摩擦材料原材料的介绍.doc

摩擦材料用原材料 from 无水氧化铝Aluminum Oxide (Anhydrous)Specific gravity 3.1 and more. Moh hardness 9. Look at the hardness. This is abrasive! Stable at high temperatures. If particle size is too big expect drum scoring. Fine powders (10 microns) will polish the drum or disc. Crystalline in structure it is similar to the mineral corundum. Aluminum oxide, like most abrasives nowadays, is manufactured rather than natural. Because of this improved control can be exercised over chemical composition and crystalline structure. Crystalline alumina has a conchoidal fracture, and the grains when crushed, or broken, possess sharp points and edges.（无水的氧化铝）比重大于3.1莫氏硬度9磨料，高的温度稳定性，如果微粒大划伤刹车鼓。10微米的细粉将抛光鼓轮或圆盘。结晶体在结构方面它与矿物刚玉相似。如同大多数磨料一样，现今，铝氧化物人造的好于天然的。因为这改进了化学的组成和结晶的结构的控制。当压碎时，结晶的矾土有一个蚌线的断口和颗粒，或断开的，拥有锐利的点和边。氢氧化铝Aluminum Oxide (Hydrated) Aluminum Oxide Specific gravity 2.4 Moh hardness 3. More a filler than an abrasive. Tends to fade, but has good wear resistance. Will polish the opposing surface.氢氧化铝比重2.4莫氏硬度3 .比磨料加得更多的填充物。有衰退趋势，但耐磨性好。将抛光对偶。铝粉96% pure aluminum in a granular form. Especially suited to low/medium duty applications.Blend of properties for good refinement and wear reduction of the material and rotor surface especially in lining/rail applications.在一种粒状的形式方面的纯的铝96%。特别适用于中低负荷，混合料有好的特性和降低摩擦材料的磨损和对偶表面摩擦副的磨损硅酸铝Aluminum Silicate Kyanite (Cyanite), an aluminum silicate, AlSiO often used in the calcined form will elevate friction levels. Kaolin or China Clay, AlSiO 2HO, are among the orthosilicates used in friction materials蓝晶石（蓝晶石）、一个铝硅酸盐经常用于煅烧形式硅酸铝将升高摩擦水平。.高岭土或中国陶土，AlSiO 2HO，是其中正硅酸盐，用于摩擦材料。煅烧氧化铝Fused Alumina (Alundum) alumina and is harder and more abrasive. (Typically 97% alpha alumina, 3% beta) It is less amorphous, has sharper fracture lines which impart more abrasive characteristics. Large particles will score the opposing surface. Quantities in excess of 1% (wt.) in a friction formula will wear the opposing surface and, in turn, the brake lining.纯净矾土更多做磨料材料的熔化的矾土（刚铝玉）供给者。它是更少地非晶的（典型的97%氧化铝、3%氧化铝）它的很少的无定型相，有给与更更锋利的断口线更具有磨料的特征。大颗粒将划伤刹车鼓。在摩擦材料配方中超过1%（重量）将磨损刹车片和对偶。硫化锑Antimony TrisulphideAntimony Trisulphide An orange pigment used in red vulcanized rubber. Not stable. Becomes black and crystalline (stibnite) when heated to 200250C. Considered a lubricant at higher temperatures (450C). Popular in Europe, but not encouraged in the United States because of its toxic nature. Better if you can manage without it! Used in pyrotechnology and the manufature of matches!硫化锑用于橘红色颜料用于硫化橡胶。不稳定的。当对200-250C被加热时变为黑的和结晶的（辉锑矿）。通常在欧洲作为更高的温度（450C）的润滑剂。在美国因为它的毒性格不鼓励使用。最好你能不用它。用于火工产品和火柴的制造。重晶石BarytesSpecific gravity 4.4, Moh hardness 3.0 - 3.5. A popular low cost filler, although its high specific gravity means a lot of barytes is required to fill a little space. Increases density some customers still think a heavier block is superior to a light weight block! Relatively inert high heat stability.Improves wear, lowers friction level a little.Many of the best formulas on the market are heavily loaded with barytes.Yet some manufacturers have difficulty making products with more than 5%. The secret is in the process.Barytes is normally a fine powder (2%200 mesh, 98%325 mesh) and large quantities produce a dense product impervious to the diffusion of gases during baking. Those manufacturers using copious amounts of barytes rarely open bake above 345F otherwise blistering would occur.To bake at higher temperatures requires the extra expense of confined baking on baking forms。Beware, barytes can be contaminated with metal oxides like silicon and iron oxides.The more silica in the barytes the higher the friction level of the finished product. Barytes with silica content at. say, 10% is not necessarily bad. Just recognize it is there and it is affecting friction level. Make sure your supplier sells a consistent product. In some places what is sold as barytes is, in fact, a mixture of barium and strontium sulphates.This does no have to be bad either.Just dont switch back and forth from one barytes to another. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BARYTES Highest Density of any Extender Contributes to particle packing density 1. Improves holdout 2. Noise absorption 3. Contributes to improved adhesion 4. Extremely Low Solubility Chemically inert 1. Not affected by acids or alkalis 2. Insoluble in water 3. Low reactivity with binders (extremely low MgO and CaO content) 4. Low Oil Absorption Low resin demand/reduction in needed binder Low Mohs Hardness 重晶石： 比重4.4、莫氏硬度3.0 - 3.5。流行的低的成本填充物，虽然它的高比重意味着很多重晶石去填充。增加密度！一些顾客仍认为重的块胜过轻的块相对地惰性的高的热稳定性改善磨损，轻度降低摩擦。许多市场上最好的重负荷配方用重晶石。可是一些制造者5%或更多困难。秘密是在制造过程里。如果重晶石正常地是一个好的粉,（2%。 200目筛、98% 325个筛），当热处理时大量产产生的气体的扩散不能透过的产品使用大量的重晶石制造的产品热处理很少超过345F5F除非需要产生高温。以更高的温度烘需要额外的费用。当心，重晶石能如同硅和铁氧化物同金属氧化物被污染。在重晶石里的更多硅石成品的摩擦力更高。重晶石同硅石内容在。说，10%不算差恰好使正常的摩擦水平。确信你的供给者卖一个一致的产品。在一些地方什么购买的重晶石，事实上，还有一种钡和锶Sr硫酸盐的混合物。这也不算是坏的。刚才不把其转回去上面重晶石的另一个问题。重晶石的物质属性高密度，对产品存储密度有好处。1。改进持久性2 .噪声吸收3改进附着性能4 .极端低的可溶性，化学上惰性1。不被酸或碱影响2 .在水里的不溶3 .有关粘合剂于（MgO和CaO）比，有极端的低的反应惰性4 .低的油吸收低的树脂要求/减少在需要粘合剂用量，低的莫氏硬度玄武岩纤维：Basalt FibersBasalt Fibers Produced from molten basalt rock which is fiberized by pouring onto a disc spinning at a high speed. Air or steam jets attenuate the fiber. Variations in disc speed, air.steam pressures produce different fibers.Similar to rockwool but the higher iron content;lower calcium content.Higher temperature resistance than slag fiber.玄武岩纤维：从熔的玄武岩通过圆盘以高速离心的纺织纤维化的方法生产。空气或蒸汽射流截断的纤维。圆盘速率的变化空气蒸汽的压力生产不同的纤维类似于岩石棉而铁的含量更高更低的钙的含量。比矿渣纤维更高的耐温性。铁黑Iron Oxide (Magnetite)Black Iron Oxide (Magnetite)Black Iron Oxide is found useful, especially in semi-metallic formulas as an agent for elevating cold friction. A popular ingredient in semi-metallic formulas. A mild abrasive, used as a fine powder below 325 mesh黑的铁氧化物（磁铁矿）：黑的铁氧化物发现有用的，特别在半金属的配方作为提高冷的摩擦力。在半金属的配方的通用的成分。温和的磨料在325目下的细粉。黄铜末 brass chipSpecific gravity 8.5, Moh hardness 3.5. Normal Admiralty brass 62% copper 38% zinc.Often produced from machine shop swarf. Degreased by heating or chemically. Below 4% cosmetic only.Above 4% by weight in a formula controls fade due to formation of copper oxide which keeps the friction level up. Tendency to polish. Many companies also use brass chippings to help differentiate between friction material grades. Products with higher brass content usually designates premium material.8.5比重、3.5莫氏硬度。正常的状态黄铜成分62%铜38%锌。经常用修配间屑生产。靠加热或化学方法脱脂。仅仅用4%以下。在配方中按上面重量4%的控制衰退是由于生成氧化铜它保持摩擦平稳。磨光倾向。许多公司也使用黄铜末帮助区分摩擦材料的等级之间区别。有更高的黄铜含量的产品通常使特定的材料。青铜粉Bronze Powder Bronze Powder: An inert alloy of copper and tin providing a blend of properties that assists with the demands of the industry for wear and noise reduction. Especially suited for premium and heavy duty asbestos-free applications.青铜粉一铜和锡的惰性的合金提供混合物减少工业的磨损和降低噪声。特别适用于优质的 重负荷无石棉摩擦材料。碳酸钙Calcium Carbonate (Whiting)Calcium Carbonate (Whiting) Specific gravity 2.2, Moh hardness 3.3. Tending to be used as an alternative to barytes to reduce cost. Lower specific gravity means less can be used. Not as heat resistance as barytes. Usually goes in utility grade products. Still it can be a very acceptable filler for normal applications.钙碳酸盐（白垩）2.2比重3.3莫氏硬度。趋向用作是减少成本的重晶石的替换物。更低的比重意味着更少的使用量。不象重晶石那样耐热通常多种用途的等级产品。正常的应用中仍然是很可接受的填充物。氢氧化钙Calcium Hydroxide (Lime)Calcium Hydroxide (Lime) Specific gravity 2.0, Moh hardness 2.5 Imparts hardness. Can be used in formulas containing steel wool and iron particles to inhibit rusting. Sometimes used as a scavenger to absorb gases during curing and reduce de-laminations. Improves thermal stability of pf resins delays fade until higher temperatures. A useful additive to reduce swell and growth.钙氢氧化物（石灰）2.0比重，2.5莫氏硬度。能用于配方包括钢纤维和铁微粒阻止生锈。有时用作一个在处理期间吸收气体并减少分离层的清道工。改进酚醛树脂的热稳定性和高温度的热力的衰退。有益的添加减少膨胀。CalferoxCalferox A fused/inert material in powder form consisting of a range of inorganic oxides (Calcium, Iron, Silica, Magnesium, Manganese, Aluminum and others). Its processing and blend of properties results in positive effects and contributions towards friction performance. Can positively influence fade, frictional stability and material wear and also compounds/blends readily with resins and most other ingredients. Anti-stiction of the friction material to the mating surface may be positively influenced making it particularly useful in rear hand-brake applications.Calferox一种在粉形式方面的熔化的/惰性的物质由无机的氧化物（钙铁、硅石、镁、锰、铝和其他的人）组成。混合料使摩擦材料具有正面的效能结果。能确定地改进衰退、摩擦的稳定性和材料的耐磨性和同树脂和大多数别的成分的复合物容易地的混合。防止摩擦材料黏结到对偶表面影响使用，特别是用于后轮手刹车的使用。氧化铬Chromium OxideChromium Oxide Specific gravity 5.2, Moh hardness 2.5 Enhances friction, but not popular because of high price in most parts of the world.氧化铬5.2比重2.5莫氏硬度，增强摩擦力，因为高价格因而在世界的大多数地方不流行的。铜纤维Copper FiberSpecific gravity 8.96, Moh hardness 2.0 - 2.75. Improves friction stability, product integrity / appearance and thermal distribution.Decreases the use of other materials in the matrix such as various expensive lubricants, steel fiber, more expensive copper fibers, various metallic components, etc. resulting in valuable cost savings, simplified formulae, improved dispersion in mixing and excellent product appearance/consistency. / Product Search铜纤维8.96比重2.0 - 2.75莫氏硬度硬度。改进摩擦稳定性、产品外观和热的分布。减少别的物质的使用例如昂贵的润滑剂和母体像钢纤维，不同的金属的成分，等等。引起节约成本，简化配方，改进在混合方面的分散性,优秀的产品外观和坚固性。铜粉Copper Powder Specific gravity 8.9, Moh hardness 2.5.Increases effectiveness. Good thermal conductor which can conduct heat away from friction surface into the friction material itself. This can have both desirable and undesirable effects. Beware. oo much copper in a formula causes wear opposing surface wear! Probably because of the copper oxide formed. In Europe and Japan it is common to use large quantities of copper, or brass powders and particles in disc brake pads where high temperatures are generated. Such formulas can be almost semi-metallic. High metallic contents raise thermal conductivity and this affects not only performance characteristics but processing conditions like press curing and baking.铜粉8.9比重、2.5号莫氏硬度。提高制动效能，好的热力的导体。提高摩擦材料自己的表面散热性，这些都是所希望的和防止不合需要的缺点。在一个配方中铜太多导致对对偶表面的磨损！多半因为铜形成的氧化物。在欧洲和日本在盘式制动器里它是普通的使用大量铜，或黄铜制的粉和微粒因为哪里产生了高的温度。这样的配方几乎半金属的。高金属的含量不仅提高热力的传导率和不影响特性和工艺的压制和热处理。丁氰橡胶Acrylonitrile Butadiene RubberAcrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (Nitrile, NBR) More difficult to process than SBR. Can be used alone, or in combination with phenolic resins in flexible brake linings. Much better heat resistance than SBR, and oil resistant too. The possibilities of varying the NBR to resin ratio are enormous.。For heavy duty applications the resin percentages will be high, producing a rigid, fade resistant product. Acrylonitrile powder is being found in an increasing number of friction formulas. Can reduce wear rate and improve stability in resin based formulations.Partially cros-linked, and will flow. Reacts with phenol and improves bonding with the formula.5% by weight is a normal amount to include - 10% may be too much. The adhesion characteristic makes it a particularly attractive ingredient in formulas with asbestos substitutes. Contains no oils so it can improve fade and low/medium temperature effectiveness.Wear tends to be better.Included in many recently developed formulas for rolling.Can be used in Plough and Eirich mixers rather than the slower sigma mixers usually associated with rubber containing formulas. Improves toughness of rolled products in the green state, and resists cracking. Contains about 5% talc. Allowance for this should be made when formulating. Helps effectiveness, compresses more (better conformability with the opposing surface) One manufacturer claims it helps with preforming!把丁氰橡胶对树脂比的配比变化可能性是巨大的丙烯腈丁二烯橡胶加工比丁苯橡胶更加困难。能单独被使用，或与酚的树脂联合在一起制造软质的制动衫片比丁苯橡胶更耐热和耐油例如重负荷应用树脂百分率比率将是高，产品是影质的，耐衰退的产品。丙烯腈粉在一个摩擦材料配方中有增加的趋势。能减少磨损率和在树脂基的配方里改进的摩擦稳定性。部分地交联连接，他容易流动。对酚起反应并改进有配方的黏结性能，在5%按重量是一个正常的数量包括- 10%可能太多。用石棉替代品的配方中提高黏结特性。 不含油，因此它能改进衰退和只低温的制动效能。耐磨性更好。在许多里包括近来发展的配方例如滚压法能用梨耙式混料机和比它慢的混合器的好。改进滚压产品在原始状态的韧性。和防止龟裂。改进在绿的状态方面的碾压过的产品的韧性，抵抗破裂。含有5%滑石粉。当配方在使用的表面压缩特性的一致性，一个制造商的这里帮助予成型。天然橡胶Natural RubberNatural Rubber Not used much today.In most of the world cost is too high and although it has good processing characteristics its performance leaves a lot to be desired under todays conditions. Tends to soften, fade and smell when hot.天然橡胶：现在不大用在世界大多数地方，成本高虽然它有好的工艺特性。，它的特性水平有许多要考虑的问题比较软，当受热时衰退和嗅到气味。丁苯橡胶Styrene Butadiene RubberStyrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Still being found in many utility friction materials. Often used in combination with phenolic resins which impart some rigidity and add strength and fade resistance. Used in flexible coil materials. Results in less fade than formulations containing natural rubber or linseed oil 苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶（SBR）仍在许多有多种用途的摩擦材料里发现。经常用于与酚醛树脂的使材料有一定的刚性，提高强度和耐磨性用于弹性的刹车带材料。抗衰退方面比天然橡胶或亚麻子油的 配方小。EnviroblendEnviroblend There are two grades of Enviroblend; Standard and Fibrous.Standard grade is a Mu Powder (iron/silicia oxide powder) / Bronze Powder blend.Fibrous grade is a Mu Powder (iron/silicia oxide powder) / Copper Fiber blend.Quality controlled in terms of chemical composition, purity, particle size distribution, consistency and environmental factors.Friction performance, material/rotor wear and processing improvements can be achieved at lower total formulation and process costs.Decreases the use of other materials in the matrix (steel fiber, abrasives, petroleum coke, sponge iron, black iron oxide, and other various mineral fillers) resulting in significant cost savings through simplified formulae and further cost reductions on a price per volume basis.Enviroblend标准的和纤维的。标准等级是微粉（铁/硅氧化物粉）/青铜粉混合。纤维的等级是微粉（铁/硅氧化物粉）/铜纤维混合。质量依据化学的组成、纯净、微粒大小分布、一致性和环境的因素控制。摩擦性能，材料/对偶的磨损和,改进工艺和降低配方成本。减少在母体的材料（钢纤维、磨料、石油焦炭、海绵铁、黑的铁氧化物和别的不同的矿物填充物）的使用量。通过一个简单的配方引起有特殊意义的节约成本减少单位体积的成本。短切玻璃纤维：Chopped Glass FiberChopped Glass Fiber Glass Fiber has been used very successfully as a replacement for asbestos. Not liked by some because of its low melting point! For most applications this is not a problem. Some find difficulties in processing asbestos-free formulations.Those with a modest amount of glass fiber can be difficult to pre-form.There are several pre-forming techniques which satisfactorily handle fiberglass mixes.These processes tend to be proprietary.Some important points: 1) Choose a fiber with the right type of sizing to anchor fibers into the resin bond. This assures a good life. 2) A mixing process which preserves fiber length and integrity. This ensures good strength and flexibility. 3) A process which allows sufficient glass fiber in the mix to impart the good characteristics associated with glass.短切玻璃纤维：玻璃纤维很成功地作为一次为石棉的代用品不喜欢的原因因为它的熔化点低！为大多数应用中这不是一个问题发现一些困难是在物石棉自配方中。那些有一定数量的玻璃纤维那些能难以予成型。有几种令人满意地控制玻璃纤维的混合的予成型技术这些方法是专利一些重要的点：1）选择一个正确的型号和规格的纤维在树脂黏合剂只锚定纤维。这保证一个好的使用寿命。2）一个好的混合方法保证纤维长度和完整性。这确保好的力量和柔性。3）一个允许玻璃纤维在混料机里充分混合尤其是好的特性的玻璃纤维混合料的工艺方法。云母MicaMica ：Lamella silicate with molecular structure linked up in sheets extending in two directions.So it is in platelet form, and as such contributes to physical strength if there is a good bond between the mica and the resin or rubber bond. An aluminum silicate, chemically close to vermiculite. Can be a useful ingredient in small quantities up to 5% especially in countries where mica is a low cost indigenous raw material.云母：分子结构的铝硅酸盐薄片，向两个方向延伸，由于片状结构，有利于提高物理强度和对树脂和橡胶的黏结，化学成分接近于蛭石，用量可以到5%，在有些国家是低成本的原料丙稀氰Polyacrlonitrile (PAN)iPolyacrlonitrile (PAN) Several producers in various parts of the world. Was originally developed as a replacement for asbestos in asbestos cement sheet and slates. One part of PAN will replace six parts of asbestos. It possesses good reinforcing characteristics and is a useful ingredient in heavy duty friction materials where good physical strength is required. 丙稀氰（PAN）：在世界各地都生产。原来作为为在石棉水泥板和石板瓦里的石棉的替换品一分丙稀氰将替换六部分石棉。它具有好的加强的特征在重负荷摩擦材料具有好的增强作用。岩石棉：RockwoolRockwool Supplier None Recommended comments: This varies from manufacturer to manufacturer depending upon which raw materials are used. Blast furnace slag was the original ingredient. Basalt is used. Sometimes a blend. Limestone provides calcium and magnesium oxides, silica rock provides silicates.岩石棉：多种制造方法取决于原材料的用途鼓风炉渣是原始的成分。玄武岩被使用。有时混合在一起。石灰石提供钙和镁氧化物，硅石岩提供硅酸盐。蛭石VermiculiteVermiculite A micaceous mineral (hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate). Usually used in its expanded state. Heat resistant, absorbent, low density filler. Not fibrous so it does not add to the physical strength of the product. Used as a low cost filler, with claims it improves wear characteristics, reduces swell and growth. The jury is still out on the best particle size to use. Up to 10% by weight has been used in a formula.蛭石：云母的矿物（使镁铝硅酸盐的氢氧化物）。通常用于膨胀蛭石耐热，吸收，低比重的填料。不含纤维，因此它增加产品的强度。用作一个低的成本填充物，同时有改进磨损特征，减少膨胀和生长。需要认定用合适规格的颗粒。配方中用量可以高达10%按重量。硅灰石WollastoniteWollastonite CaSiO- This material varies in fiber lengths depending upon where it is mined. Wollastonite found in parts of South America is relatively short, and has minimal reinforcing properties.But it can be low in price, and judiciously used in extruded or rolled formulations where fiber orientation occurs it can be a useful ingredient.Indian wollastonite fibers are longer and can be seen in dry mix formulas where they probably replace more costly glass fibers. Moh hardness is 5硅灰石供给者：这种物质的纤维长度由矿物CaSiO-。决定南美洲硅灰石发现是相对地短的，有最小的加强属性。而它价格低，有见识地用于滚压法配方，那里纤维定向是一个有用的成分。印度的硅灰石纤维长,能在干法混合配方方面被看出他们多半替换更加昂贵的玻璃纤维的地方。莫氏硬度是5鳞片石墨Flake GraphiteFlake Graphite Flake graphite occur naturally, they are highly graphitized and may approach total graphitic carbon.鳞片石墨鳞片石墨自然地发生，他们是高度地石墨化并可能接近全部的石墨的碳。石墨 GraphiteSuperior Graphite Specific gravity 2.3, Moh hardness 1.5 Occurs naturally in places like Ceylon and Mexico. Also produced synthetically. The Acheson process heats a mixture of anthracite or coke dust with sand to a white heat for 24 hours. The combination of silica in the sand with t