大学英语写作中学生的问题.doc

大学英语写作中学生的问题n 21 世纪大学英语的改革创新 指出：目前大学英语写作中学生普遍存在的问题是“ 四差一慢” 。 n 四差 ：语言规范性差（语法，拼写，用词等）；应用语言基本句型能力差（句型，句式变化等）；段落开展策略差（推展方法和技巧）；篇章逻辑连贯差（段落间的承启和过渡）。 四级写作中如何选词n 一篇文章是由词，句，段，篇构成的，文章的写作过程是一个“由词生句，积句生段，积段成章”的过程。要想写出好文章，应该从选词，造句和构篇几个方面下功夫。n 词是文章的基本单位。恰当的选词能准确，形象，清晰地表达思想；选词不当则会使句子生硬，意思牵强附会。要做到用词准确，应在掌握词汇的意义和具体的搭配上下功夫。选词(Diction)的重要性n 在The Right Word at the Right Time的序言中，The Readers Digest的编者对选词的重要性作了一个贴切的比喻：Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion: it is a courtesy to others, and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.n “一字值千金”也说明了选词的重要性。 Our government can adopt /carry out various effective measures/ means to fight against fake commodities. (use many ways/methods)Compare the Following Sentencesn We should use different ways to get to know the society.n We ought to make use of various methods to get to know the society.n We are supposed to take advantage of diverse means to get to know the society.选词的基本原则n 尽量用四级范围内的积极的,活跃的，常用的词或词组 。n 尽量用表达最贴切,最生动,最有力的词或短语 。n 尽量用最符合所写话题,所用文体的词或表达。Summary n 文章无论长短都是由词汇构成的。如果掌握的词汇量不够，写出的文章就会词不达意，严重影响文章的表达。所以，要尽可能学好词汇，掌握词，词组和常用表达，打好写作基础。 四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：n 1 可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。Eg. Good points= benefits, advantages, merits. Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects.n 2 表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。Eg. Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit.策略n 1 调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇表达意思。Eg. Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth ton 2 用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。Eg. Use, make use of, make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, take (full) advantage of n 3 文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以原词，同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。Eg. Adapt to, adjust, makefit, get used to, be accustomed to 四级写作中如何造句句子n 句子是文章的基础，是作者表达思想的最小语言单位。n 句子的质量直接影响文章的质量。n 写作的最基本要求就是句子语法正确。然后还有修辞及其它技巧。n 好的文章都有一个共同的特点句型多样。n 要学好写作，必须首先写好句子，掌握不同句型的写法，并根据自己表达思想的需要进行灵活的句型转换，从而使文中的句子长短错落，起伏有致，以增强文章的表现力。句子n 一篇文章的好坏在很大程度上取决于句子的合理选择。n 好的文章不仅要求句子表达正确，语言规范，能准确有效表达思想，而且要富有句式的变化。n 同样的意思用不同的句式来表达，往往表达出来的语言风格和修辞效果迥然不同。n 这些都要求考生有扎实的语法基础知识。句型要多样n 简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：倒装句，省略句。强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句等。n 若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式变化及句子类型，可通过对课文经典句子的背诵提高应用语言基本句型的能力。n 要善于模仿。Imitation is a good way to learn.段落的构成Analyze the following writingn To be an educated person is not easy. Firstly we should know clearly the purpose of being educated. Secondly, we should be diligent and persistent, trying our best to overcome all the difficulties that we come across. Lastly, we should not only educate ourselves, but also help others as much as possible to acquire knowledge and skills. Generally speaking, an educated person will have more responsibility for his country and the society.Topic sentencen 主题句又称主旨句或关键句，是一个段落中最重要的句子，是段落的“纲”。说明段落的中心思想和作者的写作目的，是段落发展的依据。n 段落的每句话都应紧密地联系主题句所表达的中心内容。n 写好主题句是文章成功的关键。 n (common practice of scoring in CET-4)主题句的构成n Topic sentence = a topic + a controlling idea about the topicn 主题句=主题+中心思想n 主题：段落所谈的话题，问题n 中心思想：限定话题的范围，确定话题的发展方向。整个段落都以这个中心思想为依据，围绕它进行。中心思想用关键词(key words)来表达。please identify the two parts n Developing private cars in China has many positive aspects. n Keeping pets is beneficial to people in several aspects. n Smoking results in a series of negative effects.n The following factors contribute to success.n The reasons why bicycles are so popular in China lie as follows. 主题句的位置：位于段首 开门见山，点出主题。n There are many ways through which we can improve our English. Above all, we should read as many English books, newspapers and magazines as possible. Next, we may listen to English programs on the radio or watch English programs on TV every day. Besides, it is necessary for us to seize every opportunity to speak English both in and after class. Finally, it is equally important to form the habit of taking notes and keeping a diary in English.主题句的写法：如何写好n 主题句应尽量清晰明了，简练，用词准确，力求用一句话清楚地表达该段的中心。n Environmental pollution is important.n Environmental pollution is an important problem that deserves our special attention. 主题句的写作技巧（1）n 表示人的名词或代词主语的句子：主体为人n College students should take part in social practice and get to know the world.n People take part in recreational activities because of several reasons.n We benefit a lot from doing part time jobs.n Young people today are badly influenced by TV.主题句的写作技巧（2）n 表示物的名词做主语的句子：主体为事物n Good health is important to us. n Information plays an indispensable role in modern life. n Diligence is a key factor to success. n Sports benefit people in many ways. n Recreational activities fall into two major types. 主题句的写作技巧（3）n 用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语。主体为话题n Owning a private car is very convenient.n Keeping pets can lead to some problems.n Studying abroad benefits students in many aspects. 主题句的写作技巧（4）n 用“There +be + 名词”句型来写主题句。主体是所谈话题的方面n There are several reasons why we should develop the industry of private cars.n There are innumerable/numerous advantages of keeping pets. n There are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities. n There are effective measures that we can adopt to deal with the issue of rising crime rate. 主题句的写作技巧（5）n 用It is + Adj. +for sb. to do sth. 句型n It is beneficial for college students to take part in various social activities. n It is necessary for us to get to know about the society. n It is desirable/advisable for young people to go abroad to study. n It is fascinating and rewarding to take on-line courses. n It is harmful for children and teenagers to watch violent TV programs. Study the Topic Sentences n Owning a car can be very costly.n Traveling by air is more convenient than traveling by train.n Computers play a variety of roles in our life. n College students dream of going abroad to study mainly on account of the following three reasons. n Reading plays an important role in language learning. n In choosing a career, students should consider various factors. n It is necessary for college students to get to know about the world outside the campus. n It is better to travel by car than to travel by bus. n It is much more comfortable and convenient to read a book than to surf the net to get information. 段落推展方法 例证法，列举法推展句n The topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph, while the supporting sentences develop the main idea of the paragraph specifically.n 推展句的写作方法：定义法，分类法，例证法，列举法，因果关系法，对照比较法（类比法），综合法。例证法(exemplification)n There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will. A task, no matter how difficult, can be accomplished if a person makes up his mind to do it. Take Rome as an example. It is known that Rome was not built in a day. Before she was built, her founders had suffered a great deal of severe hardship, but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded in their efforts. Columbus, who discovered America, is another example of strong determination. In spite of defeat and affliction, he went forward and succeeded because of his singleness of purpose and perseverance. 表示例证的方法n For example, for instance, as an example, for a typical example,n Lets illustrate, show, prove with the following example.n Lets take as an examplen An example, an instance, a (typical) case in pointExample n The development of science and technology has brought about many changes in peoples life. This can be best illustrated by the invention of television, which has opened a new era for mankind. Through the use of TV people can learn the events which happened thousands of miles away and realize the dream of traveling around the world without having to leave their home. n The invention of the computer is another typical case in point. The advent of computers has exerted a strong influence on our life and work. Sample: Practice Makes Perfectn It is often believed that practice makes perfect. As everybody can see, persistent practice will naturally lead to perfect performances and high efficiency. For example, when we learn English, we have to learn such things as grammar, vocabulary, structure and so on. In order to achieve fluency and accuracy as well, we need practice in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Only through constant practice can we have a good command of English. Another case in point is learning to play the piano. It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful pianist. 列举法(listing)n Attending schools abroad has many advantages. In the first place, students can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries. In the second place, schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly. Furthermore, while studying abroad, young students can learn to become independent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society. 表示列举的方法n First of all/Above all, secondly, moreovern In the first place, in the second place, furthermore/whats moren To begin(start) with, secondly, in additionn For one thing, for another thing, for still another thingn One of the most important isn Another lies in n is also an important factor. n Advantage, problem, reason, benefit, drawbackExamples n Tourism brings China a lot of good. To begin with, it enables the Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and mutual understanding. More importantly, it is financially beneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China. n College students who take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the classroom. First of all, since they have busy schedules, they have to learn how to budget their time more effectively. They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly. Secondly, since any job involves contacts and cooperation with other people, doing part-time jobs enables students to learn how to get along well with different kinds of people. Most important of all, part-time jobs give students a chance to learn the value of responsibility. In brief, what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their integrity as well as their practical abilities. 结论句Concluding sentencen Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. For example, we compete when we play games. We try to do better than others in our study and whats more, there is constant competition for jobs, customers, money and so forth. Therefore, it can be said, to some extent, that competition is omnipresent and it is one of the motive forces of the development of society. 结论句n 在段落最后用来总结全段，深化主题的句子。n 首尾呼应，加强段落的整体性。n 要注意：结论句不能简单地重复主题句，而应使之深化和加强。n 可以用不同的句子来表达同一个主题和思想，做到前后照应。Example n Nothing is more valuable than good health. Good health is the foundation of ones future success. If a person easily falls ill, it is hardly possible for him to pursue a career successfully. On the other hand, if he is strong and fit, he can go all out to overcome the obstacles that lie ahead of him. In fact, good health is essential for the enjoyment of life. Another Examplen Money cannot buy everything. For instance, no matter how much money one has, one cannot buy good health, which is essential to a good life. Neither can one buy happiness or friendship. Thus, although money is useful in many ways, there are still a lot of things in the world that cannot be bought with money.具有高度统一性的段落n Smoking has been proved to be very harmful. First, it may cause some serious diseases, such as heart trouble or lung cancer. Second, it will pollute the air and it will harm the health of non-smokers. Third, many major fires and explosions have been caused by careless smokers. These accidents have resulted in loss of lives and property. In addition, smoking costs a lot of money and is a waste of time. 段落的连贯性n 段落的统一性和连贯性是写好段落的两个相互依存又有所区别的概念。n 统一性要求段落的每个句子都必须紧扣主题，避