暑期强化班第一讲词的用法和句的分类.doc

暑期强化班：第一讲：词的用法和句的分类一、 词的分类：（）1、 冠词：the/a/an/零冠词 （注：冠词不能单独使用，须和名词结合。）1）不定冠词a/an的用法： 表示数量“1”的概念，相当于one I have a watch. 表示单位，有“每一”的意思。 He can walk 100 kilometres a day. He can earn $50 _ hour every day. Cleaning women are paid by _ hour. 表示“某一个”，相当于someA Mr. Zhang is waiting outside for you. (类指)和可数名词单数一起来代表一类人和物。 A tiger is a kind of fierce animal. （泛指）用于对话中首次提到的人或物。 There is a man standing in the river. The man is Jims uncle. 第二次提及该人或物用the，表示特指。 用在形容词的最高级前面表示“很”的含义，相当于very(注意区分“the+形容词最高级”表示“最”)Lesson 3 is a most dofficult lesson, but it is the most interesting one in this book. 用在某些抽象名词前面，表示“一阵，一场，一种， 一例，一次”There was a heavy snow yesterday.He did me a great kindness. The performance is a great success.表示“一日三餐”的词的前面如果有形容词出现，通常使用a/an, 表示具体的“某一顿”He have _ at 6:00 every morning.He is very fat and often has _ big supper.考点一、 考查不定冠词a / an表示个别或泛指的用法1. How about taking_short break？ I want to make_cal lA. the; a B. a; the C. he; the D. a; a【解析】 答案为D。take a short break“休息一会儿”， make a call“打一个电话”。2. Christmas is_special holiday when_whole family are supposed to get together.A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the【解析】 答案为D。a special holiday指“某一个特别的节日”；the whole family为特指。2) 定冠词the的用法： (类指)和可数名词单数一起来代表一类人和物。 The tiger is the kind of fierce animal. (特指)第二次提及该人或物用the，表示特指。 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物。 The sky is blue and clean. 用在形容词前面表示一类人或物。Take care of the old. 用于对两者比较时He is the older of the two boys. 在姓氏或姓氏复数前面表示这一家人The Greens are watching TV now. 说话双方心知肚明的人或物-What do you think the man? - The man is too selfish. （专指）放在某些专有名词前面 The Great Wall, the Thames, the Spring Festival 用在逢10的复数名词之前，指世纪的某个年代In the 1870s, Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 乐器的前面play the piano take/grasp/catch/grab/pat/hit+sb.+介词（by/in/on）+the+部位 He took me by the hand.I hit him on the chin.She gave him a pat on the shoulder.考点二、 考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法1. I looked under_bed and found _ books I lost last week.A. the; a B. the；the C. 不填；the D. the; 不填【解析】 答案为B。此题中的the bed和the books都为特指。the bed 指“所看的床”；the books指“所丢的书”。2. I like_color of your skirt. It is _ good match for your blouse.A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the【解析】 答案为C。 the color指“你衬衫的颜色”；a good match泛指“和你的外套相配的一种好颜色”。考点三、 考查不定冠词及零冠词的习惯搭配1. George couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anderson， but he was sureit was _ Sunday because everybody was at _ church.A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a【解析】 答案为C。a Sunday泛指某一个星期天；at church为固定搭配，不用冠词，意为“在做礼拜”。2. Many people have come to realize that they should go on_balanced diet and make_room in their day for exercise.A. a; / B. the; a C. the; the D. /; a【解析】 答案为A。a balanced diet泛指“一种平衡的饮食”；make room为固定搭配，意为“腾出空间”。考点四、 考查不定冠词在具体化的抽象名词前的用法1. How about_Christmas evening party？I should say it was_success.A. a; a B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填【解析】 答案为B。the Christmas evening party为特指刚结束的圣诞晚会；a success考查抽象名词具体化时的不定冠词用法。success原为抽象名词，不可数， 但在此处已经完全具体化而变为可数名词。题中a success意为“一次成功的晚会”。当抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、情感、情绪的人和事时，这个抽象名词已经变为可数名词，再如What a pleasant surprise you gave us！ 意为“你真的给我们带来了惊喜”。2、 名词： 普通名词:人或物共有的名称：dog,chair 可数名词1）名词 集体名词：集体的名称：class, family (考点：主谓一致) 物质名词：物质的名称：paper, water,rice,flood,milk,blood,. 不可数名词 抽象名词:抽象事物的名称：happiness,illness, sorrow,sadness,delight,joy. 专有名词:人或物特有的名称：Tom, China2）名词的数：-以o结尾的名词一般加-s，但下列名词加-es:negroes,heroes, potatoes, tomatoes(黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿)-以f或fe结尾的名词一般加-s，但下列名词要把-f或-fe变为-ves：selves, lives, thieves,wives,knives,loaves,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves(为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上把狼劈成两半。)-合成词构成复数名词时，通常将里面所含的主体名词变为复数：sons-in-law, passers-by, lookers-on story-tellers,breakfasts,housewives-有些名词的复数可以表示特别的意义：Papers文件，试卷，报纸，论文 Goods货物，商品 Ashes骨灰，遗骸Glasses眼镜 Sands沙滩 woods树林 greens青菜 times时代Drinks饮料 arms武器 looks外表 manners礼貌 damages赔偿金 Lines台词 works工厂，著作，工事 brains头脑 customers海关，关税irons镣铐 regards问候 pains努力 conditions条件 airs傲气contents目录 spirits酒精 waters水域 expectations前程-有些名词单复数同形：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, fruit, crossroad, horsepower, 其中fruits, fishes 表示种类。3）名词的所有格：名词的所有格有两种不同的形式：一是由名词末尾加 s构成；一是由介词of加名词构成。 a days meeting five weeks holiday a womens college the two legs of the table双重所有格的构成： a friend of my fathers或 some friends of mine4）名词作定语：-名词单数形式作定语：shoe repairs 修鞋的人 pencil boxes radio programs book marks书签 tooth brushes trouser pockets-名词复数形式作定语：a sports car a customs office arms production武器的生产 clothes shop a sales girl accounts department会计部门-名词man / woman作定语： men teachers women engineers3、动词： 及物动词（vt）: tell, ask, learn, produce, develop, leave. 不及物动词（vi）：go, work, come, rise, wait. 状态动词（表示相对静止的状态）: belong, contain, exist, know, love, 实义动词 like, own, prefer 延续性动词：work, stay, sleep, think, keep, be动词： 动作动词 非延续性动词：arrive, finish, lend,open, start, leave, come, marry 表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, appear, seem, 系动词 状态的变化: become, come, fall, go, get, grow, turn(变化), prove(证明) 表示某种状态的延续或持续：continue, keep, remain, stay 感官动词：feel, look, smell, sound, taste助动词：（必须与原形动词或分词构成合成谓语，不能独立作谓语）be, do, does,did, have, has, hadshall, should, will, would 情态动词：can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, need, dare, ought to例句：She is kind and hon est. The milk tasted sour. She always keeps silent whenever I see her. After graduation, she turened nurse. Children fall asleep easily. He went blind at the age of seven. 4、形容词：形容词主要用来修饰名词和代词。1） 形容词的构成：-由后缀构成的形容词：-ern: northern, modern-ish: foolish, Irish-ive: active, native, expensive-ious: serious, curious, obvious-able: comfortable, valuable-al: national, natural,-an: Russian, American-ant: pleasant, constant-ary: necessary, ordinary-ful: careful, wonderful-less: careless, useless-ly: lonely, likely, friendly-some: handsome, troublesome, tiresome, quarrelsome-ous: famous, nervous-y: healthy, noisy, windy-复合形容词的构成：副词词干+分词：hard-working, deep-set, fast-changing名词词干+过去分词：man-made, snow-covered名词词干+现在分词：energy-saving, grass-eating名词词干+形容词词干：world-famous, snow-white, life-long数词词干+名词词干： five-star,数词词干+名词-ed: three-legged数词词干+名词+形容词: five-year-old形容词词干+名词-ed: kind-hearted, short-sighted形容词词干+现在分词: good-looking, 形容词词干+形容词词干: red-hot, dark-blue2) 多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序 限定代词冠词指示代词不定代词形容词性物主代词序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧老幼温度颜色国籍产地材料质地中心词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryourfirstnextonegoodpoorlargeshortsqaurenewcoolredblackLondonChinesesilkstoneclotheshouseI have a nice long new black American plastic pen.3) 表语性形容词：表语性形容词通常作表语，还可以作补语和后置定语。Afraid, alone, awake,asleep,alive, alike,ashamed, afloat,well, sorry, unable,sure.5、副词种类: 1）时间副词： 2）地点副词： 3）方式副词： 4）程度副词： 5）疑问副词： 6）连接副词： 7）关系副词： 8）句子副词：6、介词7、连词：1）并列连词： -承接关系 -因果关系 -转折关系2）从属连词： 时间： 地点： 原因： 条件： 目的：方式：结果：让步：比较：8、数词：9、代词10、叹词语法专项之冠词习题及答案1. John spent too much time talking on _ phone while we were all busy at _ work.A. the; / B. a; / C. /; / D. the; the2. You can have _ second try if you fail _ first time.A. the; / B. /; a C. the; a D. a; the3. I didnt tell him_ news at once because I wanted to give him _ surprise.A. a; a B. the; the C. the; a D. /; the4. Who is your English teacher? Mr. White, _ European working in _ Nanjing University.A. an; the B. a; the C. an; / D. a; / 5. When we study a globe, we can see _ is the largest ocean and _ the largest continent.A. the Pacific; Asia B. Pacific; the Asia C. the Pacific; the Asia D. Pacific; Asia6. The soldier was wounded in _, but he caught the enemy officer by_.A. the knee; the arm B. his knee; his arm C. his knee; the arm D. the knee; his arm7. According to the recent reports, one of the rare animals, _ crocodile, is in _ danger of dying out.A. the; the B. the; / C. /; / D. /; the8. I dont know who invented _ telescope, but I think it is _ most useful invention.A. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a9. Things of _ kind come together; people of a mind fall into _ same group.A. a; a B. a; the C. the; the D. the; a10. We must pay special attention to the idioms of _ English language.A. the B. some C. an D. /11. My brother and I wanted to see the new play, but we werent able to get the tickets for _ two of us.A. / B. the C. among D. between12. Tina looks especially pretty tonight. Yes, she always looks her best in _ of that color.A. dress B. a dress C. that dress D. the dress13. We elected Tom _ monitor of our class for _ second time.A. /; a B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a14. Child, dont worry too much about _ mistakes. Theyre _ natural part of learning something.A. the; the B. /; the C. the; / D. /; a 15. Wheres Kate? I suppose shes still in _ bed, but she might just be in _ dining-room.A. /; the B. /; / C. the; / D. the; the 16. Judging from _ number of cars, only _ small number of people have come to the conference.A. a; the B. a; aC. the; theD. the; a 17. What was Mary once? She was _ professor of medicine before she turned _ writer.A. a; the B. a; / C. the; / D. the; the 18. I hear the workers in his factory are paid by _ week. Correct, and most of them get about 400 Yuan _ week.A. the; a B. a; the C. /; a D. the; / 19. Could you do me _ favor to turn on the light?A. a B. the C. / D. some 20. She arrived here by _ way of Hong Kong. In _ way her health is much improved, but she still doesnt feel well. A. /; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the 21. I remember the writer lives in _ west, so we should head _ west.A. the; theB. the; / C. /; the D. /; / 22. You have missed _ “n” in your spelling of _ word “government”.A. an; a B. an; the C. a; the D. the; / 23. Alice is fond of playing _ piano while Herry is interested in listening to _music.A. /, theB. /, / C. the, /D. the, the24. Beyond _ stars, the astronaut saw nothing but _ space.A. the, /B. /, theC. /, /D. the, the25. Alexander Graham Bell invented _ telephone in 1876.A. /B. aC. theD. one 26. He saw through the little boys tricks _. A. at glance B. at the glance C. at some glance D. at a glance 27. Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places.A. the, theB. /, /C. the, /D. /, the28. She is _ newcomer to _ chemistry, but she has already made some important discoveries.A. the, the B. the, /C. a, /D. a, the29.-Id like _ information about the management of you hotel, please.-Well, you could have _ word with the manager. He might be helpful.A. some, a B. an, someC. some, some D. an, a30.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in_ international trade today.A. a; 不填B. the; anC. the; the D.不填; the31.Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning.Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a32.Paper money was in_ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in_ thirteenth century.A. the; 不填. the; theC.不填; the D.不填; 不填33.Most animals have little connection with_ animals of _different kind unless they kill them for food.A. the; a.不填; aC. the; theD.不填: the34.The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _wool used.A. the; the.the; 不填C.不填; theD.不填; 不填35.Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience.A.不填;the.不填; an C. an; anD. the; the36.The sign reads “In case of _fire, break the glass and push _ red button.”A.不填; a .不填; the C. the; the D. a; a37.Summers in_ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny.A. /; a. the; / C. /; / D. the; the38. Mr. Smith, theres a man at _front door who says he has _news for you of great importance.A. the; 不填.the; the C.不填; 不填 D.不填; the39I dont like talking on_ telephone; I prefer writing _letters.A. a; the .the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; 不填40.Theres _dictionary on_desk by your side.A. a; the .a; a C. the; a D. the; the41.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _good knowledge of basic word formation.A.不填 . the C .a D. one42.The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _second one is rather too small.A. a; a . the; the C. a; the D. the; a43.I earn 10 dollars _ hour as _supermarket cashier on Saturdays.A. a; an . the; a C. an; a D. an; the44.An accident happened at _crossroad a few meters away from _bank.A. a; a .不填; a C.不填; the D. the; 不填45.On _ news today, there were _ reports of heavy snow in that area.A. the; the B. the; 不填 C.不填; 不填 D.不填; the46. The most important thing about cotton in history is _ part that it played in _ Industrial Revolution.A.不填;不填 . the;不填 C. the; the D. a; the47.It is _ world of wonders, _ world where anything can happen.A. a; the .a; a C. the; a D.不填; 不填48. Tom owns _ larger collection of _ books than any other student in our class.A. the; 不填 .a; 不填 C. a; the D.不填; the49.When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _ hotel; I can find you _ bed in my flat.A. the; a . the; 不填 C a; the D. a; 不填50. _ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A The Whites B the Whites C Whites D White 1 ADCDA ABBBA 11 BBADA DBABA 21 BBCAC DCCAA 31 DCBBC BDABA 41 CCCAB CBBAA二、句的分类1. 从语法结构上分：1)简单句 (simple sentences): 简单句是由一个主语和一个谓语组成。或者同时存在两个并列的主语和一个谓语，也或者一个主语和两个并列的谓语。a. Sun also rises.b. True love never grows old.c.Time and tide wait for no man.d. Marriage makes or destroys a man.e. True excellent requires a worthy dream, a good ideal of how to realize it, and the courage to risk failure to achieve it. -Bill Cliton简单句的种类：句型1：主谓结构：Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die,disappear, cry, happen等。1) Li Ming works very hard.2) The little girl cried even harder. 3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.句型2：主系表结构：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound This kind of food tastes delicious.2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand 3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, growSpring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer句型3：主谓宾结构：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)句型4：S十V十间接宾语+直接宾语：Subject(主语)Verb(谓语)Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成；但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等。（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。例如：He brought me a pen.=He brought a pen to me.Mother bought me a book.= Mother bought a book for me句型5：主谓宾补结构：Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。1）You should keep the room clean and tidy.（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式) 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。1) The boss made him do the work all day.2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。即 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正宾语。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的动词有:think, believe, consider, suppose, find, feel, make句型6：There be + 主语 + 其它这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得关注的是，当句中有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground.2) There is a boy and two girls running on the playground. 2) 并列句复合句(compound sentences)：并列句中包含两个或两个以上的独立分句。多个独立分句之间通常会用一些并列连词连接，如：and,