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AttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder AD HD History EarlyConceptualizationsofADHD Emphasisonattentionvs hyperactivitychanged AD HDHistory DSM III AttentionDeficitDisorderwithorwithouthyperactivityAttentiondeficitswerethefocus nothyperactivity AD HDHistory DMS III R AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderMixofinattentionandhyperactivityAttentionwassomewhatprimary AD HDHistory DSM IV AttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorderFactoranalyticstudiesresultedintwofactors attentionandhyperactivity AD HDDiagnosticCriteria Inattention MakescarelessmistakesDifficultysustainingattentionDoesnotseemtolistenwhenspokentodirectlyDoesnotfollowthroughoninstructions failstofinishworkDifficultyorganizingtasksAvoidssustainedefforttasksLosesthingsEasilydistractedOftenforgetful Attention SelectiveAttention Distractibility attentiontorelevantstimuliSustainedAttention Vigilance attentiontoataskoveraperiodoftime ContinuousPerformanceTestAttentioncapacity amountofinformationinshort termmemory AD HDDiagnosticCriteria Hyperactivity Impulsivity HyperactivityOftenfidgetswithhandsorfeetorsquirmsOftenleavesseatOftenrunsaboutorclimbsexcessivelyDifficultyengaginginactivitiesquietlyOften onthego driven TalksexcessivelyImpulsivityBlurtsouranswersDifficultywaitingturnFrequentlyinterrupts DimensionsofImpulsivity CognitiveImpulsivityDisorganizationHurriedthinkingNeedforsupervisionBehavioralImpulsivity AD HDSubtypes AttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder predominantlyinattentivetypeAttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder predominantlyhyperactive impulsivetypeAttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder Combinedtype ProblemswithAD HDCriteria SymptomsarenotdevelopmentallysensitiveJustbelowthresholdproblemCriteriaforageofonsetisquestionableCriteriaofsymptomsfor6monthsmaybetooshortforpreschoolers AD HD Prevalence Prevalencerates 2 12 MorecommoninmalesCulturalvariationinrates AD HD Comorbidity OppositionalDefiantDisorderConductDisorderAnxietyDisorderDepression EtiologyAD HD Neurological AbnormalBrainStructure normalbrainisassymetricalwithrightsidebeingsomewhatlargerthanleft InAD HD Smallerrightfrontalarea orLeftandrightsidesequalsizeAbnormalFunctioning underactivefrontal striatalarea dopamineandnorepinephrine EtiologyAD HD Genetic Thereisstrongevidenceforgeneticinfluence Familystudies between10and35 offirstdegreefamilymembersarelikelytohaveAD HD TwinStudies Concordancerateidenticaltwins 65 isabouttwicethatforfraternaltwins SpecificGeneStudies dopaminetransportergene genethatcodesfordopaminereceptorgene andmultipleinteractinggenesonseveralchromosomes EtiologyAD HD EnvironmentalInfluences Notinfluencedby ParentalmanagementofthechildDiet allergies leadCancomplicate Familyinteractionsandstress EtiologyAD HD RusselBarkleyTheory Self Regulationbeginswithbehavioralinhibition ThosewithADHDarenotabletoinhibittheirresponses TreatmentAD HD Medication MedicationisthemosteffectivetreatmentDr CharlesBradley saccidentaldiscovery TreatmentAD HD Medication PsychostimulantsMethylphenidate Ritalin Amphetamine Dexedrine MagnesiumPemoline Cylert SideEffectsPsychostimulantsGrowthdelay timelimted TreatmentAD HD Medication TricyclicAntidepressants Inimpramine effectiveSideeffects effectsonheartrateandbloodpressureCaffeine someeffectiveness furtherstudyneeded WhyAreStimulantsEffective Barkley stheoryAlterfronto striatalbrainactivitythrougheffectonneurotransmittersdopamine norepinephrineandepinephrine TreatmentAD HD Behavioral Parentmanagementtraining TaughtaboutAD HDTaughtbehavioralcontroltechniquesSchool basedEducationalInterventions Behaviormodificationappliedintheclassroom Treatment School basedInterventions BehaviorModificationappliedintheclassroom rewardsystems consequencesforofftaskbehavior developingcues Treatment IndividualTherapy BehaviorTherapyCognitive BehavioralSelf ControlTrainingIndividualCounselingSocialSkillsTraining Treatment MultimodalInterventionStudyDesign NationalStudy600childrenages7 9Randomlyassignedto Medicationalone Psychosocial behavioraltx alone CombinationTreatment RoutineCommunityCare Control Treatment Mult
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