西方文化与礼仪知识点.doc

Intercultural CommunicationChapter 1: Introductionl 1.Importance of Intercultural Communicationl 2.Hazards and obstacles of Studying Intercultural Communicationl 3.some terms1. Why study intercultural communicationl A. Technological developmentl The development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination. l B. Widespread population Migrations l Conditions at home and abroad push or pull persons to leave their country to find peace, employment, learning, or a new start.l Earlier immigrants to the united states considered the united States to be a “melting pot” of ethnicities; more recently , this image has been replaced by that of the “ tossed salad, in which each ethnic group retains its own flavor.l C. The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business. China needs to do business with other cultures in order to operate its economic system successfully. On the other hand, more and more foreign companies and international investors do business in china. l D. Development of Multiculturalisml Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm, not the exception.l The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.Five abilities (Harris and Moran ,1989)will be needed in an age of economic interdependencel 1.Possessing a cosmopolitan mind with sensitive innovative and participative ability to operate comfortably in the global or pluralistic environment.l 2.Acknowledging the important of intercultural communication by recognizing cultural influences on personal needs, values, expectation and sense of self.3.Becoming culturally sensitive by integrating the understanding of culture in general with insights gained from service in multicultural organizations or from activities that bring us into contact, with ethnically and culturally different persons.4.Adjusting to the norms of a new cultural, whether that be a domestic co-culture or another national culture.5.Building upon similarities and common concerns while integrating and understanding differences, to further our personal growth and to aid us in our dealings with other cultures that are ,as yet, unfamiliar to us. -Harris and Mran(1989)The hazards of Studying Intercultural Communicationl Overgeneralied and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize of people are the hazards of studying intercultural communication.When we study intercultural communication,we should take correct methods and philosophical point of views.We cannot assume that all the people are fundamentally the same. The obstacles of studying Intercultural communicationl a. Failure to recognize the uniqueness of the individual l we are much more than our culture, Each human being is unique, each is shaped by countless factors. l As many men, so many minds, every one has his own way. l Although culture offers us a common frame of reference , we are not captive of our culture.l Cultural generalizations must be viewed as approximations of reality, not as absolute representations. We should be mindful of oversimplification . No rule is so general, which admits some exceptions.l b. The inability to be objectivel It is impossible to overcome this obstacle . We study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture. so our observations and our conclusions are tainted by our personal and cultural orientations l C.Our ethnocentrism not only impedes intercultural communication, but also is often difficult to identify because it is unconscious.Intercultural Communicationl Some Definitionsl Problematic in Intercultural ExchangeIntercultural Communicationl Intercultural communication is face to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds.Intracultural communicationl Intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture-whether this is in the majority,or within minority cultures.Host Culturel Host culture is the mainstream culture of any one particular country.Minority culturel Minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host cultureSubculture(co-culture)l Subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.Multiculturalisml Multiculturalism is the official recognition of a countrys cultural and ethnic diversityProblematic in intercultural exchange l Language barriersl Different values l Different cultural patterns of behaviourThe cause of the trouble is obvious. The Chinese policeman makes the request by stating the reason only: his mother is ill and he has to ask leave to take her to hospital. In Chinese culture ,this is a clear contextual cue with which Hearer can perfectly get the message and as a superior, the officer should have shown his care for the policeman and taken the initiative to grant him a leave of absence. However, in English culture, “Your mothers illness is your business, what you should make clear to your superior is what you want from him”.l The belief that improvement in intercultural communication is possible is based on three assumptions:l 1.the brain is an open system,l 2.we have free choice l 3.communication has a consequence.l Avoidance of the unfamiliar, the desire to reduce uncertainty, diversity in communication purposes, stereotyping, prejudice, racism, misuse of power, culture shook, and ethnocentrism are major barriers to intercultural communication.l An intercultural ethic asks you to be mindful of the power of communication, respect the worth of all individuals, seek commonalities among people and cultures, recognize the validity of differences, and take individual responsibility for your actions.l We need to share the planet in a peaceful way.Chapter 2: Language Use and Communication Maslows hierarchy of needs physiological needs (hunger, thirst) safety needs (security, protection) social needs (sense of belonging, love) Esteem needs (self-esteem, recognition, status) Self-actualization needs( self-development and realization)Communication-our ability to share our ideas and feelings-is the basis of human contact. The results and the methods of communication might be different, but the process is the same.Human Communication Intentional and Unintentional Behavior Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg think communication is not a random activity that happens by chance, but rather something that is systematic and planned while other scholars believe communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior. The Components of Communication1.The Source2.Encoding3.The Message 4.The Channel5.The Receiver6.Decoding7.Feedback A Source: is a person who has a need to communicate. This need may be conscious or unconscious. Encoding: Because feelings and ideas cannot be shared directly, we must use symbolic representations. we select and arrange verbal and nonverbal symbols according to our rules of grammar and syntax. The Massage: encoding produces a message ,which is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols that a sources state of being at a particular moment. The message is external to the source, while encoding goes on inside the source. The Channel: the means by which the message move from one person to another is the channel,and the primary channels are sound and sight. The Receiver: is a person or persons who take the message into account . Decoding: The receiver decodes the raw energy he or she takes in from the external world and converts it into meaningful experiences. It is information processing .Decoding permits the receiver to attach meaning to the sources behavior. Feedback: This is information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Pragmatics:Language Use The ProblemLinguistic communication is easily accomplished but not so easily explained.Problems with the message model 1. Disambiguation 2.Under-determination of reference 3.Under-determination of communicative intent 4.Non-literality 5.indirection 6.non-communicative acts Disambiguation: The message model must be supplemented by principles of contextual appropriateness to compensate for the pervasive ambiguity of natural language. Example: Flying planes can be dangerous At an airport zoning, this sentence means the planes flying overhead is dangerous. At the Pilots Insurance Board, this sentence means the risk of piloting planes. Under-determination of reference : The message model must be supplemented by mechanisms for successfully recognizing the intention to refer to a specific person, place,or thing Example: the shrewd politician. Under-determination of communicative intent: Example:Ill be there tonight It might be a prediction, a promise, or even threat, depending upon the speakers intentions in the appropriate circumstances. Non-literality: we may not mean what our words mean. Example:Oh thats just great. Indirection:A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context Example:My car has a flat tire. It might means requesting a help. Non-communicative acts: per-locutionary act.Example: “Raise your hands if you agree!”Dr.William N.Brown begs his Chinese graduate students. No response. “Then raise your hands if you disagree!” Still nothing “How about raising your hands if youre awake?” Some glance about awkwardly, but none dare raise their hands, or break the silent vigil theyre since primary school. An Inferential adj. 可以推论的，据推论得出的Approach to Communication proposes提出 four presumptions as the basis of an account of successful linguistic communication. 1.Linguistic Presumption 2.Communicative Presumption 3.Presumption of Literalness 4.Conversational Presumptions Conversational Presumptions: Relevance : the speakers remarks are relevant to the conversation. Sincerity: the speakers is being sincere. Truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say something true. Quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information. Quality: the speaker has adequate evidence for what she says.Four characteristics of human language 1.Symbolic A.symbol is never equal to reality B.the same reality can be represented by different symbols C.different language systems use different symbol to stand for the same reality. 2.rule-govern 3.subjective(the meaning of language are reside in people not in words) 4.dynamic Language is a part of culture ,culture is carry on by language.Language determines culture or culture determines language Sapir and Whorf Hypothesis 1.language not only transmits but also shapes our thinking, beliefs and attitudes. 2.language is the originator of culture and controls the human beings cognitive system in the process of interaction 3.The linguistic system of each language is itself the shaper of ideas. 4.A peoples culture background can be easily recognized by the language the use.Other scholars 1.The sapir-whorf hypothesis overemphasizes.it is extravagant the role of language playing in the human society. 2.No cultural can be completely self-contained or isolated. 3.Language is not a necessary presupposition of an individuals experience or cognitive activity 4.The intercultural communication barriers mentioned by Spair and whorf are in fact surmountable. The Characteristics of Communication No direct mind-to-mind contact We can only infer Communication is symbolic Time-binding links us together We seek to define the world Communication has a consequence Communication is dynamic Communication is contextual Communication is self-reflectiveTraits in prospective EmployeesCommunication self-assessment Scoring should be based on the following scale:3 points=a definite strength, 2 points=an area I would like to improve,1 points= a definite weaknessCommunication self-assessment 1. listen completely and attentively without distraction 2.respond to others in a way that shows you were listening to them 3.detect main ideas and their supporting points 4.use clarifying questions to promote understanding. 5.summarize directions, statements, or feelings shared with you by others.Communication self-assessment 9. fill out applications for employment accurately, neatly, and completely 10. write and send business letters regarding employment. 11. give instructions to others which are clear, concise, and direct. 12.express feelings to others at work and at home.Communication self-assessment 13. separate fact from opinion. 14. skillfully discuss differences of opinion with others. 15. employ successful problem-solving techniques when faced with a conflict. 16.choose specific words to communicate your ideas in writing.Communication self-assessment 17.write a clear , accurate set of directions. 18.draft letters and memos that are free of wordiness and extra information. 19. write logically organized ideas. 20.verify factual information in your writing. 1-5 listening skills, 6-10 employability skills 11-15 speaking skills 16-20 writing skillsCommunication self-assessment No perceived problem with these communication skills.(11-15 points) Need work to improve these skills(6-10 points ) Need maximum efforts to develop communication strengths. (5 points)Communication self-assessment 6. spell and define technical terms as they relate to your job specialty 7.talk freely and confidently to employers about your favorable qualities in a job interview. 8.clearly state important information about work experiences, educational experiences, and personal qualities on a resume.The Brain is an open system Each of us can learn new ideas throughout life,what we know at any one instant is a product of what the brain has experienced. We can learn from each other Learning is a lifelong endeavor, we can use the information to which we are exposed to change the way we perceive and interact with the world.We are alike and we are different We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs,brain,and the like.we are also literally made of the same stuff:water,salt,and so on We also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings We are also alike because all of us,regardless of our culture,must eventually face four fundamental issues.1.life is finite 2.we are isolated from all other human beings 3.we need to make choices 4.the world is a meaningful world. In a word, a common beginning, gender, age, culture and the like may bind us, but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultural differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice and meaning confront everyone, the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture. During the talk, Mark hinted that he wanted to travel and Chen Hao, quick at picking up the hint, suggested that they go hiking in the Blue Mountains. He instantly promised to arrange everything for the trip. Mark was very excited and agreed , because he was looking forward to getting to know someone who could give him some insights into the new culture, as well as having some time away from the noise and congestion of the city. When the day arrived and they finally met,however,Mark was greeted by more than 15 of his friends and they all seemed to be anxious to talk with Mark.Mark , though disappointed, said nothing, but tended to withdraw from the rest of the group. Chen Hao noticed the disappointment and was bewildered. He could not understand why,when he had gone to such lengths to arrange the hiking and have his friends accompany them, Mark was still not pleased. And one of Chen Haos friends even got offended, saying that Mark is thankless. Please explain the reasons. 古时候有个不学无术的人,好不容易用钱买了个县官,却不会说 “官话”.上任之后,照例要去拜访顶头上司-知府,在闲聊中知府问: “贵县风土怎样?” “并没有大风,更少尘土.” “百姓怎样?” “白杏只有两颗,红杏不少”. “我问的是梨蔗!” “梨树很多,结的果实很小.” 知府动气了: “我不是问什么梨树,我问你的小民!” 县官见知府生气,急忙站起来回答到: “卑职的小名叫沟儿.”Qusetions 1.A wife has said to her husband: “yes ,George. I know you can talk, but I want you to communicate.” what does she mean? What is the difference in meaning between “talk” and “communicate”?Chapter 3 :Culture and Communicationn Definitions of culturen The functions of culturen The Characteristics of culturen The relationship between culture and communicationn Elements of intercultural communicationA storyn Some years ago, several international businessmen were on a conference cruise when the ship began to sink. “go tell those fellows to put on life jackets and jump overboard,” the captain directed his first mate.n A few minutes later the first mate returned. “Those guys wont jump,” he reported.n “ take over,” the captain ordered, “ Ill see what I can do.”n Returning moments later, he announced, “ theyre gone”.n “ Howd you do it?” asked the first mate.n “ I told different things to different people.n I told the Englishman it was the sporting thing to do, and he jumped.n I told the Frenchman it was chicn The German that it was a command; the Italian that it