Homer Epics荷马史诗.doc

Zeus 宙斯Jupiter 朱庇特Father of Gods and men.天神。Hera 赫拉Juno 朱诺Queen of heaven and goddess of marriage. 天后。Athena雅典娜Minerva弥涅瓦The goddess of wisdom and patroness of domestic arts, personified pure intellect.Apollo阿波罗God of sun, music and poetry. His other Greek name is Phoebus.（福波斯）Artemis阿耳忒弥斯Diana狄安娜Moon-goddess, goddess of moon and chase. She stands for feminine chastity and virginity.Ares 阿瑞斯Mars玛尔斯God of war. Hephaestus赫斐斯塔斯Vulcan伏尔康 God of fire and god of forge. Aphrodite阿佛洛狄忒Venus 维纳斯Goddess of love and beauty. Poseidon波塞冬Neptune尼普顿Ruler of the sea. Demeter得墨特尔Ceres刻瑞斯 Goddess of grains and harvests, supervised agriculture and stood for mother of civilization. 农神 Hestia赫提斯Vesta维斯塔Goddess of the hearth, represented home life and family life. 灶神或家室之神, 家庭的保护神Hermes赫耳墨斯/海尔梅斯Mercury墨丘利The wing-footed messenger, god of invention and commerce and patron of thieves. 神使。Hades 哈得斯Pluto 普鲁冬King of the lower World. 冥王。Dionysus狄俄尼索斯Bacchus巴喀斯/巴库斯The god of wine and revelry. 酒神。Eros埃罗斯Cupid 丘比特Eros was the god of love, better known by his Latin name Cupid. Son of Aphrodite by Ares. Muses 缪斯Goddesses /Mt Helicon Darghters of Zeus and Mnemosyne the goddess of memory1 clio: muse of history2Calliope:epic poetry3Melpomene:tragedy4Thalia: comedy5Terpsichore:dance and song6 Erato:love poetry7 Euterpe:lyric poetry8 Uraniaastronomy9Polymnia:religious poetry or the pantonime.Fates Moirae Three goddesses of fate命运三女神The Furies were a grisly band of black women three in all, whose names were Tisiphone, Alecto and Megaera. Born of Mother Night, they dwelled in the dark abyss of Tartarus. Homer Epics荷马史诗传说作者为荷马。史诗为欧洲文学史中的最早的有作者的作品。普遍认为是游吟诗人口头流传下来，后来又某个人整理出来的相传是公元前九八世纪由一个名叫荷马的盲诗人根据小亚细亚口头流传的史诗短歌编成的，因而被称为荷马史诗。公元前六世纪正式形成文字。Homer (around 700B.C.) was considered by ancient Greeks the author of their epics. Iliad-deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek side. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.The Odyssey（奥德赛）deals with the return of Odysseus to his home island of Ithaca after the Trojan war. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.24 chapters 12105史诗 长篇叙事诗，以重大严肃的历史事件为题材，以英雄人物为中心宣扬英雄主义精神，富于戏剧性，规模宏大，插曲很多，风格崇高，语言华丽而富于装饰，用第三人称叙事方法，采用六音步长短格的诗体，通常称为英雄格。也叫英雄史诗。史诗的意义 表示人与人之间的关系和斗争。反映当时的文化生活风貌。表现了英雄气概，英雄精神，以及面对命运不屈服的精神。突出表现了一种尚武精神。史诗的特点 史诗中的人物具有象征意义。尽管描写残酷的战争，但充满朝气蓬勃的乐观主义精神。两部史诗开创了欧洲文学史上的两种体裁。伊利亚特记实，叙事性体裁。O个人遭遇为主要内容的海洋冒险小说。为后来文艺复兴和流浪汉小说，及批判现实主义的先驱。史诗中采用了高明的写作技巧-如抓重点，十年只写最后几十天的事实。用多角度的写作手法。史诗中出现了现实主义和浪漫主义两种创作方法。采用六音步长短格的诗体。(the dactylic hexameter )不用尾韵，但节奏很强，这种诗体显然是为朗诵歌吟而创造出来Pindar（品达）(about 518-428) is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes.在十七世纪古典主义时期被称为“崇高颂歌”的典范 Aesops Fables（伊索寓言）620 B.C 特点：思想性强，短小精悍，比喻恰当，形象生动，语言朴素，寓意明朗直接。几乎每篇故事都有一句话来点破主题。Electra complex 伊莱克特拉情结 恋父恨母Oedipus complex (of a young boy)an unconscious sexual desire for ones mother combined with hatred of ones father.恋母恨父Sophocles (496-406BC)（索福克勒斯）Oedipus Tyrannus/ Oedipus the King 俄底浦斯王在思想上和艺术上有很高的成就。许多评论家认为它是一部“”最完美的悲剧“。亚里斯多德认为它是”古希腊悲剧的典范“。悲剧命运：清白无辜，却要承受先人的罪恶；他越竭力反抗，却越陷入命运的罗网；他越是真诚地想要为城邦消除灾难，却步步临近他自己毁灭。他的毁灭一方面宣扬命运具有不可抗拒的威力；同时也表明命运具有伤天害理的邪恶性质。反映了雅典自由民对于社会灾难无能为力的悲愤情绪。特点 艺术：达到了完美的境界，突破了抒情诗式的悲剧形式。减少了合唱队的作用，加强了戏剧动作。放弃了三部曲的形式注重戏剧冲突，情节的整一和内在的联系。使剧成为一个有机的整体。（他的作品在戏剧中结构最为完整）不注重写神而注重写人（英雄）不注重抒发人物的感情而注重刻化人物的性格。Euripides (欧里庇得斯) 485-406BC He was more of a realist than Aeschylus and Sophocles, concerned with conflicts. His characters are less heroic, more like ordinary people. He was called the first writer of “problem plays”. He was a friend of Socrates and the intellectuals, but the people who flocked to the performances often found him disturbing. The philosopher in theatre.Aristophanes（阿里斯托芬）(450-380) Features-It is about contemporary events containing direct attacks on well-known people of the day, such as Socrates in Clouds and Euripides in Frogs. These plays are loose in plot。Satirical in tone, full of clever parody and acute criticism. Birds鸟理想国式的作品“云中鹁鸪国”1讽刺雅典城市中的寄生生活2欧洲文学史上第一部描写理想国社会的作品1 题材：大多选自当代生活2 虽是喜剧，却能触及到当时社会的一系列问题（这是和新喜剧相对而言）3 结构松散，语言粗糙（相对于悲剧）4 形式是轻松的，意图是严肃的5 擅长用夸张手法并带有寓言色彩It is about contemporary events containing direct attacks on well-known people of the day, such as Socrates in Clouds and Euripides in Frogs.These plays are loose in plot。 satirical in tone, full of clever parody and acute criticism. 悲剧-戏剧的一种，主要表示主人公所从事的事业由于恶势力的迫害与本身的过失导致失败甚至个人毁灭。NewComedy:Menandros/ Menander (米南德)（432-292BC）was the greatest writer of Attic new comedy. Nearly one hundred titles of his plays are known, but only one play Dyskolos（恨世者）and some fragments remain.Herodotus 希罗多德)(484-430)“Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. He had a keen eye for drama and pathos. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is readable. He kept alive many traditional stories, which were not always accurate. 早期文学（公元前3世纪中叶以前）共和国繁荣时期（3BC-1BC中叶）The Period of The Republic 奥古斯都时期（前27-14AD）The Augustan Age Plautus普劳图斯(254-184BC)Terence泰伦斯（190-159BC）Marcus Tullius Cicero西塞罗CICERO AND ORATORY)1演说辞His oratory 1)法庭演说2) 政治演说Political treatises 2书信His letters /Rhetorical treatises /Philosophical works Ciceronian style Julius Caesar 恺撒CAESAR AND HISTORY 高卢战记内战记简明,精练,朴实无华,拉丁散文的另一种典范.维吉尔VIRGIL （70BC-19BC）牧歌Eclogae 农事诗Georgica伊尼德Aeneid -象征理性和哲学.引导但丁游历地狱和炼狱,象征个人和人类在哲学指导下,凭借理性认识罪恶和错误, 从而悔过和自新的过程.Horace 65-8BC 贺拉斯Carmina 1 四卷，抒情诗，酗酒，恋爱，友谊歌集罗马颂歌Art and Poetics诗的艺术首次提出“寓教于乐”（肯定文学的教育作用）把趣味性和教育性相结合。在戏剧形式上论述的更加系统、完善、详细。Horace declares that literatures ultimate aim is to be “sweet and useful”; the best writings both teach and delight. To achieve this goal, poets must understand their audience: the learned reader may want to be instructed, whereas others may simply read to be amused.The poets task is to combine usefulness and delight in the same literary work.Ovid 奥维德43BC-18ADOvid, often alluded to in poetry by his other name Naso, was born in the year 43 B.C. He was educated for public life and held some offices of considerable dignity, but poetry was his delight, and he early resolved to devote himself to it. The two great works of Ovid are his Metamorphoses变形记 and his Fasti岁时记. They are both mythological poems, and the former has taken most of our stories of Greek and Roman mythology. 帝国前期文学（公元1AD-2AD）The Period of The Empire IPlautarchos 普鲁塔克(46-120)希腊罗马名人传共50篇记载从半神话人物一直到一世纪的罗马皇帝的生平，作者把一个希腊名人和一个罗马名人的传并列。如传说中的城邦创建人提修斯和罗马王罗慕罗斯，希腊演说家狄摩西尼和罗马演说家西塞罗；大多数附以“合论”加以对比，以折衷派的道德观点衡量人物，宣扬节制人道以及对神的恐惧来反对罪恶和暴政。帝国后期文学3AD-5AD The Period of The Empire II 中古文学The Middle Ages The national epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languagesthat is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristicsChivalry literature was a literary form to meet the system of knighthood. The chief chivalric virtues were piety, honor, valor, courtesy, chastity, and loyalty that were highly praised in this kind of literature主题: 大都是骑士为了爱情,荣誉或宗教.表现出一种游侠冒险精神.主人公的英雄行为不是为了捍卫国家与集体的荣誉,而是个人的尊严,这反映了欧洲当时的观念变化.-个人主义倾向,个人注意价值观念的兴起。反映的生活面窄,但情节结构曲折,人物性格比较生动,为后来的长篇小说打下一个良好的基础.Folk literature 市民文学（城市文学）多数为民间创作具有强烈的现实性和乐观精神 描写市民生活或提出市民最关心的社会问题，反映了萌芽中的新阶级的精神特征。主要艺术手法讽刺。一定程度上具有封建文学和教会文学的隐喻，寓言，梦境等手法。风格简单朴素，语言生动鲜明，有时略粗俗The Beast Epic / Roman de Renart (中世纪法国民间长篇叙事诗，包括1175-1250间在法国产生的许多以列那狐为主人公的诗篇计达约25000行，后被编为二十七个分支) 玫瑰传奇这部作品采用寓意手法，人物除了诗人外都以概念为名字，如：爱情，美丽，文雅，慷慨，理智，直爽，欢迎，怜悯，大胆，吝啬，嫉妒，谣言，危险等。天主教和新教的差异1 “因信称义”说，马丁倡导，只要你自己心中信仰上帝，形式（去不去教堂，遵不尊守仪式都不重要入教），你都可以得到上帝的恩惠。天主教认为教徒必须定期去教堂，加入教会。2 新教认为每一个教徒都可以直接和上帝沟通天主教认为教徒只能通过中间媒介即神职人员来和上帝沟通。3 新教认为圣经应当用各民族语言，通俗的语言出版，让人民能看懂，人手一本只能用拉丁语出版，只有少数神职人员才懂。4 天主教自己有一个统一的领袖教皇新教否认教皇的权威神职人员的权力下降。神甫天主教对神职人员的称呼，天主教的神甫可以代替耶苏基督 牧师(新教对神职人员的称呼) 5天主教崇拜圣母玛利亚，与圣父、圣子、并列起来 新教不崇拜，玛利亚不过是个凡人，上帝借她怀胎而已，所以不能崇拜。6 新教政教分离，分管精神领域天主教政教合一，不仅管精神领域，世俗一切都管。The Divine Comedy by DANTE ALIGHIERI(1265-1321) 但丁所设想的净界是浮在海中的灵魂的赎罪场所,象七层宝塔一样愈高愈小.分三大部分:1 海滨到净界山门 2净界本部(分七层1骄傲2嫉妒3忿怒4懒惰5贪财(浪费)6贪食7贪色)3净界顶部-地上乐园Hell purgatorio paradise神曲的主题思想 在新旧时代交替之际，个人和人类怎样从迷惘和错误中经过苦难和考验，达到真理和至善的境地。艺术特点1依然采用中古文学所惯用的梦幻;寓意;象征等手法,比较隐晦,抽象.2结构严谨.每部33歌,加序共一百歌.采用三环韵或三韵3 用意大利语.(对于解决意大利文学用语和促进意大利民族语言的统一起了很大作用,因此但丁被称为”意大利第一个民族诗人”)RENAISSANCE HUMANISM十四至十六世纪在欧洲许多国家先后发生的文化和思想上的革命运动.名义上是复兴古希腊,罗马文化.实际上是反封建反教会反神权的思想解放运动. Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.彼得拉克PETRARCH 1304-1374poet-sage of Europe, was a prominent figure of his time, a great figure in Italian literature and one of the great humanists during the time of the Renaissance. He was a literary master not only in lyric poetry but also in prose. He was best known for Canzoniers歌集, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect. Giovanni Boccaccio卜伽丘1313-1375-his greatest works was the Decameron十日谈 . The book is a collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies and three younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348. The tales are witty, licentious, full of praises of true love and wisdom and also satire on the hypocrisy o