2010广东高考英语_“读写任务”的解题技巧.doc

“读写任务”解题技巧增城市增城中学 王 娱 一、能力要求“读写任务”要求考生先读一篇大约200词的短文，再用大约30个词概括短文的内容要点；然后用大约120个词阐述观点或描写经历。该题型中的“概括”与“阐述观点或描写经历”是一个有机的整体。与以往的作文题相比，该题型能够更加全面地衡量考生的语言能力。 “读写任务”型写作对考生的概括能力、逻辑思维能力和信息组织能力都提出了较高的要求。要求考生首先要读懂阅读材料，并简洁地概括材料内容。这一部分对考生而言，找准文章的主题句与关键词尤为重要。第二部分则要求衔接自然，主题明确，观点鲜明，表达连贯，结构完整。 二、现状浅析 从高考的情况来看，“读写任务”的低分段人数较多，全省平均分也较低，2008年为11.30分，2009年为10.32分。其原因主要有二：一是考生缺乏针对性的训练，缺乏提炼主题的能力和技巧，无法用简洁的语言概括短文的内容要点；二是考生阐述观点时，有时出现离题现象，如“道谢”写成“道歉”，或题目要求用实例阐述观点时缺乏实例；有时出现主题不明确，结构混乱，观点前后不一致，论据无力，虎头蛇尾等现象。三、解题技巧 (一)如何写好概括部分1. 记叙文。记叙文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素：when, where, who, what, why, how。在这六个要素中，所占内容比重最大的是what，考生最容易犯的错误就是把what写得太详细。一般来说，记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示：Who did what bybecause 当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含how 或why，有时两者选其一即可。下文是课堂训练的一个例子：阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。I took a trip to a big lake in Indonesia with my family two years ago. It was really a huge lake with beautiful scenery all around. People were amazed by the endless view in front of our eyes. Later on, unlike other girls, I volunteered to go water-skiing alone. I put on the life jacket, got on the motorboat immediately and started my engine as soon as possible.The lake seemed broad and endless. I was so thrilled(激动) to enjoy my trip among the mountains and waters that I sped my motorboat. Then, after some time, I found myself in the middle of the endless lake. A sudden fear came around me. I didnt know where I was or even how far I had gone from the shore. What was worse, it began to rain and it became very cold and foggy. I rode everywhere but couldnt find my way back. It was useless for me to cry or shout for help. I was so terrified that I began to think about all kinds of horrible things. After floating on the water helplessly and hopelessly for a long time, suddenly I heard someone calling my name. Soon, a big steamboat sailed to me and they pulled me up to the deck and asked me if I was hurt. I couldnt say a word but cried out in my fathers arms. 写作内容1. 以约30个词概括该短文的主要内容；2. 然后，以约120个词写一篇记叙文，描写你或你的朋友一次迷路或历险的经历，包括以下要点：(略)材料分析：根据写作内容中的第2点可知，这是一篇要求写迷路或历险经历的记叙文。那么，阅读材料应该也是类似的内容或故事情节。所以，首先我们先找出记叙文的六要素：Whentwo years agoWherea trip to a big lake in IndonesiaWho“I”, the writer Whatgot lost; was foundWhy go water-skiing alone；too thrilledResult father came to her rescue列出了要点之后，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约30个词的通顺文段：Once the writer was on a trip to a lake where she went water-skiing alone. She was so excited and enjoyed herself that soon she got lost. Fortunately, her father finally came to her rescue. (35 words)2. 议论文。议论文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，应该紧抓住议论文的文体特点、文章结构和三要素，准确捕捉材料的内容要点。议论文的结构形式有“总分”、“总分总”、“分总”或“并列”等。文章的三要素是：论点、论证、论据。而三要素中最重要的应是论点，因此，准确把握文章的论点就显得非常重要了。文章的论点往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也在文章的中间。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句，但考生还应特别注意段落中表转折或因果的连词，因为这些词往往会引出文章的论点。如下文所示：There is no doubt that words are a good way to express our gratitude. However, there is something else that we can do to thank those who have given us a hand. As the saying goes, action speaks louder than words. We may thank others in actions, such as helping them in return, rather than only in words.本段中的连词“However”非常关键，它起到转换话题引出另外一个话题的作用，论点往往就跟在它的后面。因此，“action speaks louder than words”便是文章的论点了。(二)分要点写好第二部分1. 如何开门见山，直陈观点。陈述观点或发表看法的段落一般由45个句子组成，第一句往往开门见山地提出观点和立场，通常有三种方式可以借鉴：一是同意作者的观点；二是不同意作者的观点；三是从上文的事例中发表自己的观点。那么，考生首先应熟悉直陈观点的一些主要句型，如：Group A: Show your agreement(1)What the writer says is perfectly true.(2)I agree with the writers opinion. (3)I cant agree more with the writers opinion.(4)I dont see anything wrong in the writers opinion thatGroup B: Show your disagreement(1)Whats so terrible about(2)I cant agree with the writer there.(3)Its completely wrong to say that (4)I suppose thats true in a way, but Group C: Present your points of view directly(1)Personally, I think that (2)Frankly speaking, I think that(3)From my point of view (4)In my opinion, Id say that(5)As far as Im concerned, the point is (6)It seems quite clear to me that should 接下来则采用层层深入的论证方式，句群关系一般为递进关系。有时也可以采用举例法来论证。2. 如何提建议。首先，我们要确定建议的内容；其次，写一句主题句总领下文；再次，我们要确定几个建议的中心词，尽量将最重要的信息放在第一句，以避免泛泛而谈或重复。此外，在写的过程中我们还要注意各点建议之间的逻辑关系。主题句与分点之间的关系有“总分总”“总分”和“分总”等，而点与点之间的关系有“并列”和“递进”两种。提建议时，可使用一般将来时，也可使用can, should, could等情态动词，千万不要用have to, ought to, must 等带有命令语气的情态动词。如在提如何减压的建议时，可以这样写：Firstly, I think youd better adjust your goal so as not to feel so stressful, which I think is quite necessary. Secondly, you can try to do exercise regularly so that you can sleep well last night. All in all, I hope you can many ways to release your stress.3. 如何举例阐述。(1)借鉴原文例子。若原文是记叙文，而写作任务要求我们举相类似的例子的话，如“因祸得福”这一篇，我们不妨有效借鉴原文的例子。怎么借鉴呢？例子一般以记叙文的形式出现，而要写好例子，就要把握好记叙文的六个要素，对文中的这几个要素稍加修改。第一，将阅读原文的主要人物变成我们自己或身边的人物；第二，将文章的主要事件稍加修改，如在原文中是轮船出事，我们可将它变成出车祸，或飞机出事；第三，改变目的地等。(2)主题相关法。 确定了要举例子后，我们不妨利用发散性思维来思考。如果任务是“叙述你或你的朋友给予陌生人帮助的一次真实或虚构的经历”。那我们举例的主题就是“帮助”。于是我们马上想到：是谁帮助谁？为什么要帮助？困难是什么？如果实在是想不到你曾为陌生人干了什么事情的话，不妨将你帮助你的朋友或同学的经历，或你周围的人对你的帮助转变成你对别人的帮助。举例时用的时间状语：now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, immediately, soon, suddenly, so soon as举例时还可用一些好的句式。如：1. A common example, which is often cited, is一个经常被引用的例子是2. Nothing could be more obvious than the evidence supporting this view. 这个观点随处都可得到极为充分的证实。3. I can think of no better illustration than the following one. 没有什么例子比下面的例子更有说服力。4. A similar experience once happened to me that 7. A similar example jumps into my mind.8. The story reminds me of my own similar one; that is 9. You may find it a coincidence, but I really have a similar experience.(3)润色文章，提高文章的增分点。引入谚语。谚语在写作中的三种功能，引出例子或理由、用于说理或陈述观点和总结全文。合理地在写作中运用谚语会起到画龙点睛的作用，也是作文增分的有效途径。例如，在说理时引用谚语，大大地增强了说服力。如：As far as I am concerned, students should take part in after-school activities. Just as the saying goes, “All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.” It is of great importance for the students to do some sports (such as ball games) so as to strengthen our body or relax our nerves. Moreover, playing ball games can also make our life colorful. So it is high time for the school to provide more extracurricular activities；在总结全文时也起到深化主题的作用：(2) What Hong did make me realize what we should do when facing difficulties. I do hope everyone can learn from him because “God helps those who help themselves.”教师在开始这一专题训练时应把一些常用的谚语提供给考生参考，如下所示：Actions speak louder than words.A friend in need is a friend indeed.A friend is easier lost than found.A good beginning is half done.Bad news has wings.Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.Every minute counts.Failure is the mother of success.Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.Great minds think alike.谋篇布局。一篇好的英语作文不仅要有充实的内容，良好的语言表达能力，还要有突出的主题，清晰的结构。因此，下笔之前对文章进行谋篇布局，养成良好的习惯，就可使文章提高一个档次。考生在认真阅读作文材料及写作内容之后，便可谋篇布局。如：写作内容1. 以30个词左右概括文章内容；2. 然后，以约120 个词写一篇记叙文，描写你或你的朋友在学习或生活中曾遇到过的一个问题，并包括以下要点：(1)叙述你或你的朋友在学习生活中解决某个问题的一次真实或虚构的经历；(2)你或你的朋友通过什么方法来解决这个问题；(3)你或你的朋友从解决问题过程中学到了什么。谋篇布局：Part1: Summary Part2:要点（1）+要点（2）Part3: 要点（3）文章结构一旦确定，便可组织要点，形成文段。组织过程中恰当地使用一些过渡词和过渡句，就可写出流畅、连贯的文章了。运用句式。在写作中，句型和句式的运用能使我们的表达更加地道，精彩。因此，我们要合适地运用好句型及句式，为我们的读写任务增分。除了复合句的运用之外，还可以使用介词短语、非谓语结构，以及一些固定句式，如强调句式、倒装句式和省略句式等。如：(1)Without the