定语从句讲解和练习.doc

定语从句（1）我们知道形容词可以做定语，放在所修饰的名词前，如a red sun（红太阳），a pretty girl（美丽的女孩）。由于意思表达的需要，我们使用从句来做定语，修饰某一名词或代词，这种从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词，叫做关系词，放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又是定语从句的一个成分。例如：The house which Jack built has fallen down. 杰克建造的房子已经倒塌了。其中，house是先行词，关系词which引导了一个定语从句，并充当从句中的宾语。在第一单元里，我们说了从句的构成：引导词 主语 谓语，从句不能表达完整的意思。从句在主语的位置上就是主语从句，在定语的位置上就是定语从句等。从句which Jack built修饰名词即先行词house，起定语的作用。关系词有两类，一类是关系代词who, which, that, whose, whom; 另一类是关系副词when, where, why，具体用法见下表。关系词用法举例1. who 和whom指人which指物that既可以指人也可以指物在定语从句中分别充当主语和宾语Ive never seen the man who/that is leaning against the railing. 我从没见过斜靠在栏杆上的那个人。A plane is a machine which/that can fly. 飞机就是能够飞行的机器。The film which/that we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨晚看的那部电影非常精彩。The man whom/ that I saw yesterday told me to come today. 我昨天见到的那个人告诉我今天过来。2. whose 指人，也指物在从句中充当定语The film is about a spy, whose wife betrays him. 这部电影有关一个间谍，妻子背叛了他。He has moved to the house whose front door is newly painted. 他已经搬进了那个前门刚刚漆好的房子。3. when 作时间状语 where作地点状语 why作原因状语关系副词在从句中充当状语Ill never forget the day when I first went to the capital. 我永远不会忘记第一次去首都的那天。Have you been to the hotel where they are staying? 你去过他们住的酒店了吗？I dont know the reason why he refused the invitation. 我不知道他拒绝邀请的原因。 注意：定语从句必须尽可能地紧跟在它说修饰的名词之后。Grammar ExercisesI. Complete the sentences so that they make sense. Choose among the four choices given to fill the blanks. 选择最佳答案，使句子完整。1. Last month, he paid a visit to the village _ he had once worked for five years.a. where b. which c. that d. in that2. Mr Liu, _ at university in Changchun, works at Microsoft Company now.a. whose wife I met b. I met whose wife c. I met his wife d. his wife I met3. Last week I bought a flat _ biggest room faced south.a. that b. whose c. which d. where4. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the army.a. that b. which c. in which d. when5. The lawyer showed the policeman the place _ the man was murdered.a. that b. which c. where d. when 6. Give me one good reason _ I should help you.a. for that b. for what c. why d. how7. The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _ separated form the others by land or water.a. them b. that c. which d. those8. This is the best novel _ we have read in recent years.a. which b. that c. and d. so9. Before joining the army, he spent a lot of time in the village _ he belonged.a. which b. to which c. to where d. at which10. The volunteers started looking after the children _ parents died of AIDS last year.a. whose b. that c. which d. whoII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 将下列句子译成中文：1. He showed us round the house for which he paid a lot of money.2. She is the only one of his daughters who has been abroad.3. Summer is the season when many people often go swimming.4. Is this the engineer who your teacher said saved the train as well as all the passengers?5. I dont know the reason why they are not here yet.6. The money that which Mr. Green had drawn from the bank was in his pocket book。III. Rewrite the following sentences with attributive clause用关系代词把下列每组简单句改变成定语从句。1. I have finished the exercises. The teacher told us to do them.2. Our friend wrote a well-known book. He lives in that house.3. The bicycle was for my birthday. My Uncle Arthur sent it.4. The pen wrote very well. I bought the pen yesterday.5. The apples grew on my tree. You are eating them.定语从句（2）一、 定语从句关系词的省略1、 当先行词为time, moment, way, distance, direction时，要省略关系代词Like it or not, this is the way (in which) the world goes. 喜欢也好，不喜欢也好，世界上的事情就是这样。I dont like the way (in which) he talked. 我不喜欢他谈话的样子。The moment (when) the teacher entered, the students stopped talking.老师进来时，学生们停止了说 话。By the time (when) you are dressed, the film will be over.等你穿好衣服的时候，电影也快放完了。2、 并列定语从句的第二个从句的关系代词不可省略在双重限制定语从句中，先行词由两个定语从句所限制。两个定语从句中关系词的省略，与一个从句中关系词的省略相仿，但要注意的是：当两个定语从句处于同一层次时，只能省略第一个从句的关系词。The best play (that) Shakespeare wrote, but which I havent read, is probably King Lear.莎士比亚最好的作品可能是李尔王，但我还没有读过。3、 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，常可省略The man (whom) we saw just now is a great painter.我们刚刚看见的那个人是位伟大的画家。The letter (that) I received yesterday was from my mother.我昨天收到的信是我妈妈写来的。Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday. 这是老师昨天提到的那本书。二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句说明的是句中先行词必不可少的内容，它用来限制先行词所指的范围，其内容与先行词关系密切；若去掉此定语从句，剩下的部分则含义不明确、意义不完整或意义完全改变。第三单元和这一单元所给的例句都是限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句则与先行词关系较松散，只是对先行词做进一步的解释、补充或说明；若去掉此定语从句，整个句子意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。在非限制性定语从句中，先行词和定语从句之间有逗号隔开，关系代词或关系副词都不能省略。例句：Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city. （非限定性） 北京，中国的首都，已经发展成了一个国际城市。 which is the capital of China补充说明北京的信息，如果省略，句子也不会引起误解和歧义。比较：Jack is the kind of people who prefers listening to talking. (限定性)杰克是那种宁愿聆听，不愿讲话的人。The students, some of whom were rather busy, did not spend much time on music. （非限定性）这些学生在音乐上花的时间不多，他们中有些人的确很忙。This is the house which we bought last month. （限制性）这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. （非限制性）这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。Grammar ExerciseI. Complete the sentences so that they make sense. Choose among the four choices given to fill the blanks. 选择最佳答案,使句子完整：1. Unfortunately, there was to prevent the accident.a. something that we could do b. anything that we could doc. nothing we could do d. nothing which we could do2. There is every reason he should be excused.a. where b. when c. for which d. in which3. All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.a. what is needed b for our needs c. the thing needed d. that is needed4. The test is for students native language is not English.a. whose b. that c. of whom d. when5. This is the most difficult book .a. what I have ever read b. which I have ever readc. I have ever read it d. that I have ever read6.The time has come we can make use of nuclear energy.a. when b. while c. as d. since7.It wasnt such a good dinner she promised us.a. it b. which c. as d. what8. Please write a report the above subjects are to be covered.a. which b. in which c. that d. in that9. The shops offer almost everything ranges from inexpensive to very expensive.a. that b. which c. who d. in which10. There are many children and adolescents behavior is generally unacceptable.a. who b. whom c. whose d. thatII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 将下列句子译成中文：1. That was the first movie (that) I had ever seen.2. She lives in a village, where it is neither very cold in winter nor very hot in summer.3. Let us study more closely the ways (in which) a plant grows.4. We shall never forger the day (when) Hong Kong was returned to China.5. There are only four areas in the world where very many diamonds have been found.6. The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic Jam, took another load. 7. The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.8. He bought a lot of books, one of which had come out a few days before.9. Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.10. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.11. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.12. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.参考答案：定语从句（1）I. Complete the sentences so that they make sense. Choose among the four choices given to fill the blanks. 选择最佳答案,使句子完整：1. a 2. a 3. b 4.d 5.c 6.c 7. c 8. b 9. b 10.aII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 将下列句子译成中文：1. 他带我们参观花了很多钱买下来的房子。2. 她是他唯一一个出国的女儿。3. 夏天是许多人常去游泳的季节。4. 这位就是你老师说起的那个救了火车和车上乘客的工程师吗？5. 我不知道他们还没有到这儿的原因。6. 格林先生从银行取来的钱在其口袋里。III. Rewrite the following sentences with attributive clause