9A上海牛津英语 U5.doc

Unit 5 The human brain Memory.Words1. agree vi. 同意He agrees with me. 他同意我的意见。 【指点迷津】agree with, agree to, agree on (1) agree wit表示“同意适合”，后面一般接人作宾语。 I said that shed better finish the work first. But she didnt agree with me. 我说她最好先完成工作，但她不同意我的话。(2) agree to 也表示“同意”，但气候一般接办法、计划、提议或某件事作宾语。We agreed to the plan. 我们同意那个计划。(3) agree on 表示“双方就达成协议，取得一致意见”We agreed on the question. 我们就这个问题取得了一致意见。2. enjure v. hurt; damage 损害，伤害There were two people injured in the car accident. 又两个人在车祸中受了伤。She was injured badly in an accident during the work. 她在一次工伤事故中受了伤。【指点迷津】injure, hurt, harm, damage, wound, destroy(1) injure vt. 损害，伤害，毁坏，指在事故中受到的意外伤害或情感、名誉上的伤害。Dont injure his pride (reputation).不要伤害他的自尊心（名誉）。(2) hurt vt. & vi. 使受伤痛，损害，危害，指肉体或精神上的伤害、创伤，强调伤害造成的痛苦。It hurts your eyes to read in bed. 在床上看书对眼睛有害。(3) harm n. & vt. 伤害，损害，危害，指对人或事物的危害。 Animals are our friends. We cant harm them. 动物是人类的朋友，我们不要伤害他们。（4）damage vt.& n. 损害，毁坏，破坏，指因损害二使之失去使用价值、用途等。 The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毁坏了庄稼。（5）wound vt.& vi. & n. 使受伤，打伤，伤口，指利器或子弹给身体造成的伤害。 The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子弹打伤了他的肩膀。（6）destroy vt. 破坏，摧毁，毁坏，指有目的有意图的破坏。 They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came. 他们在敌人到来之前已经毁掉了这座桥。3. afterwards adv. 然后，后来地We saw the film and afterwards walked home together.Soon afterwards, the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield. 过了一会儿，气球开始降落，并且在一个机场附近着陆了。【知识拓展】-ward(s) (后缀) （1）构成形容词表示“向的”；（2）构成副词表示“向”。 forwards向前 backwards 向后 downwards向下 upwards向上 northwards向北 southwards向南4. basic adj. 基本的basic data 基本数据 basic industry 基础工业The basic reason why he made so many mistakes in his homework is that he didnt go over his lessons yesyerday. 在他的家庭作业中犯那么多错的根本原因是他昨天没有复习功课。【近义】essential adj. 基本的，必需的【知识拓展】base n. 基础 She used her familys history as a base for her novel. 她把一家人的经历作为她小说的素材。5. improve v. 改善，改进He had a haircut to improve hia appearance. 为了改变形象，他理了发。This is noe good enough. I want to improve it.I am unable to improve on his suggestion. 我提不出比他更好的建议了。【近义】get better 转好 progress v. 进步6.link v. 联结，联合 The two towns are linked by a railway. 这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。 【常用搭配】link A to B / link A together with B 将A和B连接在一起 The new bridge will link the island to the mainland. 新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。7.method n. 方法 The best method of keeping fit is to exercise regularly.【指点迷津】method, way这两个词都有“方法”或“方式”的意思(1) method 所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可指抽象概念“条理”。To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.为此，科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法。(2) way是个最通用的且不正式的词，可以用阿里代替method。由于way常出现在许多固定的词组中，可见这是个使用非常频繁的词；在不少含有way的词组中，使用method或manner等可能表意更准确些，但是那样却损害了生动性。He always has his own way. 他总是随心所欲。此句中的way就是manner的意思，因为说的是“个人喜爱的方式方法”。另外do sth in this way 中的way即method的意思， 但并不用method。其他如： In time, all Sams money was paid back in this way. 最后，山姆的全部钱都是用这种方式付还的。The only way to do this was to operate. 要做到这一点的唯一方法就是动手术。Civilized men like such a way of living. 文明人喜欢这样的生活方式。8.memorize v.记住，记忆 He memorized the list of dates, but neglected the main facts corresponding to them. 他记住了那一系列日期，却忽略了与其有关的主要事实。【指点迷津】memorize, remember(1) memorize 指的是“记住，熟记”，是将原本无记忆的东西通过某种手段二化作记忆。Memorize these words and you will have a dictation tomorrow.(2) remember 指的是“回忆，记起”，是将原来记忆中的东西挖掘出来。 Can you remember what happened yesterday?9.silly adj. 愚蠢的，傻的Dont be silly, that insect wont hurt you. 别傻了，那虫子不会伤你的。Dont stand there, you silly ass. 别站在那儿，你这笨蛋！【近义】foolish adj. 愚蠢的，傻的，笨的【反义】wise adj. 英明的，明智的，聪明的 clever adj. 聪明的，机灵的10.colourful adj. 鲜艳的，彩色的；生动的，刺激的a colourful shirt 鲜艳的衬衫a colourful story 饶有趣味的故事She has a rather colourful past. 她过去的生活多姿多彩。【知识拓展】colour n. 颜色You need more colour in this room. 你这房间的色调需要丰富些。 11.imagine v. 想象，设想Can you imagine what what it would be like to live without electricity?I cant imagine living anywhere but Shanghai. 我很难想象能到上海意外的地方去生活。【近义】suppose v. 假设，推想，猜想 guess v. 猜测，猜想【知识拓展】imagination n. 想象力，想象His writing lacks imagination.He is full of imagination.12.connect v. 联合，连接Will you connect this wire to the television? 你要把电线接到电视机上吗？If it is built, it will connect Britain to Europe for the first time in history. 一旦建成，在历史上第一次它把英国和欧洲连接起来。 【指点迷津】join, connect两词都含有“联合，结合，接合”的意思。(1) join 常指把明显分离的东西连接起来。The new highway has joined the two cities. 新高速公路把两个城市连接起来。(2) connect 语气较弱，连接的事物通常又直接接触。 A minor road connects the highways. 一条小路同几条公路相连。13.dramatic adj. 戏剧性的，生动的The meeting between the mother and her son was dramatic indeed. 母子之间的见面真的很又戏剧性。She made a dramatic speech at the meeting. 她在会上发表了激动人心的演说。【知识拓展】drama n. 戏剧，戏剧艺术My grandma prefers dramas to popular songs. 我奶奶喜欢戏剧而不喜欢流行歌。14.death n. 死，死亡The death of her mother was sudden. 她母亲的死很突然。The accident was the death of him. 他因意外事故而死。【指点迷津】death / die / dead / dying(1) die v. 死亡 death n. 死亡To die for the people is a glorious death! 为人民而死，虽死犹荣。A bad driver was responsible for their deaths.(2) dead adj. 死亡的，无生命的 My father has been dead for ten years.(3) dying adj. 将死的The wounded soldier was dying and said something in a low voice.这个受伤的士兵奄奄一息，虚弱地说着什么。1. I heard in a book that we have a short-term memory and a long-term memory.short-term memory 短期记忆long-term memory. 长期记忆You cant rely on your short-term memory .you should study hard.你不能依赖于短期记忆，你应该努力学习。2. When people get older, their short-term memory becomes worse, but we can still remember things that happened a long time ago. 当人们变老的时候，他们的短期记忆变得糟糕，但是我们仍然能记得很久以前发生的事。Get和become都是系动词，后面加形容词作表语。 Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.夏天来临了，天气变得越来越热。The price of the gold is getting higher and higher.黄金的价格越来越高。The leaves became yellow. 叶子变黄了。After 20 years hard work, he becomes rich.在20年的努力工作后，他开始变得富有了。3. He said, When you get old, three things start to go wrong.他说：“当你老的时候，三件事开始变得糟糕起来。”go wrong 变坏go 作为联系动词，意为“变为，成为，处于.的状态”go mad 变疯 go hungry 挨饿4. First, you start to lose your memory. 首先，你开始失去记忆。lose ones memory 失去记忆Hes getting old and starts to lose his memory. 他变老了，开始失去记忆。5. Afterwards, he could not remember anything for longer than a few minutes.后来，他记得的事不能超过几分钟。afterwards ad. 后来，以后-ward(s)（后缀）构成形容词，表示“向.的”构成副词，表示“向.” forwards 向前 backwards 向后downwards 向下 upwards 向上northwards 向北 southwards 向南6. I saw a programme on television about a man who had an accident and injured his brain.我看了一个电视节目，说有一个男人遇到车祸大脑受伤了。injure, hurt, harm, damage, wound, destroy的区别。injure vt.损害，伤害，毁坏，指在事故中受到的意外伤害或情感、名誉上的伤害。Dont injure his reputation. 不要伤害他的名誉。hurt vt.&vi.使受伤痛，损害，危害，指肉体或精神上的伤害、创伤，强调伤害造成的痛苦。It hurts your eyes to read under the sun. 在太阳底下看书对眼睛有害。harm n.&vt. 伤害，损害，危害，指对人或事物的危害。Animals are our friends. We shouldnt harm them. 动物是人类的朋友，我们不应该伤害他们。damage vt.& n.损害，毁坏，破换，指因损害而使之失去使用价值，用途等。The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毁坏了庄稼。wound vt.&vi.使受伤，打伤 n. 伤口，指利器或子弹给身体造成的伤害。The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子弹打伤了他的肩膀。destroy vt.破坏，摧毁，毁坏，指有目的有意图地破坏。They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came.7. He was often angry with because he thought that she never visited him.他经常对她生气，因为他认为她从不去（医院）看他。be angry with sb 对某人生气She is angry with her husband because he lost 2,000 yuan. 她对丈夫生气，因为他丢了2000元。8. One basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method.一个改善你记忆力的基本方法是使用联系的方法。improve ones memory 改善某人的记忆力Practice can help you improve your memory. 练习能帮助你改善你的记忆力。link n. 相关，联系There is a new rail link between two towns.method n. 方法，办法，教学法，指系统的，理论上的方法。A series of methods to get rid of pollution will be adopted.【注意】way n.方法，手段，方式，通常不带有系统性。Ive never tried to do this way.9. Memory is connected with our feelings. 记忆和你的情感相关联。be connected with 与相关联 He was born in Canada, his family being closely connected with Canadian Army. 【注意】比较：be connected to 把连接到Thin wires are connected to cables.细电线被连接到电缆上。This dispute is nit directly connected to the negotiations.这场战争不直接与谈判相关联。Phrases1.lose ones memory 失去记忆The boy lost his memory after the car accident.2.be essential for 对至关重要Food is essential for life.食物是维持生命不可或缺的。3.in hospital 住院Ive never been in hospital 我从未住过院。4.be angry with sb. 对某人生气He was often angry with his wife because she seldom visited him.他经常生他妻子的气，因为她很少来看他。【指点迷津】be angry with, be angry at两者都表示“对生气”的意思前者常表示对“人”生气，后者常表示对“事”或“物”生气。The mother was quite with the son.The guests were quite angry at the terrible service in the restanrant. 5.be connected with= be joined / linked with 与相连France is connected with Britain by the Channel Tunnel. 英吉利海峡隧道将英国和法国连接在了一起。That solitary old man was suspected to be connected with the crime. 那个孤独的老头被疑与犯罪事件有关。Memory is connected with our feelings. 记忆力是和我们的情感相联系的。6.hear about 听说，了解98% old people in the USA can remember where they were when they heard about the death of President John F Kennedey in 1963. 美国有98%的老人都能记得当他们在1963年听到肯尼迪总统死讯时自己在哪里。【指点迷津】hear about, hear, listen tohear about 听说； hear 听见，强调结果； listen to 听，强调动作Have you heard about Julia coming to Geneva? 你有没有听说朱丽娅到日内瓦来了？I heard a loud noise. 我听见一声巨响。Listen to the noise of the wind in the trees. 倾听林间的风声。【知识拓展】hear from sb. 收到某人的来信 Im looking forward to hearing from you.我正期待着收到你的来信。Sentences1.but we can still remember things that happened a long time ago. that happened a long time ago为定于从句，that为定语从句的引导词。【知识拓展】在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose) 和关系副词when, where, how, why。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的一个成分。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。Do you know the girl who /that is standing under a tree?She got a computer which / that her parents bought for her.The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.The classroom whose window is open is mine. I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing.This is the school where my mother works.Could you explain the reason why you were late?2.When you get old, three things atart to go wrong. 此处get 和go都是联系动词，意为“变得”，类似的动词还有turn, become【指点迷津】become, get, turn 这几个词作为系动词，都可以表示“变成”之意，但其用法不同，become和get指变化过程已经完成；become比较正式，get则更加口语化。Turn 则变成与原来完全不同。He became very angry.Its getting dark.Her love turned into hate.Leaves turned yellow in autumn.3.If you want to memorize something, you must make a picture in your mind. If the picture is silly, strange and colorful, you will remember it better.If someone says , you will 划线部分是由if引导的条件状语从句，事态为一般现在时，而主句则使用一般将来时。 If it rains tomorrow, Ill stay at home. If you feel cold, put on the warm coat. 如表示自然规律，客观事实，主句和从句都为一般现在时。 If you take a fish out of water, it dies.4.An easy way to do this is to imagine there这句话中又两个不定式短语，但它们起的作用不同。to do this作定语修饰an easy way, 而to imagine there在整句话中作的是表语。5.单词way在句中的不同意思（1）One basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method. An easier way to do this is to imagine there is a mile between the first letter and the last letter. In this way, you can work out the problem. (方式，方法)（2）On the way to the office, he came across an old friend. （在去某地的路上）（3）By the way, have you been there? （顺便问一下）（4）Water is very important in many ways. （方面）（5）Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the theatre? （路线）More practice语言点解读.Words1.various adj. 各种各样的，不同种类的Their hobbies are many and various. 它们的业余爱好五花八门。2.focus vt. 聚焦，集中 If you focus the suns rays through a manifying glass on a dry leaf, it will start to burn. 用放大镜把阳光聚到叶子上，叶子就能燃烧。3.concentrate v. 集中（思想、注意力等） 其后跟宾语时要加介词on / upon. I must concentrate on my new job. 我必须专注于我的新工作。 He concentrated his energies on his study. 他把精力专注于研究。 I cant concentrate on my studies with all that noise going on. 吵闹声不绝于耳，我精神无法集中于学习。4.thought n. 思想，想法 That boy hasnt a though in his head. 那孩子没脑子。 Didnt you have some thoughr of going to Spain this summer? 你想过今年夏天去西班牙吗？5.technique n. 技术，技巧 applying modern techniques to a traditioal craft 将现代技术用于传统手工业6.maintain vt. 维持，保持 Maintain your speed at 60 mph. 你要保持每小时60英里的速度。7.store v. 储存，贮藏have a good store of food in the house. 家里储备了大量食物。8.prevent vt. 防止，阻止 Your prompt action prevented a serious accident. 你由于动作敏捷而防止了一次严重事故。. Phrases1.as well as 也，还，而且He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 他既种菜也种花。【指点迷津】as well, as well as （1）as well 的同义词为too, 意为“也” He can speak French as well. 他也会说法语。（2）as well as 意为“同，和，也”。用来连接名词和代词等。谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式，要根据as well as 前的名词或代词来确定。与动词连用时，用v-ing形式。As well as同义词组为not onlybut also, 但侧重点不同。 Tom is as strong as Jack. 汤姆和杰克一样结实。 He draws as well as his cousin. 他和他表哥画得一样好。2.in addition 另外 In addition (to the names on the list) there are six other applicants. 除此（名单上的名字）之外，还有六个申请人。Grammar: 由if, ifnot, unless引导的条件状语从句（一）条件状语从句的含义由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句，在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为很多种，if 引导的句子在复合句中表示条件，做主句的条件状语，因此称为条件状语从句。If you dont hurry, youll be late.（二）if引导的条件状语从句与主句事态的一致性在复合句中，从句中的动词时态在一定程度上受到主句中动词时态的制约，英语语法中称为时态呼应。1.在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时代替一般将来时。If it rains, I will stay at home.Ill go with you if you dont want to go alone.2.如果主句含有must,may, can等青苔动词，从句也要用一般现在时。If you drive too fast, you may have an accident. You must stop if the traffic light is red. 3.如果主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时。 Dont go and play football if you dont finish your homework.（三）unless除非，如果不，可替换if notIf you dont keep ice-cream in a fridge, it melts quickly.= Unless you keep ice-cream in a fridge, it melts quickly.If you dont invite me, I will not go to the party.= Unless you invite me, I will not go to the party.If the thief isnt caught red-handed, he will not admit anything. = Unless the thief is caught red-handed, he will not admit anything. 如果这个小偷不是被当场抓获，他就什么也不承认。状语从句用一个句子(从句)来作另一个句子(主句)的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句可以表示时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义。时间状语从句：when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, beforeWhenever he comes, he brings a friend. 他每次来都带个朋友。1）when 意为“当时”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。eg：I feel very happy when you come to see me. 你（们）来看我时，我感到很高兴。When you are crossing the street, you must be careful. 你（们）过街道时，一定要小心。【注】when引导的时间状语从句，when的从句可以用延续性动词，也可以用点动词。eg： He was working at the table when I went in. 当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。 Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping. 当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。【注】when也可以作并列连词，表示一个动词正在进行的时候，突然间发生了另外一件事。eg：I was fishing by the river , when someone called for help. 我正在河边钓鱼，就在那时有人求救。We were working in the chemistry lab, when the lights went out. 我们正在化学实验室工作，突然灯都熄灭了。2） before 意为“在之前”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。eg: We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.昨天离开学校之前，我们打扫了教室。 He had been a cook before he went to college. 他上大学前曾当过厨师。after 意为“在之后”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。 eg: After you use plastic bags, you mustnt throw them about. 你（们）用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。3) since引导的时间状语从句，译为“自从”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。eg: We have made many dumplings since we began to cook.自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。 We havent seen each other since we parted . 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。【注】常用句型：It is +时间段+since从句 译为：自从有多长时间了。eg：It is six years since she graduated from the university. 自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。4） until 意为“直到时”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。当主句的谓语动词是持续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非持续性动词时，从句常用否定形式, not. until. 意为“直到才”，这时的until可以用before 来替换。eg: Ill stay here until you come back. 我会呆在这里，直到你回来。 He didnt go to bed until he finished his homework.他直到做完作业才睡觉。5) as soon as 意为“一就”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生eg:Ill tell him about it as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。6) while引导的时间状语从句，常译为“与同时，在期间”，while的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。eg: They rushed in while we were discussing problems. 当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。 Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games. 当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。【注】while也可以作并列连词，表转折的关系，相当于but，译为“然而”。eg： I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports. 我喜欢听音乐，而我的兄弟爱好运动。7） till和until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到为止”，not till / until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到才”。前者强调主句动作的结束，用延续性动词，后者强调主句动作的开始，用点动词。eg：I will wait for my friend until / till he comes. 我要一直等到我朋友来。 We wont start our discussion until / till he comes. 我们要等到他来了，再开始我们的讨论。条件状语从句：If, unless, as long asif 意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，表示假如有从句的动作发生就(不)会有主句的动作发生。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。If I get there early, I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 只要我活着， 我就要学习。原因状语从句：As, because, since常用的引导连词有because, as和since,它们的区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg：Why did you go? I went because Tom told me to go. 你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise. 他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。As it was raining hard, we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。 Since you feel ill, youd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather.由于我们住在海边，能享受到好的天气。地点状语从句：Where, whereverPut it where we can all see it.把它放在我们都能看到的位置。We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。目的状语从句：So that, in order that常用的引导连词有so that, that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。eg：Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能