环境工程专业外文翻译--啤酒废水处理.doc

环境工程专业外文翻译-啤酒废水处理 英文原文Sludge reduction during brewery wastewater treatment by hydrolyzation-food chain reactor systemAbstract During brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-food chain reactor FCR system sludge was recycled to the anaerobic segment With the function of hydrolyzation acidification in the anaerobic segment and the processes of aerobic oxidation and antagonism predationinteraction and symbiosis among microbes in multilevel oxidation segment residual sludge could be reduced effectively The 6-month dynamic experiments show that the average chemical oxygen demand COD removal ratio was 926 and average sludge production of the aerobic segment was 814 with the COD of the influent at 9601720 mgL and hydraulic retention time HRT of 12 hSince the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed in the anaerobic segment no excess sludge was produced during the steady running for this systemKeywords hydrolyzation multilevel oxidation excesssludge reductionIntroductionDuring the 1980s the main brewery wastewater treatment locally and abroad was the aerobic technique then the hydrolytic-aerobic techniques showed up in the late 1980s Currently the main technology for brewery wastewater treatment are the activated sludge process contact oxidation process and hydrolytic-aerobic techniques Although these techniques have some advantages of their own they all have a problem with sludge disposal 1 The sludge production is about 60 of the chemical oxygendemand COD removal amount for conventional activated sludge technology and about 30 for conventional biofilm method 2 The cost of sludge disposal had become an economic burden of the sewage plant The sludge produced may bring about secondary pollutionTherefore the study on water treatment processes that can lead to sludge reduction is becoming one of the important issues in sewage treatment This study adopted principles of cleaner production With the hydrolyzation-acidification in anaerobic segments residual sludge could be translated into soluble organicmatter and small organic molecules then enter the aerobic segment as organic load A series contact oxidation system for food chain reactor FCR was applied in the aerobic segment to form amanual biogeocenose and food chain Based on biological theory the longer the food chain is the more energy lost and thus less energy that can be used for growth of the organisms and less biomass left in the ecosystem as a result Therefore prolonging the food chain and strengthening the predation of microzoans in the food chain are both effective in sludge reduction Zero Discharge of residual sludge was achieved during the brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-FCR system This study explored the mechanism of sludge reduction during the hydrolyzation process and multilevel oxidation process2 Material and methods21 Characteristics of wastewaterThe experimental water is a man-made simulant brewery wastewater which contains bottled beer NH4Cl KH2PO4MgSO4 and CaCl2 The biodegradability index the ratio of concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days BOD5 and COD is about 0405 Table 1 shows the main water quality properties22 Experimental apparatus and experimental flow The experimental apparatus was a hybrid biological reactor Shanghai Best Environmental Technology Corporation Shanghai China as shown in Fig 1 The aerobic sect of FCR was divided into four parts along the treatment process and their efficient volumes were w 012 009 009 and 006 m3 respectively the ater is 097 mdeep Sewage was poured into the reactor then flowed into each tank with the function of gravitational action and a rotameter adjusting the flow Volumetric ratio of the hydrolyzation segment and multilevel oxidation segment was 081 Sewage was treated during the hydrolyzation segment and all tanks of the multilevel oxidation segment then flowed into a sedimentation tank where sludge and water were separated The excessive sludge was discharged regularly and recycled into the hydrolyzation-acidification segment At the bottom of the multilevel oxidation segment was an aeration device Fig 1 Diagram of the experimental devicehigh-positioned flume 2 volume-constant flume 3 hydrolyzation tank 4 multilevel oxidation FCR system 5 fillers 6 baffle 7entering-water pipe for sedimentation tank 8 sedimentation tank 9 outlet pipe 10 discharge pipe 11 aeration device 12 rotameter13 ride 14 aeration diffuse23 Operation parametersDuring the two-month experimental duration the room temperature was in the range of 14 27uC The total hydraulic retention time HRT of this system was 12 hand the HRT of the hydrolyzation segment was 55 hConcentrations of dissolved oxygen were 2 6 mgL24 Analysis methodsThe indicators of source water were measured according to monitoring and analytical methods of water and wastewater33 Experimental results and discussion31 Removal effect of CODFigure 2 shows the COD removal effect of the hydrolyzation-FCR system during the steady running time period When the concentrations of COD in the influent were 960 1720 mgL and HRT was 12 h the removal ratioof COD was above 90 and the concentration of COD in the effluent was 45 95 mgL The water quality of the effluent met the first class of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard 4Fig 2 COD removal efficiency during the continuous running time period32 Sludge removal effectSludge produced by this system was recycled to the hydrolyzation segment where it was hydrolyzed and translated into organic load and poured into the multilevel oxidation segment This part of the organic matter was mostly released as energy except for a relatively small portiontranslated into organism In a real operation there might be negative growth of sludge in the hydrolyzation segment since the microbe of which needs lots of energy as well As a result the recycled sludge could be a supply for the hydrolyzation segment Theoretically Zero Dischargeof residual sludge could be achieved and the experimental results have verified this point The sludge production of the FCR system was continuously investigated during the two-month steady running period and the relationship between total sludge production and total COD removal amount was analyzed Figure 3 shows that the ratio of sludge production was 6 10 and the average sludge production was 815 which is about 15 of conventional activated sludge technology and 25 of conventional biofilm method The results show that the FCR system has great effect on sludge reductionFig 3 Sludge production of the multilevel oxidation segment during the steady running time period4 Mechanism analysisThe biological function of the carrier and the running mode of multilevel oxidation FCR made the concentration of the sewage gradient alone with current which formed three different zones in the tank polysaprobic mesosaprobic and oligosaprobic zones Each zone has a different microorganism community from the basic to advanced which formed a relatively integrated ecological structure and a food chain as bacteria-protozoa-metazoa-daphnia By the analysis of the FCR system much more microbes in different kinds and quality were found than the conventional aerobic process As a result the food chain in this system was more complicated than other processes Figure 4 shows the compositions of the food chain of the FCR system Based on biological theory the food chain is getting longer and more complex the relationship between microbes in the food chain is more complex Through the process of antagonist predation interaction and symbiosisamong microbes the microbe system is balanced and none of the specific population could over-develop 89 Higher trophic degree of the predatormore energy consumed and less energy that can be used for the growth of organisms 10 12 With the effect of all these factors the ecosystem could maintain a relatively stable term As a result less sludge would be produced in practiceFig 4 Compositions of the food chain of the FCR system5 ConclusionsWhen the concentrations of COD in the influent were 1200 1800 mgL HRT was 12 h and average COD removal ratio was 926 Zero Discharge of residual sludge was achieved during the steady time running for this system since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed to the anaerobic segment Without sludge disposal equipment added this method could have both economic and environmental profit in practiceThe process of multilevel oxidation FCR could form a microbe ecosystem just like the natural microbe ecosystem and a fully developed food chain Through the processes of antagonism predation interaction and symbiosis among microbes sludge was effectively reduced During the steady running of multilevel oxidation FCR the average sludge production of the FCR system was 8151 Department of Environmental Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China2 Department of Environmental Science Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 ChinaReferences1 Chen Y P Fu Y S Li X M et al Characters and treatment of brewery wastewater Pollution Control Technology 200316 4 148 151 in Chinese 2 Andreottola G Foladori P et al A review and assessment of emerging technologies for the minimization of excess sludge production in wastewater treatment plants Environmental Science Health 2006 41 9 1853 18723 State Environmental Protection of China Analysis Water and Wastewater 4th edBeijing Chinese Environmental Science Press 2002 88 223 in Chinese 4 State Quality and Technique Supervision Bureau Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB 8978 2002 Beijing Chinese Environmental Science Press 1996 10 in Chinese 5 Ai H Y Xie W M Wang Q H Li X S Removal of organic substances and ammonia nitrogen from restaurant wastewater by using food chain ring system China Water and Wastewater 2005 21 10 49 51 in Chinese 6 Zhang L K Yu D S Kong F L et al Exploration of process for reducing sludge by microzoon Environmental Engineering 2005 5 in Chinese 7 Wei Y Van Houten R T Borger A R et al Minimization of excess sludge production for biological wastewater treatment Water Research 2003 37 4453 44678 Rocher M Goma G Begue A P et al Towards a reduction in excess sludge production in activated sludge processes Biomass physicochemical treatment and biodegradation Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999 51 2 883 8909 Hamman S T Ingrid C Stromberger M E Relationships between microbial community structure and soil environmental conditions in a recently burned system Soil Biology Biochemistry 2007 39 7 1703 171110 Ratsak C H Verkuijlen J Sludge reduction by predatory activity of aquatic oligochaetes in wastewater treatment plants Hydrobiologia 564 1 197 21111 Liang P Huang X Qian Y et al Determination and comparison of sludge reduction rates caused by microfaunas predation Bioresource Technology 2006 97 85486112 Saktaywin W Tsuno H Nagare H et al Advanced sewage treatment process with excess sludge reduction and phosphorus recovery Water Research 2005 39 5 902910通过水解食物链反应系统减少啤酒废水处理中的污泥量摘要 在用FCR系统处理啤酒废水时污泥在厌氧段被回收通过厌氧段和好氧段微生物的作用再加上多级氧化阶段可以有效的减少剩余污泥 6个月的动态实验表明COD进水在960 - 1720 mg L和水力停留时间HRT为12小时时平均化学耗氧量COD去除率为926好氧部分平均污泥生产的是814由于生产的污泥可以循环在厌氧段再水解而无剩余污泥的产生这个系统可以稳定的运行关键词 水解 多级氧化 剩余污泥 减少1简介 在20世纪80年代主要的啤酒废水处理技术是好氧技术在20世纪晚80年代水解好氧技术出现了目前啤酒厂的废物水处理的主要技术为是活性污泥法接触氧化法水解好氧技术虽然这些技术有其自己的一定优势他们都有一个与污泥处置问题污泥产量约60的化学需氧量COD去除量是常规活性污泥法约30的常规生物膜法污泥处理的成本已成为该污水处理厂的经济负担该污泥产生可能带来的二次污染因此对水处理工艺的研究可导致污泥减量成为一个污水处理的重要问题本研究通过了清洁生产的原则分析通过厌氧段的水解酸化是剩余污泥转化为可溶解的小分子让后让其进入好氧反应阶段于是FCR系统被应用于生物处理系统基于生物理论时间越长食物链越长越损失能量从而可减少能源使用的增长的有机体并作为一个生态系统的生物量在减少的结果所以延长食物链稳固食物链关系可以有效地减少污泥量 FCR系统可以在啤酒废水的处理中实现活性污泥的零排放本文章着力于研究在厌氧和多级好氧过程中减少活性污泥的方法2材料和方法 21污水特性实验水是一种人造模拟啤酒厂废水其中载有瓶装啤酒氯化铵磷酸二氢钾硫酸镁和氯化钙其生物降解性指数BOD和COD浓度氧气的比例约是04-05表1显示了主要的水质特性 22实验仪器和实验流程实验装置是一个复合式生物反应器如图所示 FCR的有氧处理分为四个部分他们的有效容积分别为012009009006立方米污水倒进了反应器然后流入每个部分在重力作用下通过流量计调节流量多层次的氧化部分水解段体积比是081污水在水解段和所有的反应器的多级氧化部分被处理然后流入二沉池将污泥和水分离过多的污泥被定期的回收进入水解氧化处理阶段在多层次的氧化部分的底部是一个曝气装置 图1实验装置23操作参数在长达两个月的试验期间房间温度范围的14-27总水力停留时间为12个小时水解反应是55小时主反应区溶解氧浓度是2-6毫克升24分析方法通过检测原水和废水以及处理水获得数据3实验结果与讨论31去除COD的影响图2显示了在运行平稳时期当进水COD浓度960-1720毫克 L时水力停留为12 h时COD的去除率为90以上而污水中COD浓度为45-95毫克升出水水质达到了污水综合排放第一类标准 图2COD 去除率随时间的变化曲线32污泥去除效果该系统由水解部分回收系统中产生的污泥并将其转化成有机负荷然后让其进入多级氧化阶段在此过程中绝大部分有机物释放了能量除了一小部分转化成了微生物有机体在水解工程中有可能因为微生物需要大量能量而产生负增长同时回收的污泥可以进入水解部分从理论上说零排放剩余污泥可达到实验结果证实了这一点在两个月的稳定运行过程中系统产生的污泥被连续的记录同时记录了活性污泥和COD去除之间的关系图三显示污泥产生率是610平均为81415的污泥来自于传统活性污泥法25污泥来自传统生物膜法结果显示FCR系统对污泥量的减少具有显著作用 图3 稳定运行中多级氧化处理段的活性污泥产生量机理分析在生物作用下不同的细菌和运行方式在多级氧化处理阶段产生3个不同的区域重污染区中污染区轻污染区 每个区域都有不同的微生物系统从低级到高级由由细菌原生动物后生动物等组成了一个完整的生物链通过分析系统多种微生物在不同种类和质量都比传统的有氧运动过程中发现的优秀因此在这个系统是食物链比其它进程更加复杂图4显示了在FCR系统中微生物食物链的组成根据生物学理论食物链越长微生物越多微生物之间的关系也越复杂通过共生竞争捕食等相互作用微生物群落达到稳定不会有一种微生物过度生长营养程度较高的捕食者消耗的能量也更多因此只有较少的能量被用于微生物增长通过这些现象微生物可以维持在一个较好的生存状态同时只有很少的污泥被生产出来 图4 微生物的组成系统5结论当COD的浓度进水为1200-1800mg L时水力停留时间为12 h平均COD的去除率为926 零排放的剩余污泥是在这个系统的稳定运行时间可以实现因为所生产的污泥可以在厌氧段循环再水解无污泥处理设备的增加这个方法可能在经济和环境上获得双重效益在多级氧化系统中可以形成类似自然界的微生物系统和先进的食物链通过微生物间的捕食共生竞争等关系有效地减少了污泥量在稳定运行中的多级氧化FCR系统平均的污泥产生量仅为815 作者1环境工程学院北京科技大学北京100083中国2环境科学与工程系哈尔滨工业大学哈尔滨150090中国参考文献1 Chen Y P Fu Y S Li X M et al Characters and treatment of brewery wastewater Pollution Control Technology 200316 4 148151 in Chinese 2 Andreottola G Foladori P et al A review and assessment of emerging technologies for the minimization of excess sludge production in wastewater treatment plants Environmental Science Health 2006 41 9 185318723 State Environmental Protection of China Analysis Water and Wastewater 4th edBeijing Chinese Environmental Science Press 2002 88223 in Chinese 4 St