ProblemsofSMECreditGuarantee中小企业信用担保问题探讨.doc

Problems of SME Credit GuaranteeAbstract Chinas SME credit guarantee system, should be taken to government policy-oriented security and social solidarity-based security combined with government policy-oriented security mainly supplemented by social solidarity-based security mode of operation. 加强对企业信用体系建设是加强企业信用建设的关键。 To strengthen the credit system of enterprises is to strengthen the key to the building of corporate credit. 一要制订一个企业信用评估和管理办法。 A need to develop a business credit assessment and management approach. 在现行的各种对企业信用评估的基础上，将各部门、各行业的评估进行整合，建立一个对企业信用的综合评估方法。 Under the current all kinds of enterprise credit evaluation, based on the various departments to integrate the assessment of the industry, the establishment of a comprehensive assessment of enterprise credit method. 二要成立一个专门机构或委托中介机构，对企业信用状况进行动态的综合评估。 Second, we must set up a specialized agency or commission agency, credit status of enterprises a comprehensive assessment of the dynamic. 三要充分利用计算机网络等先进技术和现代化工具，创建国家企业信用征信体系。 Third, we must make full use of computer, networking and other advanced technologies and modern tools, the creation of national credit information system for corporate credit. 关键词 中小企业；信用担保；模式选择我国中小企业尤其是民营企业对国民经济贡献的比重越来越大。 Key words SMEs; credit guarantee; mode selection of Chinas small and medium enterprises, especially private enterprises to the national economy, increasing the proportion of the contribution. 然而，不论是从直接融资还是间接融资上看，中小企业都存在很大资金缺口。 However, whether from direct financing or indirect financing point of view, there is a big funding gap for SMEs are. 中小企业通过股权和债券进行直接融资的很少，绝大多数只能在间接融资方面寻找突破。 SMEs through direct equity and debt financing small, the vast majority of indirect financing can only be looking for a breakthrough. 由于目前中小企业与银行的信息不对称所导致的道德风险和逆选择的现实，使金融机构存在较大的放贷风险。 Since the current asymmetry of information between SMEs and banks caused by moral hazard and adverse selection in the reality, so that the financial lending institution there is a big risk. 而金融机构为防止道德风险和逆选择引起信贷风险的发生，便采取“慎贷”甚至“拒贷”的做法，从而产生信贷市场的两难选择。 The financial institutions in order to prevent moral hazard and adverse selection caused by the occurrence of credit risk, we adopt a prudent loan and even off the loan approach, resulting in the credit market dilemma. 一方面，中小企业急需资金进行经营却无处寻觅；另一方面，金融机构又积压大量存款贷不出。 On the one hand, SMEs need funds for operations are nowhere to be found; the other hand, a large number of deposits in financial institutions, the backlog of loans they could not. 如何破解这一难题，单靠金融机构和中小企业将难以奏效，必须建立中小企业信用担保体系，以解决因信贷双方信息不对称而诱发的两难选择。 How to crack this problem alone, financial institutions and SMEs will not be effective SME credit guarantee system must be established to address the information asymmetry in the two sides due to the credit-induced dilemma. 我国中小企业信用担保体系的建设虽走过了10年的里程，但从总体上看还处在初始阶段。 Chinas SME credit guarantee system, passed though the construction of a 10-year milestone, but the whole is still in the initial stage. 为了找到适合我国实际的运行模式，有必要借鉴国际经验。 In order to find suitable to Chinas actual operating mode it is necessary to learn from international experience. 一、我国中小企业信用担保体系建立模式的过程我国中小企业信用担保体系建设虽已摸索了一些经验，发挥了一定的作用，但今后将以什么样的方式运作发展 ，理论界存在着不同的看法。 1, Chinas credit guarantee system for SMEs in the process of creating models for the construction of Chinas SME credit guarantee system to explore Although some experience to play a certain role, but what the future will operate on the development of the theoretical circles there are different views on . 有人认为，“在市场经济体制下，政府担保在中小企业担保体系中并不起主导作用”，“政府根本不可能在完成宏观调控和社会管理职能之后，还有足够的财力在中小企业担保体系中起主导性作用”。 Some people think that in a market economy system, the government guarantees the security system is not in the small and medium enterprises play a leading role, Government can not possibly be the completion of the macro-control and social management functions, there will still adequate financial guarantee system for SMEs play a dominant role. 也有人认为，国家不应该扶持有政府背景的担保机构，而应扶持商业性担保公司的发展，其理由是“有政府背景的担保机构，基于体制关系其经营总体上趋于保守，而商业性担保公司却在完善风险控制体系和扩大担保业务的范围方面做得有声有色”。 Was also suggested that States should not support a government background, guarantee agencies, but should support the development of commercial security company, on the grounds that a government background, guarantee agencies, based on the relationship between its operating system, generally conservative, while the commercial Guarantee Corporation is in a sound risk control system and expand the scope of the security operations of ethnography. 他们以中科智公司为例来论证这一观点。 They have branches in Chiles case to prove this view. 而国家经贸委在1999年6月出台的关于建立中小企业担保体系试点的指导意见中设想的是“一体两翼”体系框架：一体是中小企业信用担保机构的担保资金和业务经费以政府预算资助和资产划拨为主，不以盈利为主要目的。 The State Economic and Trade Commission in June 1999 issued a guarantee system for small and medium enterprises on the establishment of a pilot guidance in the vision is One Body Two Wings system framework: one is the SME credit guarantee institutions guarantee funds and operating funds to the government budget funding and asset allocation-based, non-profit primary purpose. 两翼是指在城乡社区中以中小企业为服务对象的互助担保机构和商业担保机构，从事中小企业直接担保业务。 Wings is defined as urban and rural communities of SMEs as a target group of the mutual guarantee institutions and commercial guarantee agencies engaged in the direct guarantee business for SMEs. 中小企业互助担保机构的担保基金主要来自会员企业的出资，独立法人，自担风险，但不以盈利为主要目的。 Mutual guarantee institutions for SMEs guarantee fund financed mainly from the member companies and independent legal entities, at your own risk, but not the primary purpose of profit. 中小企业商业担保机构主要由企业或其它非政府的投资主体出资组建，独立法人，商业化运作，以盈利为目的。 Guarantee institutions for SMEs mainly by commercial enterprises or other non-government funded investment entities set up an independent legal person, business operations and for profit. 当前，我国征信体系建设已经取得阶段性成果，作为征信体系建设的重要基础设施，全国统一的企业和个人信用信息基础数据库已经顺利建成。 At present, Chinas credit system has achieved initial results, as the credit system, the construction of critical infrastructure, national unified enterprise and individual credit information database has been successfully completed. 截止到2006年10月末，企业征信系统共收录企业及其他组织1084.05万户，其中借款企业483万户，开通查询用户9.2万个，日均查询量达到7.5万次；个人征信系统共收录自然人达5.27亿，开通查询用户7.5万个，日均查询量为20多万笔；基础数据库的信息网络覆盖全国所有的金融机构，在全国范围内为每一个借款企业和有经济活动能力的个人，建立了信用档案。 As of the end of 2006, 10, enterprise credit information system, businesses and other organizations, included a total of 10.8405 million, of which 4.83 million borrowing enterprise, open query the user 92000, average daily volume of 7.5 million queries; personal credit information system, included a total of natural persons up to 527 million, opened query the user 75000, average daily volume of more than 20 million queries pen; basic database information network covers all the countrys financial institutions throughout the country for each borrower and the economically active individuals, established a credit file. 为全面、准确反映被征信主体信用状况，征信机构需要尽可能多地从各种合法渠道收集信用信息，以满足信用信息使用方准确判断信用信息主体信用状况的需要。 For a comprehensive, accurate and reflect the credit status has been the main credit, credit institutions need to as much as possible from a variety of legal channels to collect credit information, to meet the credit information using square and accurate credit information to determine the main credit needs. 因此，征信体系建设的核心和基础是信用信息共享，而标准化是实现系统互联互通、信息共享和业务协作的基础和前提。 Therefore, the credit system is based on the core and credit information sharing and standardization is to achieve system interoperability, information sharing and business collaboration with the foundation and prerequisite. 伴随着征信体系建设的不断推进，由于标准不统一，信用信息共享困难的问题逐渐暴露出来，如反映信息主体信用状况或身份状况的部分信息分类的标准已不适应社会发展的需要，特别是缺乏统一的数据接口等标准，对信息系统间的互联互通造成了极大障碍，严重影响了信息资源共享范围及数据的准确整合，降低了数据质量，使信用报告无法全面和客观反映被征信主体的信用状况，影响了企业和个人信用信息基础数据库和金融机构的公信力，制约了征信市场的健康快速发展。 Along with the continuous advance of credit system, since the standard is not unified, credit information sharing difficult issues were gradually exposed, such as to reflect credit or identity information of the main part of the status of information classification standards no longer meet the needs of social development, especially in The lack of uniform data interface such as standards, interoperability between information systems created a great obstacle to a serious impact on the scope of information resources sharing and data accuracy of integration, reducing the quality of the data, so that credit reports can not be fully and objectively reflected the credit the principals credit situation, affected enterprise and individual credit information database, and the credibility of financial institutions has constrained credit markets, healthy and rapid development. 二、世界各地中小企业信用担保体系实践模式世界上开始建立中小企业信用担保机构至今已有近70年历史 。 Second, the credit guarantee system for small and medium enterprises around the world, practical model of the world to start building credit guarantee institutions for SMEs has been nearly 70 years of history. 1937年日本成立了地方性的东京都中小企业信用保证协会，1958年成立了全国性的日本中小企业信用保险公库和全国中小企业信用保证协会联合会，形成了中央与地方共担风险、担保与再担保(保险)相结合的全国性中小企业信用担保体系。 1937, Japan set up a local Tokyo Metropolitan Small Business Credit Guarantee Association, established in 1958 a national SME credit insurance, the Japanese public libraries and the National Federation of SME Credit Guarantee Association, forming a central and local governments a total of risk, security and re-guarantee (insurance) a combination of national SME credit guarantee system. 美国、德国和加拿大分别于1953年、1954年和1961年开始构建中小企业信用担保体系。 United States, Germany and Canada respectively, in 1953, 1954 and 1961 began to build SME credit guarantee system. 如美国由中小企业局(SBA)负责，通过担保方式诱使银行向中小企业提供贷款。 Such as the United States by the SME Agency (SBA) is responsible, by way of security, to induce banks to provide loans to SMEs. 其具体做法：一是一般担保贷款。 The specific approach: First, a general secured loan. SBA对75万美元以下的贷款提供总贷款额75%的担保，贷款偿还期最长可达25年。 SBA for 75 million dollars in loans to provide 75% of the total loans guaranteed, loan repayment of up to 25 years. 二是少量的“快速车道”贷款担保。 The second is a small amount of fast track loan guarantees. 对中小企业急需的少数“快速”贷款提供50%额度比重的担保。 SMEs needed a few fast track loan guarantees 50% of the amount of weight. 三是出口和国际贸易企业的贷款担保。 Third, export and international trade business loan guarantees. 担保贷款不低于50万美元，担保比例可达总投资的90%。 Secured loan is not less than 50 million U.S. dollars, secured the proportion of the total investment of up to 90%. 我国的台湾和香港也分别于1974年和1998年开始实施中小企业信用担保。 Chinas Taiwan and Hong Kong respectively in 1974 and 1998 began to implement SME credit guarantee. 据加拿大卡尔顿大学的学者统计，截至1999年8月底，全世界已有48%的国家和地区建立了中小企业信用担保体系，世界五大洲都开展了中小企业信用担保业务。 According to scholars at Carleton University in Canada statistics, as of the end of August 1999, the world, 48% of countries and regions of the SME credit guarantee system, the worlds five continents have launched SME credit guarantee business. 在中小企业信用担保体系建立的实践中，由于各个国家和地区国情的差异性，运作方式多种多样，既有以实有资金作为保证的实体制体系，又有以事前承诺作为事后补偿保证的权责制体系；既有由政府专门的行政机构负责操作的政府操作型方式，也有由独立于政府之外的法人实体进行操作的市场操作型方式。 The establishment of the SME credit guarantee system for the practice, because of various countries and regions conditions differences, operating a variety of ways, both in order to ensure that there is a real system of funding as a system of prior commitment to another as the ex post facto compensation guaranteed accountability system of systems; both by the government of specialized administrative body responsible for operating the type of government operation mode, but also by independent legal entity outside the government to operate in market operations-based approach. 如果按其担保的目的划分可分为两种模式： If the purpose of their security can be divided into two modes: 1.政策扶持型的中小企业信用担保模式。 1. Policy support to types of SME credit guarantee model. 已开展中小企业信用担保业务的大部分国家和地区属于此类。 SME credit guarantee operations have been undertaken in most countries and areas fall into this category. 世界各地一般都把建立和实施中小企业信用担保体系作为政府扶持中小企业发展的政策体系和社会化服务体系的重要组成部分。 Around the world in general regard the establishment and implementation of SME credit guarantee system, as the Governments policies to support SME development system and social service system an important component. 其特征是政府出资或资助建立中小企业信用担保体系。 Is characterized by government-funded or subsidized the establishment of SME credit guarantee system. 对于担保基金的筹集，一般是通过中央和地方政府编制中小企业信用担保资金预算来解决。 For the guarantee fund raising, generally through the central and local governments prepare SME credit guarantee funds to the budget to resolve. 担保资金纳入政府年度预算最多的国家是美国和日本，如美国每年财政预算的中小企业信用担保基金约2亿美元。 Guarantee funds into the country with the largest annual government budget of the United States and Japan, such as the U.S. annual budget of the SME credit guarantee fund of about 200 million U.S. dollars. 日本的中小企业信用保险公库，以中央政府的财政拨款为资本金。 Japan Credit Insurance Corporation for small and medium enterprises to the central governments financial allocation for the capital. 韩国和我国台湾省，中小企业信用担保基金也主要由政府财政安排。 South Korea and Chinas Taiwan Province, the SME Credit Guarantee Fund are mainly determined by government financial arrangements. 韩国有专门为中小企业融资提供担保的信用保证基金，其资金来源是，中央一级全部由中央政府预算解决，地方一级则分别由地方政府和企业各出资50%。 South Korea specifically for small and medium enterprises to guarantee the financing of the credit guarantee fund, its funding sources, the central one entirely by the central government budget to solve the local level were all funded by local governments and enterprises 50%. 台湾省的中小企业信用保证基金，则是由财政部门和银行、金融机构的捐助资金组成，财政出资约占基金的80%。 Taiwan Province SME Credit Guarantee Fund, it is by the financial sector and banks, financial institutions, the composition of donor funds, financial investors about the Funds 80%. 这种模式的优点是：政府能将自己的扶持意愿直接作用于服务对象，以达到调整产业结构、优化产业分布和资源配置的目的。 This model has the advantage: The Government will be able to support their own direct effect on target to achieve the adjustment of industrial structure, optimize the industrial distribution and resource allocation purposes. 其缺点是，一方面容易诱发道德风险和逆选择，降低担保资金的使用效率；另一方面一旦担保风险发生并无法化解时，最后风险将转嫁到政府身上，增加财政负担，形成财政风险，影响政府宏观调控能力。 The disadvantage is that, while likely to cause moral hazard and adverse selection, reduce the efficiency of the use of guarantee funds; the other hand, occurs when a security risk and can not be resolved, the last risk will be passed on to the government, thereby increasing the financial burden, the formation of financial risk, impact the governments macro-control capacity. 2. Social Solidarity-based SME credit guarantee model. 世界各国中不组建政策扶持型担保机构，只推行社会互助型中小企业信用担保体系的，仅有埃及(由银行与保险公司及中小企业共同组织的中小企业互助担保公司)和葡萄牙(中小企业协会)等少数国家。 Countries in the world does not support the formation of policy-based guarantee institutions, only the implementation of social solidarity-based SME credit guarantee system, only Egypt (by banks and insurance companies and SMEs, SMEs, jointly organized by Mutual Guarantee Company) and Portugal (SME associations ) and a few other countries. 也有一些国家和地区在政策扶持型中小企业担保体系之外，同时开展社会互助型中小企业担保业务。 There are also national and regional policy support for SMEs in the guarantee system, the same time, social solidarity-based SMEs to carry out security operations. 这种模式的优点是：避免因企业相互担保，导致受保企业出现经营困境时连带担保企业经营困境的发生；为沟通银企联系架起桥梁；促进参与企业之间的分工合作，实现互惠互利共同发展的目的。 The advantages of this model are: to avoid the mutual guarantee companies, leading to the plight of the insured when the business of operating jointly and severally guarantee the plight of the occurrence of business; build bridges of communication and contact banks and enterprises; to promote division of labor among the participating companies to achieve mutually beneficial co-development purposes. 这种模式的不足之处是：担保基金规模小，担保贷偿能力比较差，抵御风险的能力普遍较弱；担保对象的封闭性，增大其运行风险的可能性。 Inadequacy of this model are: a guarantee fund small scale loan guarantees compensation capacity is relatively poor ability to withstand risks generally weak; guarantee the closed nature of the object, increasing the risk of the possibility of its operation. 三、我国中小企业信用担保体系建设的模式选择通过对世界各国中小企业信用担保运作方式的分析和比较，我认为，我国中小企业信用担保体系建设，应采取政府政策主导型担保与社会互助型担保相结合，以政府政策主导型担保为主、社会互助型担保为辅的运作模式。 Third, Chinas SME credit guarantee system for mode selection through the worlds SME credit guarantee operation of the analysis and comparison, I think that the building of Chinas SME credit guarantee system should be taken to government policy-oriented type the security guarantees and Social Solidarity combined in order to guarantee the main government policy-oriented, social security, supplemented by mutual aid-type mode of operation. 1.以政府政策主导型为主的原因有三：(1)信用担保从总体上说具有“公共产品”属性，它所具有的外部效应比较明显，只有以政府为主承担这一角色，才能更好完成信用担保任务。 1. Based on government policy led mainly for three reasons: (1) credit guarantee from the whole, be said to have public good attributes, it has the more obvious external effects, only the main government assume this role, can be more Good credit guarantee to complete the task. 市场经济的一个重要特征是市场主体追求直接经济利益，而信用担保作为一个低收益(甚至无收益)、高风险行业，私人部门一般不愿介入或只是有限介入。 The market economy is an important feature of market players to pursue a direct economic benefit, while the credit guarantee, as a low-income (or even no income), high-risk industries, the private sector are usually reluctant to intervene or only limited involvement. 因此需要政府介入来启动和发展这项业务。 Government intervention needed to initiate and develop the business. (2)政府可以把信用担保作为经济杠杆，支持符合国家产业政策的中小企业发展，优化产业结构。 (2) Government credit guarantees can be as an economic lever in line with national industrial policy to support SME development, optimize the industrial structure. 如对于能大量吸纳就业人员、充分运用高新技术或技术升级、产品以出口为主以及创业型中小企业融资时，政府提供信用担保，实际上是在服务于政府产业政策的落实，适应促进经济社会全面发展大局的需要。 If able to absorb a large amount of employment for staff, full use of high-tech or technology upgrading, product, as well as export-oriented entrepreneurial SMEs financing, credit guarantee provided by the Government is actually in the service industry, the government implementation of the policy to adapt to the promotion of economic and social comprehensive development of the overall needs. (3)政府政策主导型担保为主并不意味着政府直接经营。 (3) Government policy-oriented does not mean that the government secured th