学术英语习题及部分答案.doc

Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I 1. Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research. The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites. As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance. Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration. The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it. This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life on Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.n Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 milesn The Suns energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.n Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earths outer atmosphere.n Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.n The seasons of the earths climate results from (1) the 23.30 tilt of the earths axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earths orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earths surface), and (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.n Radiation passing through the earths atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, but some arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.n Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants. 4. Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1） 过去对的研究工作说明The previous work on has indicated that（2） A在1932年做了关于的早期研究。Early study on were reported in 1932 by A.（3） 文献资料未能证明Literature failed to proveBook:The data available in literature failed to prove （4） 在方面没有相关的发现。There dont have any related discoveries in （5） 此类方法的主要缺点是The main defect of this kind of method is（6） 尽管它们， 但缺点是：更加复杂，成本高，无法大量供应。Although they, they are more complicated and costly and cannot be supplied in large quantities.Despite their , but the drawback is: more complex, costly, not a lot of supply.（7） 尽管在方面做了大量研究，但在方面却少有研究Although a large amount of research has been done on , there are few studies on （8） 近年来对的研究已引起足够关注。In recent years, the research of has attracted enough attention.（9） 本文讨论了计算的方法。The article discuss ways to calculate.（10） 本文旨在阐述This paper aims to illustrateThe aim of this paper is to illustrate / elaborate（11） 研究结果表明The results of the research show that（12） 本文的组织结构如下。第二部分介绍了第三部分提出新的设计意义。第四部分得出试验结果证实该理论的结论。This paper is organized as follows.Section II is a brief introduction to Section III deals with Section IV gives new design implications.Section V concludes with experimental results supporting the theory.5. Translate the Chinese phrases and sentences in Materials and Methodsinto English.(Pay attention to the tenses and voices)（1） 本次试验的目的是要确定., 从而为.方面的研究提供坚实的基础。The purpose of this experiment is to determine ., so as to provide a solid foundation / basis for the research of（2） 实验中采用两组化合物，第组是., 包含.和.Two groups of compositions are used in the experiments. The first group is , contains and （3） 实验设备主要包括Experimental equipment mainly includes （4） 为解决以上问题，本文运用理论。In order to solve the above problems, this paper applies the theory of （5） 按以下步骤进行有氧试验。Aerobic test according to the following steps.（6） 本文采用的方法与其他方法相比有以下几点不同。The method uesd in this paper is different from others methods in the following points.（7） 与其它方法相比，（本方法）的优点是在方面更准确。The advantage of (this method) over other methods is that it is more accurate in terms of （8） 90名符合以上所述要求的参加了本项研究。Ninety who met the above requirements participated in the study.6. Prepare a short section of Field Methods on the basis of the following information.n Maps used: Geologic and topographic maps prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and South Dakota State Geological Survey.n Period of field work: April-September, 2013; June, July, 2014.n Personnel: you, and two Masters Degree candidate students (they will use this study for their research degree)n Vehicle: Four-wheel drive Ford suburbann Equipment: Brunton compasses, plane-table and alidade, aerial photographs and stereo viewers, rock picks, digital cameras, sampling bags and labels.n Weather conditions during the field work: rain and snow, early April; thunderstorms, July. 7. Complete the following sentences in Resultsby translating the Chinese phrases into English.（1） （尽管我们研究中的被调查者来自于两个不同的国家），culturally and socially based differences in waiting time response（在方面的进一步对比是非常有意义的）。Although the respondents in our study were from two different countriesThe further contrast between the two is very meaningful.（2） （今后有关于的研究）the effective or cognitive process behind consumers evaluations and expectations for waiting time.Research on in the futureThe purpose of this study is to determine（本次研究的目的是确定）the effects of a guide tube design on the turbine efficiency. Test results show that（试验结果表明）, it can clearly be seen that the guide tube has needs carefully design（经过精心设计）the operating conditions of the cross-flow turbine. The guide tube used in this study will not improve the efficiency of the turbine because（不会提高涡轮机的效率因为）a choking effect.The purpose of this study is to determineTest results show that Carefully designWill not improve the efficiency of the turbine because8. Describe the following pie chart based on the information you can see, and then show your results. Fig. 2 Scientific disciplines for Elsevier publication (2016)9. Writing an English Conclusion according to the information given.Overview of the research: New buckling solutions for regular polygonal elliptical, semicircular and annular Mindlin plates under isotropic inplane loads.Directions for future research: other loading conditions, such as shear loading, partial loadings and non-uniform loadings at the edges; boundary conditions involving point supports, mixed edge conditions and elastic restraints. 10. Translate some of the expressions from Discussion part of a paper.(1) This research investigated the effects of two different learning methods.本研究探讨了两种不同学习方法的效果。(2) The data reported here suggest that the reaction rate may be determined by the mounts of oxygen available.数据表明，含氧量决定了反应速度。(3) 最终，我们相信本文提出的设想会在诸如机器人技术等领域有更广泛的应用。Ultimately, we believe that the proposed vision would have broader application in areas such as robotics.(4) 然而，对的要求在实际中存在局限，我们在今后的研究中努力克服该局限。However, there are practical limitations to the requirements of. and we will try to overcome this limitation in future research.However, there is a limit of . requirements in practice, we strive to overcome this limitation in future studies.(5) 我们相信，将来对的研究将提高的性能。We believe that future research on will improve the performance of (6) The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.收益率的实验值和理论值是一样的。(7) 通过引进可以克服这一缺点，这可以成为将来研究的课题。 This shortcoming can be overcome by introducing , which can be a subject of future research.11. Translate the following part of Conclusion into English.本文对如下问题进行了研究：连接到某网址或下载某网页的等待时间（the waiting time needed to connect with certain websites or to download some web pages）是如何影响人们对所访问因特网的评价的？为了回答这个问题，我们开发了一套概念框架和模型，来描述消费者从上网的经历中是如何受益的（derive utility from the internet experience）。基于Kahneman et al.(等人) (1997)开发的模型，我们认为影响人们对所访问的因特网评价的还有其他受益因素（four different concepts of utility）。为了验证本模型，我们利用计算机进行了四个实验，实验中被调查对象需要对等待某网上杂志（an internet magazine）打开网页进行评价。This paper studies the following questions: connect to a web site or a web page download latency (the waiting time needed to connect with certain websites or to download some web pages) is a review of how it affects peoples access to the internet? / (How does the waiting time need to connect with certain websites or download some web pages affect peoples assessment of Internet access?) To answer this question, we developed a set of conceptual frameworks and models to describe how consumers derive utility from the Internet experience. Based on the model developed by Kahneman et al. 1997, we consider four different concepts of utility that affect peoples evaluation of the internet they visit. In order to verify this model, we used the computer to conduct four experiments. In the experiment, respondents were asked to wait for an internet magazine to open a webpage for evaluation.12. Translate the following part of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS into English.感谢国家自然科学基金( National Natural Science Foundation of China，grant LM05110)对本项目的支持，本文的作者对王明礼教授对本手稿详细的阅读并提出有益的建议表示诚挚的谢意。同时非常感谢李佳教授和陈曦博士对数据分析方面给予的支持。作者还要感谢大连造船厂对本研究提供样品所给予的帮助。Thank you for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant LM05110) supporting this project, the authors of this article professor Ming-Li Wang detailed reading of the manuscript and made useful suggestions to express my sincere gratitude. We also thank professor Li jia and Dr. Chen for their support in data analysis. The authors also thank Dalian shipyard for its assistance in providing samples for this study.13. Translate the following sentences into English.(1)The purpose of this study is to investigate the optical properties of aerosol during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. 本研究的目的是研究北京雾霾事件期间气溶胶的光学特性。 (2)The basic concepts and data collected are presented. 展示/介绍了所收集的基本概念和数据。 (3)本文说明了这种技术对核探测的应用。 This paper describes / illustrates the application of this technique to nuclear detection. (4)本研究的范围涉及DSP的产品和规格。 The scope of this study covers DSP products and specifications. (5)本文的重点在于核能的和平利用。This paper focuses on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.14. Write an abstract of one of your scientific papers about 200 words including title, abstract and key words. （必须完成）15. Analyze the layout of the following samples in the group：Optical Properties of Aerosol During Haze-Fog Episodes in BeijingAbstract:The purpose of this study is to investigate the optical properties of aerosol during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. The aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent (), size distribution and single scattering albedo (to) during haze-fog episodes were analyzed between 2002 and 2008 using AERONENT data. During haze-fog episodes, the aerosol optical depth showed a decreasing trend with wavelengths, and showed high values with an average 1.34 at 440 nm. The magnitude of Angstrom exponent was relatively high during haze-fog episodes and the mean values reached 1. 11. The frequency distribution of was up to 94% when 0.9, indicating the predominance of fine particles during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. The aerosol volume size distributions presented a bimodal structure (fine and coarse modes). The maxima (peaks) radius of fine mode showed an increasing trend with AOD, however, those of coarse mode showed a decreasing trend with AOD. The size distribution showed a distinct difference in dominant mode for the different AOD. The single scattering albedo showed an increasing trend with AOD during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. The mean value of to was 0.89 at the four wavelengths and the to exhibited a low sensitivity to wavelengths.摘要：为了解北京地区雾霾天气条件下大气气溶胶的光学特性,利用20022008年AERONET资料分析了雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、粒子尺度谱分布和单次散射反照率等气溶胶光学特性参数.结果表明,北京地区雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学厚度表现出较高值,且随波长增大而减小,440 nm时平均气溶胶光学厚度达到1.34.Angstrom波长指数在雾霾天气时也表现出较高值,平均值达到1.11;其中高于0.9的波长指数出现频率达到94%,说明北京雾霾天气期间气溶胶粒子主要以细粒子为主.气溶胶体积尺度谱分布表现出双峰型结构,细模态的平均峰值半径随光学厚度增大而增大,而粗模态的平均峰值半径却随光学厚度增大表现出减小趋势;气溶胶粒子尺度谱中的主模态峰与光学厚度有关.雾霾天气期间平均单次散射反照率达到0.89,且随光学厚度增大表现出依次增大趋势,但对波长变化表现不敏感.Layout：Background:Problem:Findings:Method:Conclusion:16. Error correction for research paper writing. Please revise the following incorrect sentences according to what you have learned in academic paper writing.(1). Sentence Fragments. Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence.（要确保每一个单词组都有一个句子包含一个完整语法和独立的思想可以单独作为一个可接受的句子）Incorrect: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East. Revised: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.Incorrect: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. Revised: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.(2). Sentence Sprawl. Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences. (句子的扩张。太多的同样权重的短语和从句会产生令人厌烦的句子)Incorrect: The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday.There are no grammatical errors here, but the sprawling sentence does not communicate clearly and concisely. Revised: The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday, so witnesses would be able to attend. (3). Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence. （错位的冗长句和悬挂修正。将修饰词靠近他们所描述的词;要确保修改过的单词在句子中出现）Incorrect: When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.Who is writing a proposal? Revised: When writing a proposal, a scholar should set an original task for research. Incorrect: Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. Revised: Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.(4). Faulty Parallelism. Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series. （错误的并行性。确保你使用的是语法上相同的句子元素来表达两个或多个匹配的想法或项目。）Incorrect: The candidates goals include winning the election, a health program, and education. Revised: The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a health program, and improving the education system.Incorrect: Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long. Revised: Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long.(5). Unclear Pronoun Reference. Pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents nouns. Use it, they, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion. （不清楚代词参考。代词必须清楚地指代明确的指称名词。使用它，它们，这些，这些，并且小心地防止混淆。）Incorrect: Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the workings of the universe. Revised: Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the workings of the universe.Incorrect: Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, she sometimes neglects it.Revised: Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin neglects the environment.(6). Pronoun Agreement. Be sure that each pronoun agrees in number (singular or plural) with the noun to which it refers (its antecedent or referent). （代词的协议。确保每个代词在数字(单数或复数)与它所引用的名词(它的前因或指称)上都是一致的）Incorrect: When a candidate runs for office, they must expect to have their personal life scrutinized. Revised: When candidates run for office, they must expect to have their personal life scrutinized. （当候选人竞选公职时，他们必须期待自己的个人生活被仔细审视。）Incorrect: Accordin