大学英语电子教案72.doc

第七章 写作基本知识与应用第一部分 中英思维差异与表达差异中西方的思维模式差异以及其折射出的书面表达的差异如下一讲中文的典型思维是绕圈子型， 开头总是无关紧要的，最后才来说重要的，压轴的， 体现到文章上是重要的东西总是“千呼万唤始出来”， 在后面才显山露水， 而前面的是铺垫。而讲英语的国家的人整体上是直线型思维，体现在文章上喜欢开门见山，一开头就把全文的观点摆出来。 所以写英文文章时， 要学会写英文文章的全文中心句子，每段的主题句。 二中文讲究的是意合， 英文讲究的是形合。 中文只要是句意是符合逻辑关系的，有没有连词来表现这些逻辑关系都无所谓。但是在英文中，这些却不可缺少。比如中文可以说，你去，我就去。 表达成英文一定要把连词写出来， If you go , Ill go. 所以在英文作文中，句与句之间或者分句之间要有一些启动，承，转，合的连词或表明逻辑关系的连词。 所以中文的句子看起来就很零散，像国画中的竹子的写意画，竹节之间是空的， 而英文句子则是通过一些连词构成了一个错综复杂的一棵树型结构。 三中文里动词化倾向，很多都偏向于用动词来表达，而英文可能就是用名词结构， 介词结构，分词结构等表达了。 比如 奶奶提着个购物袋，去超市买菜。 在这句话中，中文里是3个动词，而英文表达时就要考虑是用哪个主要动作作为谓语动词，应该来说是 “去超市”。 而其他的动作就要考虑用其他的形式来表达。 My grandmother goes to the supermarket for grocery with a shopping bag. 此句中是用介词结构表达的。 又如， 他一边跑出教室，一边大叫着。 中文是两个并列的动作，而英文就可能是把 “跑出”处理成主要谓语动作，而将“大叫”处理成 分词结构。 He ran out of the classroom, crying. 所以在学习过程中要注意积累英语常用的句型结构。 四中文里多用主动态，但英文里被动态出现频率较高，特别是在说明文中，为了显示客观性，常用被动态表达。五中文里有无主句，但英文是不能缺乏主语的。 一定要注意中文思维和中文表达习惯对英语的迁移影响， 克服一些中文式英文表达。第二部分 写作技巧与训练一写作要求写作上的要求是能在30分钟内写出长度不少于80词的常见应用文及一般的叙述文、说明文和议论文。具体来说1用较正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点进行表达； 2基本做到内容切题，结构严谨，条理清楚； 3根据不同的写作目的进行有针对性的写作。 从历来历年来统考作文题分析来看，一般是紧紧围绕生活的一些介绍，说明和议论，并要掌握好一些应用文的具体形式和格式。附历年来出现过的作文考试题目及要求 由于目前是机考，计算机自动生成考试题目，所以一次考试中会出现很多不同的作文题目。我将我近年来阅卷遇到的作文题目汇集在下。 绝对有重新出现的可能哦！2008年，2009年机考阅卷时遇到的作文题：归纳起来有如下方面学习方面的：The difficulties in studying English My study plan My favorite bookReadingSelf-study 自学人生方面的：My dreamThe one I love most生活方面的My activities in leisure timeMy favorite sportWays to keep fitAbout doing physical exercises 体育锻炼My favorite TV programShopping My plan for the summer vacation 暑假安排发表见解的On moneyOn friendship Internet CooperationAbout TV ads cooperation and competitionHealth and wealthEnvironmental pollutionWater pollution 介绍文化方面的The Chinese New YearSpring Festival2007.10 My Plan for the May 1st Holiday2007. 4 How to Overcome Difficulties in My English StudiesOutline:1我在英语学习中遇到的困难2我解决困难的方法2006.12 My Plan for the Spring Festival2006.6 About English Study2006.3 My Family（提示：短文中可以介绍家庭成员及他们的生活、工作等方面相关的信息）2005.12 write a letter to one of your friends who invited you to his/her birthday party. 1. 告诉对方你不能接受他/她的邀请；2. 对对方的邀请表示感谢；3. 说明无法接受邀请的原因。2005.5 write a letter to one of your friends1你的近况 (身体、学习及生活等)。2此次写信主要目的是请对方在北京帮你购买一本英汉词典。3邀请对方有时间时来游玩。二写作参考素材基于以上分析下面给大家提供一些写作素材一）写作模块：此部分是为了帮助大家在写作部分能够多得一些分，我们以学生身份（无论你是从事什么职业的，都把自己设想为学生），给大家设计了一种写作考试的应急办法。我们按照统考中可能出现的写作段落的不同功能，设计了六个写作模块（blocks)：（一）介绍 介绍自己/自己近况（新同学、新员工）/旅游景点/英语学习经验/；Information: about yourself/your current situation/new schoolmates/new staff member/tourist spots/experiences in English learning（二）询问 询问对方近况、对方家乡/城市/学校的情况；Enquiry: about your friend or relatives current situation/hometown/home city/ school（三）邀请 邀请对方来参加聚会/比赛/访问你的家；Invitation: inviting your friend to your party/a contest/a visit to your home（四）致谢 感谢对方在你生病期间给你送花/对方帮助你的学习/给你热情的接待/丰盛的晚餐Thanks: for the flowers when you were sick/your friends help with your studies/a warm treatment/a delicious dinner（五）通知 通知对方来参加同学会/考试（晚会/会议）日期地点；Notice: of your friends participation in your classmates union/date and place of a party, a testetc;（六）要求 要求对方介绍学习经验/帮助安排食宿/转告另一位同学某事/帮助购买一本书；Request: for good experiences in studies/arrangement for accommodations/ message for somebody /help in purchasing a book二）、参考段落：下面按照分类“模块”框架写出六个参考段落( recommended paragraphs)，建议大家最好能把这六个段落背下来：（一）Introduction（介绍）I am/we are doing well recently with my/our studies/work. I have just passed my English test and now I am preparing for an upcoming computer test due next Monday. I dont worry about the test because I have spent two weeks reviewing my lessons. I am confident that I can score well in the test. （二）Enquiry （询问）How is everything going on with you? I am wondering if you have taken the course of “Modern World History” instructed by Professor Zhang Hai? I will be very grateful if you can give me some information about the course and the instructor. I am going to choose the course and so I need your advice to make a correct decision. （三）Invitation （邀请）New Years Day is just around the corner. My wife and I are very pleased to invite you to spend the holiday season together with us if it is convenient to you. We are prepared to have a driving trip to a country resort about 90 km away from our city. It is a scenic place with a vast lake and pine-covered hills and the resort serves delicious food in a country style. We hope your family will come to join us. Well surely have a wonderful time then.（四）Thanks （致谢）We wholeheartedly feel grateful that you gave us accommodations when we visited your city last month. We are so envious that you have such a beautiful house and a wonderful family, but what have impressed us more deeply than that is your generosity and thoughtfulness to us. Every time I recollect our experience in that few days when we stayed with you, I would feel so warm in my heart with your kindness and friendship. Hope we can have a chance to treat you as our familys guest in the near future.（五）Notice （通知）We are pleased to tell you that our school is going to hold a New Years Day party at 7:00 PM in Conference Room 2. All students are welcome to attend the party. Everybody present will receive a small New Year gift from the school. Wonderful performances from some famous singers and dancers will be given at the party. Of course, delicious food will be served at the party. Be sure to come, please.（六）Request（要求）As you know, I am currently studying in an online educational program. I am doing well with all my courses except English. Sometimes I dont know how to express myself correctly in written English. Some grammatical points also bring me much trouble. You were the “expert at English language” in our class during our high school days. Would you please give me some ideas how to learn English as a foreign language? I will appreciate it if you give me some advice, especially suggestions on how to deal with idiomatic expressions in English. Please write back ASAP.三）、“拼合模块”(Joining) 。这是写作进入实战的阶段。拿到一个考试写作题，要分析每段的功能，进行一些添加或改动，最后拼合。如写一封求职信求职信分为推荐信和自荐信两种，写求职信可按下列七个步骤进行。下面举例说明： 假设你叫李平，你从报上得知某公司欲招聘一名英语翻译，请你给该公司经理写一份求职信，你的个人资料如下：1.简况：姓名，李平；年龄，30岁；身高，1.80米；健康状况，良好；业余爱好，游泳、唱歌、跳舞。2.简历：1994年北京大学毕业后分配到南通中学工作，1996年调至苏州中学工作至今。3.工作：工作认真负责，与人相处融洽。4.特长：精通英语，尤其口语，已将多本中文书籍译成英语，懂一些日语、能用日语与外宾对话。联系电话：3654731联系地址：苏州市人民路一号求职信七步写作法第一步：介绍消息来源介绍消息来源实际上是求职信的开篇交待句，它可使求职信显得自然、顺畅；而不介绍消息来源，会使收信人感到意外、突然，文章也缺乏过渡、照应，本文消息来源可作如下介绍：Dear manager, I learned from the newspaper that your company wanted to hire an English translator.第二步：表明求职心愿介绍完消息来源后，应向收信人表明自己的求职心愿，即写信的目的，本文求职心愿可作如下介绍：Im interested in this job very much. Id like to get this job. 第三步：介绍个人简历某单位需要新人，求职人也有求职心愿，但这并不意味着这项工作非你莫属。如果你没有干好这项工作的经历、实力，也是难以适应的。因此，介绍个人简历是必不可少的。本文个人简历可介绍如下：Now Id like to introduce myself to you. My name is Li Ping. Im 30 years old. Im 180 cm tall. Im healthy. I like swimming, singing and dancing in my spare time. I graduated from Beijing University in 1994.Then,I went to work in Nantong Middle School. In 1996，I began to work in Suzhou Middle School and I have worked there until now. 第四步：摆出求职优势仅有一定的工作经历而没有自身的优势和特长，也很难求得称心如意的工作。因此，求职时应表明自己除了具有一定的工作经历之外，还具有一定的优势和特长，这样才能稳操胜券。本文可通过如下方法摆出自己的优势：I work hard and I can get along well with others. Im good at English and especially my spoken English is very good. Ive translated many Chinese books into English. I can understand Japanese and I can talk to foreigners in Japanese freely. 第五步：提出获职打算丰富的工作经验，一定的优势和特长，只能代表过去和现在的情况，如果获职后自以为心愿已了，从此高枕无忧，马虎从事，那也是得不到用人单位认可的。显然表明获职后努力工作的决心是感动用人单位的领导从而顺利谋得此项工作的重要一环。本文获职打算可作如下介绍：If you agree with me, Ill work hard and try to be a good translator. 第六步：请求答复联系如果单位领导同意了你的求职要求，你必然要请他和你联系，以便你及时做好准备，到用人单位应聘或报到。为准确起见，请求答复联系时你还应当提供你的通讯地址、邮政编码、电话号码、电子信箱等。本文答复联系的内容可作如下介绍：If you agree with me, please write a letter to me or phone me. I live at No.1 Renmin Road, Suzhou city. My telephone number is 3654371. 第七步：表明感激之情无论你的请求是否能够得到满意的答复，你给用人单位写信就是给对方添了麻烦，因此你应向对方表明感激之情。本文可这样来表明感激之情：Thank you very much.上述七步内容联成一个整体，再加上下面的信尾，就成为一封完整的求职信。附上英文求职信里申请原因常用语1I am presently looking for a position where my experience will make a positive contribution to the start-up or continuing profitable operation of a business in which I am so well experienced.2Your advertisement in the June 16th issue of Lawyers Monthly is of great interest to me. I feel that I have the qualifications necessary to handle the responsibilities of3I recently finished my Bachelors Degree in June at College. I am currently seeking full-time employment.4After fifteen years as a District Sales Manager, I am seeking new opportunities and am forwarding my resume for your consideration.5I am desirous of apply this job in order to gain more experience in an exporters office.6Having noticed the enclosed advertisement in this mornings China Daily News, I wish to apply for the position referred to.7.Learning form Mrs Liu that you are looking for a HR manager (人事经理), I should like to apply for the position.三 注意事项与应对策略大学英语B的作文评卷原则是从文章整体出发，给出印象分，以奖励给分，不按错误扣分。具体来说分为5个评分档次：1-3分： 语言支离破碎，绝大部分句子无法理解，语言错误很多；4-6分： 语言基本功差，文章中中国式英语表达居多，用词贫乏，语法错误相当多，有多处严重错误；7-9分： 基本扣题，语言基本正确，用词有一定变化，文中错误较多，有个别为严重错误；10-12分：扣题，语言通顺，用词较丰富，段与段之间有较好的过渡，语法基本正确，有些语病；13-15分：扣题，语言流畅，用词丰富，篇章结构感强，语法正确，有个别小错。所以根据以上的评分标准，要注意作文的档次的提高。虽说是不按错误扣分，但是错误出现绝对是影响到整体的印象，特别是严重错误的出现。 所以第一步是要确保句子运用正确，对于不确信是否正确的用法，要规避， 以确保能拿到及格分即9分以上。 在这个基础上再来增加闪光点，提高作文的档次。作文中常出现的问题有1、 没有扣题拿到题目后要紧扣标题或提示，然后进行相关的发挥。比如2006年5月的.About English Study，关键词是study，是关于英语的学习。由此，可以围绕这个关键词展开对于英语学习的论述，可以包括：学习方法、学习中遇到的困难及解决办法、个人学习心得等等。但是，如果把主要内容定位在了英语学习的重要性上，即使语言运用的很熟练，也只能对应评分标准中的4-6分这个档次。2、 重大语法错误即便本考试的评分标准中强调了评分是以整体印象为原则，不按错误倒扣分，但是，文中如果出现多处重大语法错误必然给阅卷老师较差的印象，至少可以得到一个信息是该生缺乏必要的语言基础和训练，远远达不到相应的要求，从而影响整体成绩。比如中国式英语， 表达出的文字纯粹是中文的字对字的直译。该类错误会被归入了4-6分这个档次，可见其严重性。更严重的是语言支离破碎，无法理解。 只是一些词语堆在那里，根本没有建立起句子结构的。3、 条理不清，结构不合理这条可以对应评分标准中的“段与段之间有较好的过渡”，“篇章结构感强”等高分段中的要求。我们发现很多考生具备了一定的语言基础，表达基本正确，文章扣题。但是，论述过程中出现条理不清，结构不合理的现象。本来可以达到10分以上的档次，但由于上述问题只能停留在7-9分档。对此此类问题，可以套用一些连词，将文章整体串通起来，富有逻辑，读起来流畅。 附上常用的连词： (1) 表层次:first, firstly, to begin with, in the first place second, second, secondly, third, thirdly whats more ,last but not the least, moreover , in addition ,finally注意：如果开头用的是first,接下来就该用second来配套，同样，如果开始用的是firstly,接下来就得用secondly配套。(2) 表转折:by contrast， although ，though， yet ， on the other hand， (3) 表因果:therefore ，consequently ，because of，for this reason， thus ，hence， due to， owing to， hanks to， on this account， as a result as a consequence(4) 表让步:still ，nevertheless ， in spite of， despite ，even so ，after all(5) 表递进:furthermore ，moreover， likewise， what is more， besides ，not onlybut alsotoo in addition(6) 表举例:for example ，for instance ，for one thing ， (7) 表解释:as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words(8) 表总结:in summary， to summarize ，in a word， thus as has been said， in brief， in conclusion ， in short ， (9) 表比较:in comparison， likewise ， similarly， equally， in the same way ，unlike行文不规范这一点虽然没有在评分标准里有明确规定，但不规范的行文会给人以较差的印象。例如：应用文格式，标点符号、拼写、大小写、等问题，都是在写作中应该注意的问题。1） 写信的格式历年来好几次都是写信和电子邮件，其格式上应该注意的是：若为普通信件日期应该在信件的右上角； 左上角称呼后，一般是用逗号；正文写完后，要有， sincerely yours或yours friendly， yours, 之类然后是签名。 2） 标点符号在统考英语考试大纲里特别提出用较正确的标点来表达，下面就从英汉对比的角度，提出一些必须弄清楚的地方。句号中文标点是圆圈， 但英语中的句话是小圆点。 有些人是用小圆圈代替圆点，还有一种错误是有人写英文的时候有种不好的习惯，写完一个单词后喜欢习惯性的打点， 做思考等，殊不知这个点意义非凡，它就代表一句话结束了，所以不要做无谓的打点。逗号 中文可以用逗号来连接两个句子， 但英文不行。 英文中逗号没有此种功能，必须还有连接词才可以。或者将逗号改为分号。I was reading a magazine, my sister was watching TV.这是错误的。 正确的应是： I was reading a magazine, and / while my sister was watching TV. 或者I was reading a magazine; and / while my sister was watching TV.另外，英语中是没有顿号的，中文里用顿号的在英语中还是用逗号。中文信里称呼后是冒号，但英文信件中，称呼后一般是用逗号，只有在很正式的商务信函里称呼后才用下冒号。 引号中文里有书名号， 但英文中没有。 在英文里表示书的名字是用引号， 或者就只是把书名字的每个开头字母大写。 在印刷时用斜体省略号中文的省略号是留个圆圈， 而英语的省略号是三个小点。 鉴于上述问题是考生作文中普遍存在的问题，希望大家在平时的练习中严格按照评分标准来要求自己，避免类似的错误出现。第三部分 范文欣赏与模仿（一） 部分考过的作文题目范文（ 重现几率很高哦！考前必背！）1. My Study Plan I have registered online courses last year and want to pass all tests and get my degree in 3 years. For this aim, I need to balance my work, family and study well.Therefore I make my study plan. Every evening, when my family fall asleep, I stay up for study until 11:30 pm. Being a career parent, the silent night is my best study time. I preview lessons, do homework or exchange my ideas with teachers online. If I have missed one night, I make it up the next morning. Keeping study daily makes me feel confident that I can realize my aim.2. The Difficulties in Studying EnglishAmong all courses, English is the most difficult one for me. It is because that I dont need to use English in my work. Therefore I have forgotten most of what I have learnt before. For me, firstly, I have to enlarge my vocabulary. Too many new words block my understanding of a passage. The words I learnt yesterday become new words to me again today. It makes me upset. Secondly, its hard for me to express my idea in English. I can only speak out some single words. And what I said or written are not idiomatic. But Passing English test is a must to get my degree. I believe practice can improve my English.3. Self-study I register as a long-distance college student, so most of time I have to do self-study. It is quite challenging to me.In my opinion, self-study needs self discipline (自觉，自律) and persistence （坚持）. As we know, teachers just offer some guidelines or assignments online. They can not force us to preview or review. So we need to be strict with ourselves and set aside enough time to study. If you are not self disciplined, you can not meet teachers requirement. Furthermore, persistence is also quite important. Self-study is hard and sometimes boring. We have to overcome many difficulties and go ahead with study. Dont be a quitter. (中途放弃者)4. My Favorite BookI love reading, especially reading Chinese classic novels. My favorite book is Dream of Red Mansions (红楼梦). It tells how a big family runs down. It is centered in a young man, Baoyu, and all his sisters. Im greatly attracted by its vivid description and deep insight of life. I have read it for about 7 seven times since I was 11.Everytime I read it, I have new discovery. Now I am reading its English version translated by Yang Xianyi and his wife. I have to admit that it is challenging. But I can know how to translate. It is fun.5. The One I love Most Among the world, I love my son most. I should say it is the only person who needs my care and love most. He is a very cute 5 -years-old boy. He brings my childhood back because not only because I see what I used to be but also because we can have fun to by playing games and doing sports. And through his eyes and comments, I see the world in a different way. And at the same time, I become stronger and more grateful to the world. 6. My Activities in Leisure TimeI am an indoor person. So when I am free, I would rather stay at home than go out. Playing with my son and surfing online are my two major kill-time activities.Playing with my son can bring laughter and fun to me. We play blocks, jump ropes and have role-plays. We are just like friends. Surfing online also fascinates me. My husband sometimes complains that I spend too much time on it. I think so. I do almost everything on internet, such as studying online courses, doing shopping, watching movies and chatting with friends. 7. Ways to Keep FitEveryone wants to keep fit. So they are eager to know how to keep fit.In my opinion, there are three basic ways to keep fit:Firstly, keeping a balanced diet is of importance. There are two extremes. Some people just binge (大吃大喝) while some keep starving for fear of gaining weight. A balanced diet means that we need to control what we eat to get enough nutrition and energy.Secondly, doing exercises is necessary. Choose one sport you like and then keep it. As long as you keep your body moving, u can burn out calories.Last, I think, keeping a good mood should be helpful. Bad feelings are just like illnesses in affecting our health.8. About TV AdsTelevision is an attractive medium for advertising because it has access to mass audiences. So when we watch TV, we cannot avoid watching TV ads. On one side, TV ads offer us some useful information. For example, we can know a new product, a new place to have fun and etc. On the other side, the exaggerated ads probably mislead us. It is revealed that some stars show up in ads, overstating the functions of products. In addition, too many TV ads affect we enjoying programs. It is possible that a touching scene in TV series is suddenly stopped by an annoying ad .9. Cooperation and CompetitionCooperation as well as Competition exists in the modern society. As you find , where there is cooperation, there is competition.There are the following causes for cooperation companying with competition. First of all, the both are objective products of the social development. Without cooperation and competition, we wouldnt live in the today advanced society. In addition, competition is the energy of the development of society, and it pushed economic developing. While cooperation makes our lives more harmonious, and it takes us in order. In a world, we need to create an environment which encourages them both work well, therefore the world can keep in progress.10 .Chinese New Year Chinese New Year, also called as the Spring Festival or the Lunar New Year, is the most important festival for the Chinese people. It often falls on January or February. And la