![10[1].+communicative+competence.doc_第1页](http://file.renrendoc.com/FileRoot1/2020-1/7/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe1.gif)
![10[1].+communicative+competence.doc_第2页](http://file.renrendoc.com/FileRoot1/2020-1/7/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe2.gif)
![10[1].+communicative+competence.doc_第3页](http://file.renrendoc.com/FileRoot1/2020-1/7/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe3.gif)
![10[1].+communicative+competence.doc_第4页](http://file.renrendoc.com/FileRoot1/2020-1/7/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe4.gif)
![10[1].+communicative+competence.doc_第5页](http://file.renrendoc.com/FileRoot1/2020-1/7/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe/692d3ce3-e6b6-4b0a-8f56-ab1f7b3151fe5.gif)
全文预览已结束
下载本文档
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
Topic10 Communicative competence and communicative language teachinga. linguistic competenceN. Chomsky: the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language. A set of (finite or infinite) sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.b. communicative competenceD. Hymes: Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible, in virtue of the means of implementation available. Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate (adequate, happy, successful) in relation to the context in which it is used and evaluated. Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done, actually performed, and what its doing entails. Knowledge vs ability for use: “the individuals potential to realize a possible, feasible and appropriate speech act, not the realization itself”. Its scope is broad, including cognitive and non-cognitive factors such as motivation, courage, gameness, gallantry, composure, presence of mind, dignity, stage confidence and others.M. Canale and M. Swain: Grammatical competenceSociolinguistic competence Discourse competenceStrategic competenceCanale and Swain deliberately exclude ability for use from their model of communicative competence. They argue that while performance may demonstrate such factors as volition, motivation, etc., they doubt that there is any theory of human action that can adequately explicate ability for use and hence, as it cannot be modeled, it cannot be included in their framework. They view ability for use as simply part of communicative performance.c. Communicative language abilityL. Bachman: communicative language abilitylanguage competence strategic competence psychomotor skillsorganizational competence productive receptive grammatical competence textual competence visual oral visual oral lexis morphology syntax phonology/ pragmatic competencegraphology cohesion rhetorical organization illocutionary competence sociolinguistic competence ideational manipulative heuristic imaginative register cultural naturalness function function function function and references dialect and figures of speechcohesion: comprises ways of explicitly marking semantic relations such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion, as well as the conventions governing the ordering of old and new informationrhetorical organization: pertains to the overall conceptual structure of a text and is related to the effect of a text on the language user. Conventions of rhetorical organizations include common methods of development such as narration, description, comparison, classification and process analysis.ideational function: by which we express meaning in terms of our experience of the real world.an utterance act: simply the act of saying something. a propositional act: involving referring to something or expressing a predication about something. an illocutionary act: is the function (assertion, warning, request, order, etc.) performed by saying something or the purpose for which an utterance is produced. perlocutionary acts: the effect of an utterance upon the hearer.manipulative function: whose primary purpose is to affect the world around us and includes instrumental (to get thing done), regulatory (to control the behavior of others) and interactive (to form, maintain and change interpersonal relations) functions. heuristic function: pertains to the use of language to extend our knowledge of the world around us and occurs commonly in such acts as teaching, learning, problem-solving and conscious memorizing. imaginative function: to create or extend our own environment for humorous or esthetic purposes: telling jokes, communicating fantasies, creating metaphors or other figures of speech, as well as reading literary works for enjoyment.dialect: regional, class, temporalregister: degrees of formalitycultural references and figures of speech: The ability to interpret cultural references and figures of speech is another aspect of sociolinguistic competence. Many cultural references and figures of speech are incorporated, with set meanings, into the lexicon of any language and are thus considered part of lexical competence. Nevertheless, knowledge of the extended meanings given by a specific culture to particular events, places, institutions, or people is required whenever these meanings are referred to in language use.naturalness: to either formulate or interpret an utterance in a native-like way.strategic competence: 1) interactional view: mastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies both to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to insufficient competence or to performance limitations and to enhance the rhetorical effect of an utterance. 2) psycholinguistic view: I. Assessment component: i) identify the information needed for realizing a particular communicative goal in a given context, ii) determine what language competencies are at our disposal for most effectively bringing that information to bear in achieving the communicative goal, iii) ascertain the abilities and knowledge that are shared by our interlocutors, and iv) follow the communication attempt, evaluate the extent to which the communicative goal has been achieved. II. Planning component: retrieves relevant items from language competence and formulates a plan whose realization is expected to achieve the communicative goal. III. Execution component: draws on the relevant physiological mechanisms to implement the plan in the modality and channel appropriate to the communicative goal and context. psychophysiological mechanisms: are essentially the neurological and physiological processes. We can distinguish the visual from the auditory channel and the productive from the receptive mode. In receptive language use, visual and auditory skills are used, while in productive, neuromuscular skills (articulatory and digital)II. Components of communicative language ability in communicative language use KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES LANGUAGE COMPETENCE Knowledge of the world Knowledge of language STRATEGIC COMPETENCE PSYCHOPHYSICAL MECHANISMS CONTEXT OF SITUATIONNonverbal Communication1. Fundamental concepts of nonverbal communication1.1. The definition Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.1.2. The functions of nonverbal messages 1) complementing: consistent with the accompanying verbal message but add or strengthen or clarifying the meaning of the verbal message. 2) contradicting: contradict the verbal message. 3) repeating: repeat the verbal message and can stand alone when the verbal message is not present. 4) regulating: regulate the cooperative communication. 5) accenting: accent or emphasize distinct points in verbal messages. 6) substituting: nonverbal rather than verbal messages are sent.1.3. Nonverbal communication and culture1) transfer: when an item in the target nonverbal communication system corresponds in both form and meaning to an item in the native nonverbal communication system, the learner can simple transfer the native item to the target one: nodding2) underdifferentiation: an item in the native nonverbal communication system has no corresponding item in the target nonverbal communication system, the learner has to avoid using that item when interacting with the native user of that system: the turtle gesture as a swear gesture3) reassociation: when an item in the target body language corresponds in meaning but not in form to an item in the native nonverbal communication system, the learner has to associate the meaning with a different form: eight. When an item in the target body language corresponds in form but not in meaning to an item in the native nonverbal communication system, the learner has to associate the form with a different meaning: the OK gesture means 0 in Chinese.4) reinterpretation: an item in the target nonverbal communication system is similar but not identical to an item in the native nonverbal communication system: the speaker claps his hands together with the audience when he completes his speech.5) overdifferentiation: an entirely new item in the target nonverbal communication system must be learned: thumb down to mean a strong “no”.6) conflict: an item in the target body language is similar or identical in form to an item in the native body language, but the two convey conflicting meaning in the two cultures: laugh when seeing, for example, somebody fall down.2. Kinesics or body language2.1. Facial expressions and eye behavior The four basic facial management techniques1) intensifying: to exaggerate ones facial expression to meet others expectations: receiving gifts.2) deintensifying: deemphasize ones facial behavior to maintain social relations: getting a job while a close friend does not.3) neutralizing: avoid showing any emotion: hide ones feelings of frustration or despair.4) masking: replace felt emotions with emotions thought to be appropriate: to smile to the winners.The three qualities or characteristics of eye behaviors1) saliency: having a high probability of being noticed.2) arousal: creating arousal.3) involvement: eye behaviors are involved in human interactions.2.2. Gestures The five categories of gestures1) emblems: intentional and can replace spoken words: waving good bye.2) illustrators: intentional and illustrate the spoken words: that big.3) regulators: intentional and regulate conversations with ones interlocutors: 4) affect displays: unintentional, shaking when experiencing fear.5) adapters: unintentional, responses to boredom or stress-producing situations or responses to negative feelings towards ourselves or someone else: rubbing ones head.2.3. Postures The three categories of postures1) inclusive vs non-inclusive: acts or positions of a group that either include or block out other people.2) face to face vs parallel body orientation: postural relationship between two people during a conversation.3) congruence vs non-congruence: whether the two persons involved imitate or share similar posture.3. Territory and proxemics The three basic categories of territory1) primary territory: the space that exclusively belongs to its owner.2) secondary territory: not central to the daily activities of its owners and not under their exclusive control. It might be invaded.3) public territory: open to anyone but subject to temporary ownership and can be defended as personal property.The four interpersonal distance zones1) the intimate zone: from touching to 18 inches, usually reserved for the very few special people in ones life.2) the casual-personal zone: from 18 inches to about 4 feet, used when talking with close friends or relatives.3) the socio-consultative zone: from 4 feet to 8 feet, used to discuss business.4) the public zone: from 8 feet to the limits of our vision and hearing, used to deliver a speech.4. Kinethetic dimensions The
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 房地产企业财务战略研究与实施
- 医保基金专户管理办法
- 销售团队激励机制探索与实践
- 河南财务票据管理办法
- 景区植被养护管理办法
- 利用改进的蜣螂优化算法结合深度学习技术进行高压断路器故障诊断的研究
- 服务设计思维在茶饮体验系统中的应用研究
- 体育机构薪酬管理办法
- 高压电力系统保护技术研究
- 江西房产抵押管理办法
- 淹溺诊疗规范内科学诊疗规范诊疗指南2023版
- PremiereProCC视频剪辑基础教程PPT完整版全套教学课件
- 新教材北师大版高中英语选择性必修第一册全册各单元学案(单词短语句型写作等知识点汇总)
- 镀锌板国家新标准规定
- 《电工学》“课程思政”教学设计案例
- 数字时代的商务英语写作知到章节答案智慧树2023年对外经济贸易大学
- 检验科沟通技巧及其它
- 2022年安徽大学科研助理(校聘)招聘60人笔试备考题库及答案解析
- 四年级阅读训练概括文章主要内容(完美)
- YY/T 0995-2015人类辅助生殖技术用医疗器械术语和定义
- GB/T 19352.1-2003热喷涂热喷涂结构的质量要求第1部分:选择和使用指南
评论
0/150
提交评论