英语复合句精讲.doc

复合句复合句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。复合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句，叫做复合句。复合句可分为： 1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）； 2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）； 3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）一、 定语从句 定语从句的定义 定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。 先行词和引导词 被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词； 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why。 注意：关系副词里面没有how。 如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。 I dont like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 关系代词：who 关系动词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。 He is the man who wants to see you. He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. 关系代词：whom He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday. （whom在从句中作宾语） 关系代词：whose whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which） 关系代词：which（1） which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。 They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice. The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. 关系代词：which（2） 当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一般情况下要选which： 1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。 2. 修饰整个主句。 I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3. 修饰谓语部分。 He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 4. 介词 + which They are all questions to which there are no answers. 关系代词：that（1） that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。 Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration. （指物，作主语。） Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主语。） The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister. （指人，作宾语，可省略。） 关系代词：that（2） 在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。 1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时 4. 先行词中既有人又有物时 They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时 二、 状语从句1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, whenever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。1） as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2） as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。3 原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。I didnt go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.5 结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school6 条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.7 让步状语从句 though, although注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 3) ever if, even though. 即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror- 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5) no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 8 比较while, when, as 1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示随时间推移连词能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。9 比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是直至某时才做某事。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替 Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句：She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。-Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。 注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。(1)Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。(2) It is not until that 10 表示一就的结构 hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan 和as soon as都可以表示一就的意思，例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.三、 名词性从句1）.宾语从句（The Object Clause）； 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 宾语从句：及物动词 Everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees. 宾语从句：短语动词 Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 宾语从句：介词的宾语 I am interested in what she is doing. 宾语从句：否定的转移 I dont suppose youre used to this diet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。 I dont believe shell arrive before 8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause）； 表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。 What the police want to know is when you entered the room. This is what we should do. Thats why I want you to work there. as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. It is because you eat too much. 虚拟语气：表语从句 主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 3）.同位语从句（The Appositive Clause）。 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。例如：I had no idea that you were here.She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.He made a promise that he would never come late. 同位语从句：whether whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。 He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 同位语从句：what what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词 I have no idea what he is doing now. 同位语从句：how how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词 Its a question how he did it. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（1） 同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（2） that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（3） whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。 句子分类：简单句，并列句，复合句。简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。The old man lives in this village.（一个主语+一个谓语）Li Hui and Li Qing went there together.（并列主语+一个谓语）She went out, bought a bottle of wine and returned hurriedly.（一个主语+三个并列谓语）并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子，叫并列句。常用并列连词：and,but,or,so,yet,for,either.or,neither.nor,not only .but also等。The car broke down,so we had to find a telephone.You can wait here and ill come back soon.Hurry up, or you ll be late for school.主从复合句：有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子，叫复合句。通俗的讲，一个句子有两个句子构成，其中一个句子在整个句子中充当某一个成分。像这样的句子就是复合句。充当某个成分的句子是从句。整个句子是主句。从句在整个句子中充当什么成分就称为，什么从句。因此可把从句分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句（这四种从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，统称为名词性从句），定语从句（形容词性从句）和状语从句。句子：主语+谓语+宾语+状语，其中主语有一个句子构成，则是主语从句，宾语是一个句子，则是宾语从句。状语是个句子，则是状语从句。eg. what he said is not true.（作主语，是主语从句） He asked if you have received the letter.（作ask的宾语，是并于从句） As soon as she got home,she began her housework.（as soon as 引导时间状语从句）句子：主语+系动词+表语，其中表语是个句子，则是表语从句。eg.The problem is that he is short of money.（作be的表语，是表语从句）句子：主语+谓语+宾语（定语）， 或主语（定语）+谓语+宾语，（用于起修饰作用的是定语，译为.的），定语是个句子，称为定语从句。eg.The farm (which we visited last Sunday) was located in the suburbs of Beijing.上星期天我们去参观的那个农场座落于北京郊区。 修饰the farm.练习：判断下列句子哪些是简单句，哪些是并列句，哪些是复合句。如果是复合句，说出是什么从句。反思：本节课主要学习句子分类，重点在复合句。主要让学生了解什么样的句子是从句，怎样判断从句是什么从句。并不一定要会怎样写这个句子和如何使用句子中的连接词。在讲此课前必须先让学生知道句子的成分，即通常有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，定语，宾语补足语，状语。内容难度较浅，内容不多，适合基础差的学生。一节课下来，大部分学生知道区分句子类型以及学会了分析哪些是主语从句，哪些是宾语从句等。从句目录隐藏总结分类宾语从句 1. 第一部分2. 第二部分同位语从句状语从句 1. 1、时间状语从句:2. 2、 地点状语从句:3. 3、条件状语从句:4. 4、 原因状语从句:5. 5、让步状语从句:6. 6、结果状语从句:7. 7、目的状语从句:8. 8、方式状语从句9. 9、比较状语从句:总结分类宾语从句 1. 第一部分2. 第二部分同位语从句状语从句 1. 1、时间状语从句:2. 2、 地点状语从句:3. 3、条件状语从句:4. 4、 原因状语从句:5. 5、让步状语从句:6. 6、结果状语从句:7. 7、目的状语从句:8. 8、方式状语从句9. 9、比较状语从句:编辑本段总结从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、when等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。 编辑本段分类从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；后两类定语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。4德语中的从句：状语从句和宾语从句均用 Dass 来引导 编辑本段宾语从句 第一部分一.、定义：宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。二、学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人） 1从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。 2从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whetheror not结构中不能用if替换。 3从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。 当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他判断时态情况：1.主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况 2.主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时3.主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）例题：1. The teacher told the children that the sun round.A. was B. is C. were D. are2. I believe that our team the basketball match.A. win B. won C. will win D. wins3. I dont know to visit the old man.A. whether B. if C. that D. who4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 答4：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as“把用作宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后； Tell him which class you are in Do you know what he likes？ (1)主、从句时态一致： 主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需； He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时； He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect . （2）否定前移，及完成反意问句； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称） I dont think you are right ,are you ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they ? （3）在表示建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at once （4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置 egYou may think it strange that he would live there （5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略 A当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。 egI believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?鄄ter B当it作形式宾语时 egShe made it clear that she had nothing to do with him C当宾语从句前置时 egThat our team will win，I believe三、分类A 、作动词的宾语:egI heard the newsI 主语heard 谓语动词the news.名词作宾语I主语heard 谓语动词that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语-宾语从句B 、作介词的宾语:egHe said nothing about this plan 。He主语said 谓语动词nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语四、带有宾语从句的复合句的构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.五、注意：A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。Bad: I thought that he could finish thisjob in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher.Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher.DFalse: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.例句：The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。）Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。） 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。）These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？）This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.例句：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）介词+which/whom/whose从句The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）例题：Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact.a. where b. that c with which d as soon as代/名+介词+which 从句He is needing a book, the name of which I dont know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materi