外语学科学术研究的特点与论文写作.ppt

ResearchMethods英语教研室刘泉厚2010 12 14 FromholisticresearchtopartialstudiesSyntheticapproachvsanalyticapproach holisticresearchtopartialstudies综合法分析法整体部分整体观成分观面向内部结构面向外部结构了解过程了解结果 InductiveapproachVsDeductiveapproachExamplesforthese InductiveapproachvsDeductiveapproach归纳法 演绎法1 以数据为出发点以假设为出发点2 没有事先形成的看法进行预示3 可以生成假设检验假设4 成果 描述或提出假设成果 理论 Qualitativeapproach定性VsQuantitativeapproach定量Whatarethey Onceuponatime anextraterrestrial外星人paidavisittoabigcityinChina DwellingNarrowness QualitativeapproachincludesObservationparticipant参与者Itincinterview taperecording diary camerashooting videono participantobservation judgeinacontest Verbalreporting口头自述Eg atthattime Iwasjustgoinghome Questionnaire dataanalysis etc 蜗居 Quantitativeapproach1 statisticalmethod randomsampling Rockteatowhitemouse 2 experimentalmethodExperimentalgroupvscontrollinggroup Variables independentvariablevsdependentvariable MethodasivWhilescores performanceasdvModeratevariable moretimeforlearning Controlvariableas sameteacher andbook Qualitativeapproach quantitativeapproachParticipationtoacquireexperienceexperiencetoacquiredata只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系了解就是移情了解要保持距离依赖定性数据依赖定量数据 Researchasystematicprocessofinquiry 1 aquestion problem orhypothesis2 data 3 analysisandinterpretationofdata 创新的几个要素 新问题新材料新数据新方法新观点新理论 1 确定方向 选好课题 有价值 有持续发展的可能符合自己的兴趣爱好自己力所能及 两种不同目的的研究 1 用国外理论解决中国 中文 的问题 2 用中国 中文 的事实解决国际学术领域的问题 6 理论联系实际 教学理论 联系教学实际语言理论 联系语言实际文学理论 联系具体作家 文本和作品翻译理论 联系具体译作应用英语 联系实际工作 业务 业务素质 能力等 2 论文题目的确定 大处着眼 小处入手题目尽量反映具体的研究内容和方法 例 ClassroomInteractivePracticesforDevelopingL2Literacy AMicroethnographicStudyofTwoBeginningAdultLearnersofEnglish ANewApproachtoAssessingStrategicLearning TheCaseofSelf RegulationinVocabularyAcquisitionTheRoleofFormulaicLanguageinSecondLanguageAcquisition AReviewTheConstructionofStanceinReportingClauses ACross disciplinaryStudyofTheses 3 摘要的撰写 例1 Abstract ThreecomponentsofSLAresearch input output internal externalfactorsandinterlanguagesystem havecloserelationwithcognitivelinguistics anddoingresearchontheprocessofSLAperspectivesisofguidingimprotanceandofpracticalvaluetoSLAandcollegeEnglishteaching 例2 ModellingLearningDifficultyandSecondLanguageProficiency TheDifferentialContributionsofImplicitandExplicitKnowledgeRodEllisUniversityofAuckland Thisarticlere examinesthequestionofwhatmakessomegrammaticalstructuresmoredifficulttolearnthanothers arguingthatthisquestioncanonlybeproperlyunderstoodandinvestigatedwithreferencetothedistinctionbetweenimplicitandexplicitknowledgeofasecondlanguage UsingabatteryofteststhatweredesignedtomeasureimplicitandexplicitL2grammaticalknowledgeofseventeengrammaticalstructures Ellis2005 learningdifficultyinrelationtothesetwotypesofknowledgewasinvestigated Theresultsshowedthatstructuresthatwereeasyintermsofimplicitknowledgewereoftendifficultintermsofexplicitknowledgeandsometimesviceversaandthat overall therewasnocorrelationbetweentherankordersofdifficultyofseventeengrammaticalstructuresforthetwotypesofknowledge Acorrelationalanalysisshowedthatthestructuresvariedastowhetheritwasimplicitorexplicitknowledgeofthemthatwasrelatedtoameasureofgenerallanguageproficiency Aregressionanalysisdemonstratedthatbothtypesofknowledgepredictgenerallanguageproficiency 例3 The you have ConstructioninChinese aCognitiveAnalysis InChinese the you have neutral n constructioncanbeusedasanadjectivedenotingpositivedegreesorproperties Forexample 1 Lixiaojieyouliandan youshencai MsLihasfacehasbody MsLihasabeautifulfaceandagoodfigure Previousresearches Zhang 2002 Shi 2004 havefoundthatnotallnounsusedinthisconstructioncanleadtoanadjectivalinterpretation Shi 2004 pointsoutthatthenouninthisconstructionreferstoasocialaverage andthewholeconstructionmeanssomethinglike havingsomethingbetter ormore thanaverage Forexample youliandan haveaface actuallymeans havingabetterthanaverageface or lookingpretty Butwhatspecialsemanticpropertiesdothenounsusedintheconstructionshave Whydosuchconstructionsusuallysuggestapositive orbetter than average interpretation Whatarethecognitivebasesfortheinterpretation Whathavepromptedthespeakertouseaconstructionlikethisinsteadofexplicitlyusingapositiveadjectivebeforethenoun Thesearethequestionsthepresentpapertriestofocusonfromacognitiveperspective Usingdatafrom AdictionaryofModernChinese 2005 theauthorfindsthatnounsthatcanbeusedinthisconstructionarerestrictedinnumberandhavethefollowingproperties 1 havingtodowithbodyparts e g 三围 threemeasurements thebosom thewaistandthebottom 脸蛋 face 脑袋 head 身材 figure 胸脯 bosom etc 2 denotinghumanproperties e g 地位 position 见解 opinion 价值观 value 觉悟 consciousness 礼数 manners 力气 strength 品格 personality etc 3 measurementsandquantity e g 尺度 measurements 水平 level 年纪 age etc Thesenounsareneutralwithrespecttothedegreesofthemeasurementsorquantities socialaverage butwhenusedinthe you have constructiondenotingpossession theyimplyaspecialdegree usuallyapositiveone orabetter than averagevalue Iarguethatthepositiveinterpretationofthistypeof you constructionistheresultofaninteractionbetweentheconstructionandthenouninquestion Asthenounsmostlydenotepropertiesthatpeopledesire theynormallyleadtoapositiveinterpretationwhenusedwith you have Cognitivelyspeaking bymakingsomecommonpropertyasalient prominentpossessionofsomeoneconcerned thepropertyimmediatelybecomesthefigureandthepropertiesthatother average peoplehavebecomethebackground Thefigurethusachievesspecialprominenceincontrasttothebackgroundaverage Usinganeutralnouninthe youconstruction andomittingapositiveadjectiveincreasescognitiveprocessingeffortbutachievestheeffectofbrevity indirectnessandfuzziness Suchconstructionsarealsousedveryofteninparallelsforrhythmandforcefulness 修改意见 Thanksforthis andapologiesforthedelay Letmesaysomethingsabouttheabstract thatIhopeareuseful Onyourtitle IthinkIwouldsay The you have constructioninChinese IthinkIwouldalsoaddaChinesecharacterandanumbersuperscripton you toindicatethetone That tomyeyes wouldmakeitlookalittlemoreserious Firstline Iwouldchangethescarequotes I dsaysomethinglike the you have neutral n etc Samepointasfortitle really Inexample 1 IwouldembellishtheChinesesentencewithtonesandcharacters justtomakeitlookmoreserious Change Previousresearches to Previousresearch and have to has Sameremarksforyouexampleinthelastlineofthisparagraph Typically onedoesn tputquestionsinanabstract Idon tknowwhetherIamoldfashionedbutitseemstomethatabstractsshouldonlycontaindeclaratives Maybeyoucouldfindanalternativewayofexpressingparagraphtwo Thesearejustafewthoughtsabouttheabstract Ithinkabstractsareincrediblyhardthingstowriteandtheyalwaystakemedaysanddaystogetright Ithinkabstractreaders selectioncommittees likepreciseexamplessothattheycanseethegeneraldriftoftheanalysis ifnottheanalysisitself andpersonallyIlikeabstractsthatcontainmaterialthatchallengessomesignificantpieceoftheory thatis thatdonotjustpresentdescriptionsofthings It snicetohaveagoodargumentsometimes 4 关键词的选择 社科学术论文中关键词的标引 关键词 关键词 关键词标引 规范标引TheMarkofKeyWordsinSocialAcademicArticles Keywords keywords themarkofkeywords criterion 马克思劳动价值论争50年 王璐 思想战线 200516 关键词 马克思 劳动 价值观 争论 经济学怎样成了一门 数学科学 经济思想史的一种简要考察 贾根良 徐尚 南开学报 哲社版 200515 关键词 数学形式主义 数学 本位论 实在论 例1 第二代认知科学与概念范畴关键词 范畴 具身哲学 动态构建 启示Keywords category embodiment dynamic