much and much C. many and many D. less and least3. At last he began to cry _.A. hard and hard B. more hard and more hard C. harder and harder D. less hard and less harder4. When spring comes the days get _ and nights _.A. short; long B. long; short C. longer; shorter D. shorter; longer（七）1. _ I look at the picture, _ I like it.A. The best; the more B. The more; the lessC. The more; less D. More; the more 2. _ he read the book, _ he got in it. A. The more; the more interestingB. The less; the more interesting C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested 3. _ you come back, _ it will be.A. The quicker; the best B. The sooner; the better C. Faster; the better D. The sooner; better（八）1. I like_ one of the two books.A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older2. Which is _country, China or Japan?A. the large B. the larger C. larger D. largest 3. 3 Of the two cups, he bought _.A. the smaller B. the smallest C. small D. smaller（九）1. Which do you like _, tea or coffee?A. well B. better C. best D. most 2. This work is _ for me than for you.A. difficult B. most difficultC. much difficult D. more difficult 3. Which do you think tastes _, the chicken or the fish?A. good B. better C. best D. well 4. The Great Pyramid is about 137 metres high today, but it was once _.A. higher B. highest C. high too D. more high 5. Dont you think it _ not to write the letter?A. wellB. better C. best D. good（十）1. Who jumped _ of all? A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the most far2. Li Lei is_ student in our class.A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest 3. The fifth orange is_ of all. Give it to that small child.A. big B. bigger C. the bigger D. the biggest 4. Who is _ of you three? A. the oldest B. much older C. oldest D. older（十一）1. Tom is one of _ boys in our class.A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall2. English is one of_ spoken in the world.A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language3. Beijing is one of_ in China.A. the largest city B. the large cities C. the larger cities D. the largest cities（十二）1. Most of the woods _ been taken good care of.A. are B. is C. has D. have2. _ like playing football and watching TV.A. Most boys B. Most of they C. Most boy D. More of they3. _ are here watering the flowers here.A. Some B. Some of the boys C. Some boy D. Some of boys4. _ havent been to American.A. Most them B. Most they C. More of they D. Most of them（十三）1. _ is more beautiful than roses.A. No other flower B. No another flowerC. Not other flower D. Not all flowers 2. The tree is _ in the garden.A. the taller B. the tallestC. taller than of all D. tall3. Mary studies harder _in her class.A. as any one B. than any other girl C. than the other D. than anyone（十四）1. Which is_, Li Lei or Wu Tong?A. strong B. strongest C. stronger D. the strongest2. Which language is_, English, French or Japanese?A. easy B. the most easy C. the easiest o D. much more easy3. Which is _ interesting, science, maths or English?A. more B. the most C. very D. too4. Which city is_, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou? A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. much more beautiful D. the most beautiful5. Which month is_, June, July or August?A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest（十五）1. Do you have _ to tell us?A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything2. Mike, I have _ to tell you.A. important something B. important anything C. something important,D. anything important3. There is _ in todays newspaper.A. interesting something B. nothing interesting C. interesting anything D. anything interesting4. Is Mrs. Brown badly ill?No, _. Only a little cold.A. quite well B. nothin