大学英语自学考试英语二下册unit10教案.doc

UNIT 10Text AThe Campaign for ElectionI.课文内容简介美国的总统竞选每四年一次，获胜者是在共和党和民主党两个大党中产生。因为大党的候选人有着本党忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势。总统候选人的活动讲究战略，候选人想尽力突出表现自己强有力的领导者的形象，但选民们是否接受他们则要看外在的因素而不是他们的个人魅力。候选人的策略受很多因素的影响，最重要的因素是在拥有人口最多的州取胜。Para. 1The Democratic and the Republican parties play an important role in American government.Paras.2 - 6Strategies the candidates use in the election are various. 民主党人the Democrats 共和党人 the RepublicansJimmy Carter（1977 - 1981） Richard Nixon （1969 - 1974）Bill Clinton （1993 - 2001 ）Ronald Reagan （1981 - 1989）John Kerry 2004 VS Bush George Bush （1989 - 1993） George W. Bush （2001-）II.New Words1 electionn. 选举；选举权2 presidential a.总统的，总统职务的3 winnern. 获胜者，优胜者4 republican a./n. 共和国的，共和党的；R-共和党党员5 democratica.民主的，民主主义的6 nomineen. 被提名者；被任命者7 voten./vi. 选举，投票8 certaintyn. 一定；必定9 nominationn.提名，任命10 loyaltyn. 忠诚，忠心11 declinevi./vt./n. 下倾，下降；谢绝，拒绝12 democratn. 民主主义者；D-民主党党员13 votern. 选举人，投票人14 strategicallyad. 战略上地，颇具策略地15 pursuevt. 追赶，追求16 impactn./vt. 冲击，碰撞；效果，影响17 headquartersn. 司令部，指挥部18 economyn. 经济；节约19 strategistn.战略家20 ratingn. 等级，规格21 polln./vt./vi. 选举，投票；民意测验；得到选票22 stirvt./vi.搅拌，搅动23 strategyn.战略，策略24 constitutionala. 宪法上规定的，组成的25 provisionn. 供应，供应品26 electorala. 选举的27 representationn. 描写，表现，代表28 congressn. 大会，国会29 House n.议院30 districtn. 区，行政区31 representativen./a. 代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性的32 presidencyn. 总统职务33 overwhelminga. 压倒之势的词组：1 to stand no chance 没有可能；没有希望2 to identify as 把看成3 impact on 对之影响4 be concerned with / about关心，关注词汇精讲：1.election： n. 选举，选举权派生词：elect v. 选举When does the election take place? 选举什么时候举行？Trade union representatives are chosen by election. 工会代表是通过选举产生的。2.presidential a.总统的，总统职务的3.winnern. 获胜者，优胜者4.republican a./n. 共和国的，共和党的；R-共和党党员5.democratic a.民主的，民主主义的6.nominee n. 被提名者；被任命者7.vote：n./vi. 选举，投票voter： n. 选举人，选民In some countries women got the vote after World War I. 第一次世界大战以后，在一些国家，妇女赢得了选举权。We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue. 我们召集会议就这一问题进行表决。The committee voted on the proposal, and accepted it unanimously。 委员会就这一提议进行表决并一致通过。8.certainty n. 一定；必定9.nomination n.提名，任命10.loyalty：n. 忠诚，忠心派生词：loyal a. 忠诚的，忠心的I am convinced of your loyalty to the cause. 我确信你对事业的忠诚。We all have a loyalty to the company. 我们对公司都很忠心。Dogs are loyal to their owners. 狗对主人很忠诚。11.decline：v. / n. 谢绝，拒绝；下降I had to decline his invitation because I had another appointment. 我不得不谢绝他的邀请，因为我另有约会。His health has notably declined. 他的健康状况明显下降。His hearing sensitivity declines with age. 他的听力因年老而衰退。12.democrat n. 民主主义者；D-民主党党员13.voter n. 选举人，投票人14.strategically ad. 战略上地，颇具策略地15.pursue：vt. 追赶，追求派生词：pursuit n. 追赶The police pursued the wrong car. 警察追错了一辆汽车。I dont want to pursue that question now. 我现在不想继续讨论那个问题。He has made up his mind to pursue studies for a masters degree. 他已决心攻读硕士研究生。16.impact n./vt. 冲击，碰撞；效果，影响17.headquarters n. 司令部，指挥部18.economy： n. 经济 , 节省 派生词：economic a. 经济的；economical a. 经济的，节俭的19.strategist n.战略家20.ratingn. 等级，规格21.poll n./vt./vi. 选举，投票；民意测验；得到选票22.stir：v. 搅动，激发The story stirred the boys imagination. 这个故事激发了那男孩的想象力。She was stirring at her coffee. 她当时在搅咖啡。The return of Hong Kong created a great stir in all countries of the world.香港回归在世界各地引起了很大的震动。23.strategy： n. 策略，战略派生词：strategist n. 战略家；strategically ad. 战略上地A competent general is skilled in strategy. 一个称职的将军是善于制定战略的。By careful strategy, she obtained a considerable pay rise. 在精心策划之后，她获得了大幅度的加薪。24.constitutional a. 宪法上规定的，组成的25.provision n. 供应，供应品26.electoral a. 选举的27.representationn. 描写，表现，代表 28.congress n. 大会，国会29.House n.议院30.district n. 区，行政区31.representative：n./ a. 代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性的派生词：represent v. 代表 ；representation n.表现，代表Many representatives of the older generation were there. 老一辈的各类代表都在那里。Is a questionnaire answered by 500 people truly representative of national opinion?一份有500 人作答的调查问卷是否能真正代表全国人民的意见？32.presidency n. 总统职务33.overwhelming a. 压倒之势的词组 ：phrases1.to stand no chance 没有可能，没有希望He stands no chance of winning the election. 他没有希望在选举中获胜。to stand a chance 有可能，有希望He stands a good chance of passing the examination. 他考试及格很有希望。2.to identify as： 把 看成，确认He always identifies himself as one of the commoners. 他总是把自己看成是普通大众的一员。Do you identify yourself as an optimist or a pessimist? 你把自己看成是乐观主义者还是悲观主义者？ I identified the stolen recorder as mine. 我认为那个被偷的录音机是我的。3.impact on： 对的影响The book made a great impact on its readers. 这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。The invention and application of computer exert a great impact on modern industry.电脑的发明和应用对现代工业产生了巨大影响。III.课文精讲P.240斜体字部分：1. Although presidential elections occur every 4 years, many people feel that they do not have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate. every 4 years相当于every fourth year，意思是每四年、每隔四年；every other year意思是每隔一年。第一段：1. The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee. 11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人这是一个简单句，结构是主语联系东西表语。谓语是系动词is, 形容词certain和不定式一起作句子的表语，句子的主语在此句中也是不定式的逻辑主语，此句相当于： It is almost certain that the winner in the November general election is the Republican or the Democratic nominee. be certain to do sth. 表示“一定会做某事”。certain的搭配还有：be certain of和be certain that，两者意为确信，前者后接名词短语，后者接从句；另有be sure to，be sure of和be sure that等固定搭配；either or 意思是要么要么。2. A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them. 小党派或独立候选人，如1968年的乔治华莱士、1980年的约翰安德森，或者1992年和1996年的罗斯佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票，但几乎没有人可能战胜他们。stand / have a chance of 意思是有可能“draw away from ”表示“把从拉走；吸引开”例如：The on-going performance outside the classroom drew the students attention away from their books. 教室外面正在进行的表演把学生的注意力从书本上吸引开了。第二段：1. A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. the party faithful意为本党派忠实信徒，the faithful是the + adj.结构，这是名词化形容词。2. Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger partys candidate was almost a certainty. so that 意思是如此以致于；另有such that ，so + adj. / adv., such + n.3. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans. 沃伦G哈定在他俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。该句有三个并列的谓语动词：accepted, stayed和won；of his time意思是他那个时代的。这是由三个并列谓语加一个原因状语从句构成的复合句。4. Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nations voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their partys presidential candidate. two-thirds（三分之二）是分数词，分子是基数词，分母是序数词，分子是一，分母用单数形式，分子超过一，分母用复数形式；identify as 意为把当作。5. Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his partys voters. 1）这是一个复合句，who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰句子的主语Democrat George McGovern. 2)从句中的party是名词，修饰另一个名词support, 表示本党派的支持。 3）back在此作动词，意思是“支持”，是整个句子的谓语。如果改为主动结构，则为： In 1972 nearly 60 percent of his partys voters backed Democrat George McGovern , who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees.P.241第二段：1. Presidential candidates act strategically.2. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters. 在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有的影响。deciding 作介词in 的宾语；in deciding作时间状语，表示：“在做某事的过程中”whether to pursue a course of action是一个带疑问词的不定式短语，作动名词deciding 的宾语；表示：“在决定是否遵循某一行动方针时”。to estimate its likely impact on the voters 是不定式短语作try 的宾语，其中impact on 是一个名词词组，意为“对的影响”。likely(可能的)在此为形容词，修饰impact, impact(影响)作不定式中动词estimate 的宾语，并和on构成固定搭配 本句的whether不可替换为if，因为后面有不定式短语to pursue ；表示是否的词有whether和if，但在下列5种情况下，宜用whether，而不可用if：3. During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clintons headquarters in Little Rock read, The Economy, Stupid. a sign on the wall read中的read是不及物动词，意为内容是、文字是。4. The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clintons chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nations slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush. 这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题。该句是由and 连接两个并列谓语加上一个定语从句构成的复合句。which 引导的定语从句修饰economy , 属非限制性定语从句，只起补充说明作用。that 引导限制性定语从句，修饰the issue be meant as + 名词或者be meant to do，意思是旨在，was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff 也可写成was meant to remind the candidate and the staff ；keep done 结构中done是宾语补足语，keep是使动用法；focus on意思是把焦点集中于；5. As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change. 正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米卡特败与罗纳德里根时那样，选民很大程度上是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。as in 1980 是时间状语，as 的意思是“正如”when引导的是非限制性定语从句，when指代前面的1980年。第三段：1. Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. project意思是表现、投射、放映。2. Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidates personal characteristics. 然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。本句是一个主从复合句，“whether voters accept this image” 是主语从句作主语。句首的whether不可替换为if，参见上一段第二句；depend on意思是取决于、依靠、依赖。3. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bushs approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s. 1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录。the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s是91 percent的同位语成分；in the 1930s意思是在20世纪30年代。recorded 是过去分词作后置定语修饰the highest level。4. A year later, with the nations economy in trouble, Bushs approval rating dropped below 40 percent. 一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。with the nations economy in trouble是独立结构，由with + n. + 介词短语构成。作伴随状语“ with + 名词 + 介词词组/形容词/分词 ”结构常在句中作状语，表示伴随条件或原因等举例： with + 名词+ 动词现在分词He didnt take part in the party, with his mother being ill. 因为他妈妈病了，所以他没有参加晚会。with +名词+动词过去分词With all the housework done, she went shopping. 干完了所有的家务后，她便去购物。with + 名词+形容词With the window open, he fell asleep. 他开着窗户睡着了。with + 名词+ 介词The lecturer walked in with a file under his arm. 演讲者掖下夹着一个文件走了进来。 He went out with no hat on. 他没戴帽子出去了。5. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy. 布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者形象，但选民们始终关心的是经济。remain concerned about意思是关心、关注， remain是连系动词，可替换为be。concerned about the economy 是表语。第四段：1. The candidates strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. 包括宪法的这一条款：每个州具有的选举人票数与其在国会中的代表人数相同。including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. 分词短语，起补充说明的作用。其中that引导的是provision同位语从句，equal in number to its representation in Congress 是形容词短语作后置定语，修饰 votes , 2. Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation. a varying number of意思是数量不等的；depend on表示取决于、依靠。3. Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes (including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congress). even though亦作even if，此处意思是尽管。4. To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority. 要赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。句首的To win the presidency是目的状语；an electoral majority 是270 votes 的同位语at least意为至少。P.242第二段：1. Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population, such as California (with 54 electoral votes), New York (33), Texas (32), Florida (25), Pennsylvania (23), Illinois (22), and Ohio (21). 候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜句中which引导的定语从句修饰states, 意为“人口最多的州”be concerned with / over / about意思是关心、关注。2. Victory in the eleven largest states alone would provide an electoral time campaigning in those states. 仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可以获得选举的多数事实上，在11个最大的州同时获胜几乎是不可能的，因此本句用了虚拟语气 would provide注意alone 是形容词，用于名词或代词后，意为“仅仅，只”例： You alone can do it .只有你能作这事。Time alone will show who was right. 只有时间能表明谁对。victory in the eleven largest states alone相当于victory only in the eleven largest states；spend意思是花费，比较以下结构：Text BThe American Tow-party SystemI.New Words1.contest n.1.竞争，比赛；2.争夺，竞争；3.争论，争辩2.rivalry n.竞争；对抗rival n.对手v. 竞争There is great rivalry between the two sisters. 这两姐妹竞争激烈。3.dozen n.1.一打，十二个；2.十来个，十几个4.nominate vt.1提名；2任命；3命名5.collectively ad.总体地；集体地6.electoraten.全体选民；选区7.inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地8.dominance n.优势，控制，统治dominant a. 优势的，占统治地位的； dominate v. 统治，控制This country has long been the dominant military power in the region. 这是一个长久以来在该地区占统治地位的军事强国。9.assault n.1.攻击，袭击；2.（军）冲击，突击，强击10.parliamentary a.议会的，国会的11.congressman（复congressmen） n.（美）国会议员12.statistically ad.在统计方面13.dominant a.占优势的；支配的14.majority n.1.多数，大半；2.多数党，多数派 major a. 多数的； 反义词： minority少数, 少数党15.automatically ad.自动地；习惯性地16.competitor n.竞争者；对手compete v. 竞争； competition n. 竞争，比赛； competitive a. 竞争的，对抗的 17.running n.1.跑，赛跑；2.竞选18.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的19.peaceful a.1.平静的，安宁的；2.和平的，和平方式的20 transfer vt.1.转移，传输；2.调动；3.改变 vi. 1.转移，转学；2.换车；换船 n.转移，传输，变换21.overturn vt./n.1.打翻，使翻过来；2.推翻，颠覆，毁灭 vi. 翻身；倒下22.foolproof a.1.连傻子都懂的；2.不会出毛病的；3.有安全装置的23.monopoly n.垄断；专卖24.opposition n.1.反对，反抗；2.对立，意见相反25.monopolize v. 垄断；专卖26.moderation n.1.温和，适度；2.缓和，减轻27.legislation n.1.立法；2.法律，法规28.temporarily ad.暂时地，临时地Phrases and Expressions1.to break up 打碎；结束；驱散；散开；分解2.in the running 参赛，参加竞选3.in power 掌权的，执政的4.out of power 丧失权力5.in favour of1.赞成，支持；2.为的利益，有利于；3.支付给6.to come into power 上台；开始掌权7.to carry on 1.经营，进行；2.继续1.whereas.1)(法律用语）有鉴于： Whereas the following incidents have occurred.有鉴于下列事情已经发生。2）然而、反之 You are short, whereas your brother is tall. 2.tend 1)有某种倾向： This will tend to improve the working condition.这将改善工作环境。2）照顾 The mother tended the sick child all through the night. 母亲整晚照顾生病的孩子。 3.share1)分享、分摊、共同拥有：Ill share the cost with you. 2)分享、分担： Ill share with you in the undertaking. 我将和你共同承担这件事情。3）一份、份额、股票： He must bear his share of expenses. 他得承担他自己的那份费用。 Shares are falling. 股票价格在下跌。 4. happen. 1)（偶然）发生： If anything happens to him, let me know. 2）碰巧、偶然发现： I happened to be at the station when he arrived. 他到这里时，我碰巧在火车站。 Jane happened on the book in secondhand hookstore. 简在旧书店偶然发现了这本书。 词组：1.to break up: 打碎，结束The ship broke up on the rocks. 轮船触礁撞毁了。The party didnt break up until midnight. 宴会到午夜才结束。相关词汇：to break down 损坏，（精神、健康）垮下来to break into 强行闯入to break out 爆发，突然出现2.in favour of : 赞成，支持；有利于Most people are in favour of the newly-elected president. 大多数人支持新当选的总统。The council has voted in favour of a $200 million housing development. 参议会投票通过了一项两亿美元的住宅开发计划。3.to carry on: 经营，进行；继续He began to carry on the leather business last year. 他去年开始经营皮革生意。You just have to carry on as if nothings happened. 你们接着干吧，就当什么事也没发生。They decided to carry on in spite of the weather. 他们决定不管天气好坏都继续下去。II.课文分析P.254第一段：1. No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the Republican parties. now living in the United states 是现在分词短语，作no one 的定语成分；when是疑问词，引导的是remember的宾语从句，从句中between the Democratic and the Republican parties是介词短语，作the contest的定语成分。2. It has been going on for more than a century, making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the world. 此句go on意思是经历、进行。1） has been going on 用的是现在完成进行时。2） making 是现在分词作状语，其中oldest 是形容词最高级的形式 第二段：1. The American political system is a classical example of the two-party system. two-party是复合形容词，作system的定语，故party只能用单数形式。2. When we say that we have a two-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties.3. Usually about a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates. dozen意思是一打、12个；当dozen与数词或many、several连用，或者作定语时，复数不加s。例如：two / many / several dozen pencils 两 / 好多 / 几打铅笔three dozen of these eggs 三打这种蛋a few dozen grass mats 几十张草席4. We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties and a number of small parties,and the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest. a two-party system是宾语补足语；a number of意思是许多、大量；so that 意思是如此以致于。5. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5 per cent of the vote cast in national elections. poll在此处意思是（选举中）得票，是及物动词；cast（投）是过去分词，作vote的后置定语。表示“所投票数”。第三段：1. The Democratic and Republican partis are the largest and most competitive organizations in the American community.2. They organize the electorate very simply by maintaining the two-party system. the electorate意思是全体选民。3. Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go.4. Moreover, because the rivalry of these parties is very old, most Americans know where they belong in the system. moreover（此外）= furthermore = in addition = additionally5. As a consequence of the dominance of the major parties