IELTS Lesson two.doc

1. The transcription n eeds a certain amount of editing, as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.译文 译稿需要一定量的编辑工作，因为，即使计算机能够区别同音异义词，如 write和right，它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。2. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.译文 20世纪已婚女性走出家门参加工作人数的增加主要是因为她们自己的经济需要，还与高结婚率使可参加工作的单身女工人数减少有关，而与家务机械化、妇女空闲时间增多关系不大。3. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.译文 杰克伦敦在作品中倾注了他一生中所遭受过的一切痛苦，倾诉了这种痛苦在他心中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以及由此产生的这样的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗，从剥削者手中夺回社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人人有好日子过的地方。 4. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officers trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled(改变频率使不被窃听)for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front. 译文 展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具一张写字台、两部，其中一部是变频加密外线，在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜，其正面有一把特大号复合密码锁。5. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.译文 至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明，权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍;在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。6. Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contented ourselves with condemnations, in my delegations opinion, we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Councils agendas.译文 因此，我们代表团认为，要纠正我们过去采取的只是满足于进行谴责的那种立场，我们必须寻求一个全面的解决方法，既能解决本质方面的问题，又能解决应对表面的问题，因为仅解决表面问题毕竟只能迫使我们一次又一次地把这个问题列入安理会的议程。7. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.译文 假如像学术论文反映的那样，科学家们期望看到与某种标准模式符合的规律性和一致性。那么，如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪杰”，而喜欢善于合作的较常规思维的人，这也是无可指责的。8. That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.译文 这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体，其中一些国家对每一件事都表示赞同，而另一些则不尽然;更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和已经 加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。9.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.翻译：用于培训工人的有限投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培训上。10. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.翻译：人类已经将自己与其他动物区分开来，并且通过这样做来确保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通过观察和理解周围的环境，然后适应，控制并且改造该环境，使其适合自己需要的能力。1. 参考译文 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。2. 参考译文 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。3. 参考译文 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消 费者购买产品。4. 参考译文 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体 自由签定合同的权利。5. 参考译文 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。6. 参考译文 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。7. 参考译文 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。8. 参考译文 在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。9. 参考译文 它能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。10. 参考译文 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。段落结构：垂直：总分、总分总、分总、分总分扁平：平行、单纯描述（时空顺序）句际关系：语用-上下义；同义 语义- 转折、递进、因果、解释、总结、时序、让步句群：说明同一要点的几个句子构成一个句群。常见句子之间的过渡词( 词组):( 1) 递进: in addition, besides, whats more, further more moreover, most importantly, let alone, to say nothing of, more specifically 等。( 2) 解释: that is ( to say) , in other words, namely, in the same way, in fact, as a matter of fact, similarly 等。( 3) 转折: however, but, yet, while, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, conversely, on the contrary, on the other hand, all the same 等。( 4) 因果: because ( of) , since, as, then, therefore, so, hence, as a result, thanks to, thus, consequently, accordingly等。( 5) 举例: for example ( instance) , to illustrate, as an example, such as, like 等。( 6) 让步: though, although, in spite of, despite，nevertheless, nonetheless, even though 等。( 7) 时序: at present, presently, currently, lately, recently, to begin( start) with, first of all, in the first place, at the same time, meanwhile 等。( 8) 总结: in conclusion( short, brief) , in a word, above all, at last( length) , finally, to sum up, to conclude, all in all, on the whole 等。ACTIVE READING句内核心词、句间预测及验证与修正、句际关系、段落层次、篇章结构1. There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars- creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.2. While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on peoples health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavuts igloo and email society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, theres a high incidence of depression.3. Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal to a product. Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars worth of samples each week- $ 7.2 billion worth of them in one year. Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians prescribe. A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns- the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice.4. It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP teams research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.5. For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the Iocals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them whats happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the countrys newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself. 6. The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live. 7. Bulling is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even l