旅游酒店业与环境的关系.doc

SIT2LRNASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION SHEETSurname_ Xue_First Name_Feng_Student ID_2009000264_Name of programme_DHTM 201_Name of paper_Facilitator_Yan Sun_Assignment No._1_Unit Standard No. (If Applicable)_Total no. of pages (including cover)_10_Submission date_09 Oct 2011_Date received by facilitator _10 Oct 2011_Date returned to student_ContentsIntroduction2Part 1.1: Tourism and hospitality21.1.1 What is tourism?21.1.2 What is hospitality?31.1.3 How are they related?4Part 1.2: Issues about tourism and environment5Conclusion8Reference10IntroductionThere are two main parts in this essay, the first part 1.1 talks about issues about tourism and hospitality. And it is further put into three parts, which is what is tourism, what is hospitality and how are tourism and hospitality related. What is tourism includes the definition of tourism, relevant stakeholders constitutes tourism and different forms of tourism. Then in what is hospitality, it covers different services that hospitality industry can provide, different department in hospitality industry and their respective responsibilities. As for the second part 1.2, it gives ideas about seven environments that influence tourism and are in turn subjected to tourisms impacts. They are physical, cultural, economic, social, historical, political and military environment, and these are supported with examples. Part 1.1: Tourism and hospitality1.1.1 What is tourism? For tourists, tourism is an action to relax, gain experience and broad their horizon, which can be achieved by joining in travel agency or self-travel. For people who do business, it is also a form of tourism if they go out for a job. For tourism operation enterprises, it is a process of receiving revenues from the service they provide to tourists. There are mainly six groups of tourists, they travel for different purposes, recreation, VFR, business, health and medical, religious and others. Relevant stakeholders that may involve are tourists, origin government, nongovernment organizations, community colleges, universities, tourism industry, host government and host communities. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as “for recreational, leisure or business purpose, tourists go out of their current living places for less than one continuous year, and they should stay at where they are traveling for at least one night”. Nowadays, many other parts of service industries are also related to tourism, for example, transportation, which includes railway, highway, airplane, couch, ships and so on. Another example is hospitality, which involve room, restaurant, convention center and so on. There are recreation sites, too. Casinos, amusement park, shopping centers and music hall fall in this category. In 1994, the United Nations defined three types of tourism: 1 Domestic tourism, which is a form of tourism that the countries residents travel within this country. 2 Inbound tourism, which counts tourists who do not belong to but traveling in the country. 3 Outbound tourism, which means that tourists who travel in other countries. There is also a list of adjectival tourism, they are agritourism, culinary tourism, cultural tourism, ecotourism, extreme tourism, geotourim, heritage tourism, LGBT tourism, medical tourism, nautical tourism, pop-culture tourism, religious tourism, slum tourism, space tourism, war tourism and wildlife tourism. Tourism has become the worlds biggest earner, which generates a considerable number of receipts directly or indirectly associated with it. 1.1.2 What is hospitality?Hospitality is made up of many different sectors. For a small hotel, or limited-service hotel, they may only have a front office, maintenance department, accounting department and a housekeeping department. This kind of hotel only provides basic accommodation, a room with a bed, table, television and an ordinary washroom. For a large hotel, or full-service hotel, they may further own a food and beverage department, human resources department, sales and marketing department, engineering department and a purchasing department. And this kind of hotel usually offers some augmented services, such as, swimming pool, fitness center, convention center, childcare or even pet care services. Then, lets see the responsibilities of each department. For the front office, they need to handle reservation, check-in, check-out, and customers suggestions and complaints, this department also needs to provide some telephone services, for example, wake-up calls. Another responsibility for them is to collect all revenues hotel charged to guests. Maintenance and engineering departments responsibilities are operating and protecting hotels building so that a safe and comfortable environment could be ensured, and also keeping this building and its inner instrument in good condition. The next is housekeeping department, it responsibility is to make sure the hotel is in good sanitation condition, which covers public spaces, guest room areas and laundry. As for the accounting department, their responsibility is to summarize and report all the transactions occurring at the front desk and other financial activity. And they also need to forecast revenue and budget. Food and beverage department is responsible for handling issues about hotels banquet and catering. And the role human resources department played is to deal with issues about hotel staff, setting up policies to recruit, select, motivate and retain the most appropriate staffs. The responsibilities for sales and marketing department are adjusting rack rates to maximize RevPar and managing the hotels service and marketing efforts. As for the purchasing department, their responsibility is to support the service mission of hotel through coordinating the provision of goods and services. Basically, hotel is a site that provides accommodation, food and beverage to guests and gain economic benefits from these services they provide to them. 1.1.3 How are they related?Speaking of tourism and hospitality, there is no doubt that these two industries are closely related to each other. To begin with, tourism and hospitality are related in a way that when a tourist is out to travel, he/she needs food to add fuel and a place to stay, which is exactly what hotel offers. However, where there is tourism, there may not be hospitality. This refers to the group of tourists who choose to stay at friends or relatives house or flat, or another group who chooses to rent house or flat for their travel. It is also the same in turn, where there is hospitality, there may not be tourism. It means that not all the customers of hospitality industry are tourists or visitors, they could be someone else, such as local residents. Another form of relationship between these two industries is that they can directly gain economic benefits from each other. For example, if a visitor goes on a tour with a travel agency, he/she and other visitors in this tourist group need a hotel to stay. The travel agency could cooperate with a hotel and provide tourist sources to them, hotel can find customers and get economic benefits in this process and this travel agency can gain certain amount of rates in return from the hotel, too. It is also the same for hotels, for example, a FIT in a hotel who need a tour guide to consult when he is traveling. Then the hotel could cooperate with a travel agency to arrange a tour guide to this tourist, thus travel agency have visitors and gain revenue whilst hotel can charge a fee from their partner. These are some of opinions about how tourism and hospitality are related.Part 1.2: Issues about tourism and environment Environment is the precondition of tourism. To some degree, tourisms development is dependant on the environment surrounding it. Without comfortable environment, a destination can not appeal tourists come here to travel. It is also the most basic condition of a countrys or a districts tourism industry existence and development. Tourism environment includes both natural environment and sociocultural environment. In this part, I will list seven issues about environments that influence tourism and are in turn subjected to tourism impacts.The first one that influences tourism and is in turn subjected to tourism is physical environment. The physical natural scenery that the destination itself originally owns can decide the type of tourism it can develop, for example, 3S tourism. The environment of sea, sand and sun set certain limitations to this kind of tourism. Activities that may involve in this type of tourism are sun bathing, swimming and scuba diving. On the other hand, tourisms impacts can also influence this physical environment in a way that tourism will bring about damage and pollution, such as beach erosion, which is caused by building hotels or resorts on the beach. And rubbish on the beach and the flow of sewage and groundwater into sea are also some of the pollution tourism may bring to the physical environment. Tourism can also bring impacts, that is, tourists who come here traveling may find some problems with the destination that the local may not notice. The next one is cultural environment. It means that customers tourism maybe influenced when they enter into a different country or area to get to know a completely new culture. This environment can influence tourism in a way that tourists can be educated and informed of this specific culture difference when the local people act it out before them. In turn, cultural environment are subjected to tourisms impacts due to the reason that some of the destination may change their real culture into the form that visitors would expect in order to please them when performing it and hence make it popular and gain more economic benefits, which is called frontstage. Again, tourism can also bring positive impacts, that is, through getting to know this culture, tourists interests may be evoked and they could possibly call on other people around to promote this culture and preserve it. Examples for this also include the 2004 Olympics in Athens and 2010 Expo in Shanghai.The third one is economic environment. The economy situation of a destination can determine its standard of tourism in that if the destinations economy is poor, the tourism organization needs to set prices according to their common purchasing level. To the contrary, if the economy level of a destination is quite high, the local tourism organization could label prices high accordingly, from which they can benefit more from tourists. In contrast, tourism can also influence the local economy is because that once the tourism industry is on a rapid development, it will also arouse development and revenue in other industries that is related, such as hospitality and transportation. Finally, the local economic environment will still benefit from tourisms development. I will take Beijing and Shanghai as an example. These two cities are the most developed in China, but they are still the most visited areas every year in China despite their high expenditure. And their fast-developed tourism in turn contributed to their economy.Another one is historical environment. Historical environments can itself be a tourism destination, such as the Terra-Cotta Warriors in Xian, China or some museums, for example, louvre in Paris, France. Visitors can be educated and gain more knowledge about history in the process of visiting a historical site. The influence that tourism can give to historical environment is that with the development of tourism is on a dramatic rise, more and more technology is applied in it. Thus, when preserving and repairing these old historical relics, the museum or organization that protects these relics could apply the latest technologies to protect and preserve it.The fifth one that influences tourism and is in turn subjected to tourism is political environment. This means that a destinations political status can also decide its tourism status. For example, it is difficult to go traveling to somewhere where its sovereignty is still controversial and it is not clear that which country it belongs to. Another example is that most people have a desire to go to their countries or regions capital, which is also the political center to have a visit there. To the contrary, political environment is also influenced by tourism in a way that some countries or regions may open up some areas that wasnt exposed in the publics horizon.The sixth environment is social environment. It means that if a destinations social status is stable and in good order, then it can provide a smooth developing atmosphere for the local tourism. The developing of the society will in some way support and facilitate the commodification of tourism industry. On the other hand, the local tourisms impacts may also influence their socio environment in that the continuing development of tourism can bring economic benefits to the destination and therefore increased their social wellbeing and stability.The seventh, which is also the last environment that influences tourism and is in turn subjected to tourism is military environment. It means that in some countries or area that are still in battle status, it is possible that their tourism industry has to be shut down temporarily to avoid causing harm to tourists that come from other countries or regions. For example, currently in Libya there is a civil war, many tourists have already been there has to withdraw and other tourists who planned to travel here in advance are forbidden to go traveling there, thus they have to put off their plan and it is unknown that how long they have to wait. In contrast, tourism may also influence military environment in that the leader of these countries or areas may consider the benefit that tourism can bring them and then end the battle or impose the curfew to give tourism a smooth and stable development environment.ConclusionAfter reading the main body of essay, readers must have clear understanding of issues that are discussed in it. Lets simply review some of the main issues that are involved. The first main part covers content about tourism and hospitality. Tourism, as can be seen from the essay, different people and organization can have different definitions about it. However, there are six major purposes in tourism, that is, recreation, VFR, business, health and medical, religious and other purpose. Tourism also has three main forms when dividing in geographical aspect, which are domestic, inbound and outbound tourism. There are also many other forms that are fall in the adjectival category. As for hospitality industry, larger hotel usually provide more supporting and augmented products for customers and therefore have more departments than small hotel. These most commonly known departments are listed in the essay: the front office, housekeeping, accounting, food and beverage, human resources, maintenance and engineering department, sales and marketing department and purchasing department. When it comes to the relationship between tourism and hospitality, there are two situations. The first is that tourism and hospitality are concurrently involved in each others process no matter which side first set out. And the second relationship between them lies in that they